SECTION 1Hemispheres/Latitude/ Longitude/Globes and

Map Projections

A) Hemispheres• North of Equator=Northern Hemisphere.

• South of Equator= Southern Hemisphere.

• Equator is at 0 degrees latitude.

• East of Prime Meridian=Eastern Hemisphere

• West of Prime Meridian=Western Hemisphere

• Prime Meridian is at 0 degrees longitude.

B) Latitude and Longitude• Degrees North or South of the

equator is called latitude.

• Tropic of Cancer is at 23 ½ degrees North of the Equator.

• Tropic of Capricorn is at 23 ½ degrees South of the Equator.

• Degrees measured East or West of the ___________ is called longitude.

• What is the purpose for latitude and longitude?

• To find the exact location of a city or place.

• Absolute location- pinpoints the precise spot of where one line of latitude crosses one line of longitude.

• EX: Florence, KY 38 degrees N85 degrees W

C)Globes and Maps• The globe is the most

accurate way to represent the Earth.

• Mapmakers use projections to make a map.

• 3 types of map projections

1) Goode’s Interrupted Projection-

Adv: accurately presents the size and shape of continents.

Disadv: distance in oceans less accurate.

2) Mercator ProjectionAdv: land shapes fairly

accurately, shows true directions

Disadv: size and distance not close

3) Robinson Projection

• Adv: shows size and shapes of oceans and continents accurately.

• Disadv: near north and south poles not accurate.

Chapter 1 Section 1

Using Geography

Themes

A) Five Geographic Themes1) Location- Knowing where you are

-Relative location is finding out how far and in what direction you are from another place.

2) Place- Where a place is and what a place is like.

- Physical Characteristics (land shape, plants, climate, animals)

Five Geographic Themes Con’t- Characteristics of people,

things they have created, language, clothing, music, ways they live.

• 3) Human/Environment Interaction- Way earth appears after humans have changed it.

• (Ex) Build roads, cut down forests, build houses.

Five Geographic Themes Con’t• 4) Movement- How people in one place

make contact with another place. • Trading goods with other countries.• (Ex) telephone, computer, satellite• 5) Region- Areas that share common

characteristics• (Ex) landscape, climate, language,

religion, work people do.

Chapter 1 Section 2

A) Planet Earth• 8 or 9 planets in our solar

system including Earth.

• The sun is 93 million miles from the Earth.

• The sun is made up of hot gases.

• The Earth makes one revolution around the sun in 365 1/4 days.

B) Seasons• The Earth is tilted on axis which is

why we have seasons.• June 21 is summer solstice (most

hours of sunlight)• December 22 is winter solstice

(least hours of sunlight)• Sept 23/March 21 is spring and fall

equinoxes (12 hours of sunlight & 12 hours of darkness)

Chapter 2 Section 1

A) Earth’s Water

• Water covers 70% of Earth’s surface.

• Climate determines the amount of water a place receives.

• Water, climate, and vegetation influence how people live.

B) The Water Cycle• Song #1 “Water Cycle Jump”• Rivers, lakes, and oceans contain

water in liquid form.• Atmosphere holds water vapor.• Water cycle is constantly moving.• The sun drives the water cycle.• Song #2 “Water Cycle Song• Draw the water cycle!

C) Types of Water• Water is home to millions of kinds

of plants and animals.

• Song #3 “Water Cycle Song (Red Solo Cup Parody)”

• Water at the Earth’s surface can be freshwater or saltwater.

• Which water is most important to humans?

1) Freshwater• Only 2-3% of the water on Earth

is freshwater.• 80% of that is frozen in glaciers

and ice sheets.• Lakes and rivers are sources of

freshwater.• Regions with little rainfall use

aquifer’s for water supply.

2) Ocean Water• All oceans are salt water.• 4 major oceans (Pacific,

Atlantic, Indian, Arctic) • 97-98% of the planet’s water is

salt water.• The Pacific Ocean is the largest

and deepest ocean in the world.

Chapter 2 Section 2

Influences on Climate

What causes climate?

• The original source of climate is the sun.

A) Latitude and Climate• Real hot and dry between the Tropic

of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.• Cool or cold at the N/S poles.• The Earth’s tilt and rotation causes

regions to receive different amounts of sunlight and seasons.

• The sun’s direct rays fall year-round at low latitudes near the Equator.

B) Storms• Moving wind and water make climates

milder, but also cause storms.• Storms: Thunderstorms, Tornado, and

Hurricanes.• Hurricanes form over warm Atlantic Ocean

in the summer and fall.• Hurricanes bring high winds and tons of

rain.• Hurricanes that form in the Pacific Ocean

are called typhoons.

C) Wind, Water, Currents- Latitude, movement of air, and

movement of water currents help create Earth’s climate.

- Near equator, air and water are most intensely heated.

- Large warm water ocean current is the Gulf Stream.

- Gulf Stream current flows from Gulf of Mexico and the east coast of U.S.

D) Hurricanes

• What states could be in danger of getting hit by a hurricane?

Chapter 3 Section 1

Culture

A) Culture• Culture is a way of life of a group

of people who share same beliefs and customs.

• Culture includes: social groups, religion, gov’t, language, daily life, history, arts, music, literature, ways they make a living.

1) Early Cultures• 4 cultures arose in Asia and

Africa 4-5,000 years ago.

• All four cultures developed agriculture and ways of irrigating, or bringing water to the land.

B) World Culture Regions• There are 8 major things (traits)

that make up Culture.• 1) Governments- Authoritarian (1

person rules with unlimited power) or Democracy (Citizens choose their leaders, checks & balances)

• 2) Language- Sharing languages is very important for culture.

• 3) Religion- Major ones are Buddhism,

Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. Religious differences are a challenge/problem in many countries.

• 4) Social Groups- Many types of social groups, the amount of money normally determines your social group.

• 5) Economies- How people produce goods, what goods they produce, and how they are bought and sold.

• 6) Daily Life- What people eat, what clothes people wear, what type of homes people live in.

• 7) Arts- Is a number of things that expresses culture such as: paintings, sculptures, dance, music, theater, architecture, and literature.

• 8) History- History shapes how we view the world. Can be successes (celebrating holidays) or it can be dark periods as well. Either way, it can influence how a group of people sees itself.

Chapter 3 Section 2

Population

Population Growth• Population increasing at a rapid

rate over the last 200 years.

• Why? 1) Better health care and living conditions have decreased the death rate. 2) High birthrate

• Challenge from increased population growth is famine.

• Famine is lack of food in an area.

A) Population Distribution• People live on only about 15% of the

world’s land.• People can’t make home, grow crops

on land covered with ice, deserts, and high mountains.

• Population distributed very unevenly over the Earth’s surface.

• Largest populations by continent:1) Asia- 4.4 billion 2) Africa- 1.1 billion 3) Europe- 742 million 4) N.A.- 531 mill.5) S.A.- 387 million

Know these Vocab Words• Population Density-

• Refugee-

• Urbanization-

• Developing Country-

• Birthrate-

• These vocab words are on your test this Wednesday. Make sure you know their definitions.

B) Population Growth• The world’s population is

about ______ billion people.

• Population has grown rapidly since the 1800’s.

• 3 things determine where people live.

• 1) Climate 2) Culture 3) Jobs

Most/Least Populated Countries• 1. China 1.4 billion• 2. India 1.28 billion• 3. U.S.A. 321 million• 4. Indonesia 256 million• 5. Brazil 204 million• *The smallest populated country is

Vatican City (836 people)• *Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein have

between 30,000-38,000 people.

Local Population

• Florence, KY: 31,888 people

• Union, KY: 5,733 people

• Boone County: 126,413 people

• Ockerman Middle School: 900 people

• State of Kentucky: 4.4 million