Revitalization of Open Space of Highrise Apartment Complex

1

REVITALIZATION OF OPEN SPACE OF HIGH RISE APARTMENT COMPLEXFocused on Hongsil Apartment Complex in Samsung-dong district

Baewon Suh : 3rd Year Graduate StudentAddress : Department of Landscape Architecture School of Environmental And Biological Sciences Rutgers, Th e State University of New Jersey Room 113, 93 Lipman Dr. New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520Email : [email protected] : 1-917-656-0837

Revitalization of Open Space of High-Rise Apartment Complex / 2

3

ABSTRACT

The standardized high-rise apartments in Korea came to be supplied in quantity through rapid economic development and industrialization in the 1960s, and this type of housing came to be considered as a solution for limited land use for land’s topographic characteristics. Over 2/3 of the land area is moun-tains, and the population is concentrated in the capital area. Furthermore, a majority of Koreans came to prefer apartments as their housing option because of its proximity to urban life and rising property values. Recently, however, the apartments started to cause a variety of problems, functional, aesthetic, and maintenance due to deterioration att ributable to the build-ings’ life cycle. The residents of the apartments became more interested in their residential environment with the rational economic growth and improved income. These changes came to require new residential environments as alternatives that can give qualitative enhancement of pleasant life. Along with these phenomena and apartment deterioration, reconstruction and renovation came to be the alternatives for improving the resi-dential environment and its economic value. This thesis project will provide a methodology to solve the openspace problems of high-rise apartment complexes such as severance with neighbors, monotonous and monolithic typolo-gy, and underutilization etc. by revitalizing open spaces of high-rise apartment complex. One developing approach between the reconstruction and renovation will be proposed by comparing those values from existing research based on the sustainability. It is expected that this project will to apply patt ern language of Christopher Alexander as a design methodology for revitaliza-tion of open space and to plan community space for the people who live in the same apartment complex. Patt erns will be col-lected from a residents’ surveys to have a more specifi c under-standing of their daily life usage needs.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the Rutgers Depart-ment of Landscape Architecture for the support.I am highly indebted to graduate committ ee including Wolfram Hoefer, Holly Nelson and Laura Lawson for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary informa-tion regarding my project and also for their support in complet-ing this project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Jayyun Jung, senior associate at James Corner Field Operations, for giv-ing me such att ention and time.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Wonman Choi, director of SYNWHA Consulting Co, for valu-able information he provided, which helped me in completing this task through various stages.

Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude towards my par-ents and friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

I have taken eff orts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Study Flow Chart ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Background of high-rise apartment complex in South Korea.............................. 8 1.3 Preference of housing in South Korea.......................................................................8 1.4 Life span of high-rise apartment................................................................................8 1.5 Reconstruction and renovation..................................................................................9

Chapter 2. Site background 2.1 Geography...................................................................................................................10 2.2 Population density......................................................................................................13 2.3 Neighborhood.............................................................................................................14 2.4 Land use.......................................................................................................................15 2.5 Parking.........................................................................................................................16 2.6 Key features.................................................................................................................17 Chapter 3. Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire analysis...............................................................................................18 3.2 Application of A patt ern language by Christopher Alexander............................19

Chapter 4. Case study 4.1 District of “Sudliche Furth“.......................................................................................25 4.2 The residents of the “Althoffb lock“..........................................................................26 4.3 Park Quartier Berg......................................................................................................27 4.4 Interior courtyard of block 14, Lorett o quarter, Tubingen...................................28 4.5 Analysis........................................................................................................................29

Chapter 5. Design proposal 5.1 Site Information ..........................................................................................................30 5.1.1 Site change........................................................................................................32 5.1.2 Existing condition............................................................................................34 5.2 Site design.....................................................................................................................42 5.2.1 Diagram.............................................................................................................42 5.2.2 Proposed design...............................................................................................46

Chapter 6. Conclusion........................................................................................................................55


Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Study Flow Chart

AWARENESS OF PROBLEMS FROM THE SITE

GENERAL RECOGNITION OF HIGH RISE APARTMENT COMPLEX

SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF THE SITE HONG-SIL APARTMENT COMPLEX IN KOREA

STUDIES ON THE TASK AND THE DESIRABLE DIRECTION OF HIGH RISE APARTMENT COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT

RECONSTRUCTION VS RENOVATION

SOCIAL NEEDS

SOLUTION ON THE HONG-SIL APARTMENT COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT

ISSUES

DEVELOPING METHODS

PROPOSED SOLUTION by PROJECT

INITIATION

APPLICATION

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. Sustainable value

. Environmental value

. Economical value

. As a landscape architect

. As a resident

. Such living environments tend to be detrimental to the social relationship within the community(ziti, 1974;tognoli, 1987; keane, 1991)

. ‘The lack of open space’ is ranked as the first item (wang and chien, 1999)

. High-rise high-density skyscrapers leave at least 85% of the ground free for open space and other recreational facilities (le corbusier, 1946 & 1947)

. Personal level - fear, dissatisfaction, stress, behavior problems, suicide, poor social relations, reduced helpfulness, and hindered child development. Social level - they are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening traffic problems, and damaging the character of neighborhoods (robert gifford, 2007). High-rises are not beneficial for residents (e.G., Angrist, 1974; cappon, 1972; conway, 1977)

. Cityscape is marked by hills

. Underutilization of open spaces

. Reflection of economic situation (Valerie gelezeau. 1997.)

. They weren’t designed with an understanding of who will live here and how they will use the space

. Open spaces and play area - encouraging social interactions (gehl, 1987)

. The provision of common access - increase opportunities for informal interactions (fleming et al,.1985)

. Greenery in residential communities - increases the opportunities for social activity and bonding among residents (coley et al., 1997)

. Existence of interesting objects or events such as sculpture and performances - elicit interaction among strangers (whyte, 1980)

. Water features - encourage the observers’ social interaction (huang, 1998)

. Necessary activity

. Optional activity

. Social activity (gehl., 1987)

. Well-planned outdoor spaces of high-rise complexes can become effective activity nodes that facilitate residents’ daily informal contacts(bechtel, 1977)

. Question residents about their needs

. Revitalization of open spaces of high rise apartment complex

. “A Pattern Language” (Christopher Alexander, 1977)


1.2 Background of high-rise apartment complex in South KoreaSince the 1960s, Korea has experienced rapid economic devel-opment and industrialization, and this contributed to shaping housing types. The development occurred based on capital, and the capital had to have enough capacity to hold the population in a limited area. As a result, high-rise apartments were sup-plied in quantity as a solution. However, the improvement of income, reduction of working hours and the enhanced standard of living of people’s lifestyle and values changed. Residents came to realize that the residen-tial environment came to be as desolate residential space by becoming that residential environment came to lose enlivened exchange such as severance with neighbors, monotonous and monolithic building type etc. As a result, residents are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening traffi c problems, and damaging the character of neighbor-hoods.1

Today, apartment complexes tend to make residents live like severed islands without communal living, even though, it has the great potential to create bett er communal living. If we put a litt le eff ort to improve on it, the high-rise apartment complex could utilize many advantages to improve communal living such as a sense of comradeship, similar economic level and various potential networks for the community. 2

1.3 Preference of housing in South KoreaThe high-rise apartment has become an important housing type in South Korea on the strength of housing preference, even though there has been a lot of controversy over the use of it.“According to the city, about 80 percent of the newly constructed buildings in Seoul were apartments in 2008, while this year about 56 percent of the city’s households lived in apartments, 13 times higher than in 1970. The number of houses and apartments in smaller buildings – known here as “villas” – fell by about 10,000 over the same period. [...] In a survey of 3,560 people conducted by the country’s top lender Kookmin Bank in 2009, 73.8 percent of respondents said they wanted to live in apartments.”3

1.4 Life span of high-rise apartmentRecently, many evaluations have been conducted based on high-rise apartment deterioration over time. The more meaningful as-1 Robert Giff ord, 2007. Consquence of living in high-rise Buildings, pp. 22 Sangsam Han, dream of humanity living breathing apartment complex, Korean apartment newspaper, Special Contribution, translated by author3 http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2920874, translated by author

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pect of this deterioration is its function rather than its physical deterioration. To analyze this lifespan of high-rise apartments, the period from when a new building was built to a reconstruc-tion was used. To get this period, the total number of existing houses was divided by total number of new houses which are built every year. The total housing stocks were 104,590,000 and the newly constructed housings were 1,090,000 in the United States in 1991. According to this data, the interval of housing re-construction is 103 years in the United States. The same method gives 141 years in England, 86 years in France, and 79 years in Germany. In Japan, the period is about 30 years, due to the fact that the total housing stock is 45,000,000 and 1,500,000 new hous-ings are provided annually. However, in South Korea, it is hard to apply this method to get the lifespan because the housing dis-tribution rate is less than 100%. So, a sample survey was carried on 12 apartment complex samples, and determined that the lifes-pan was 19.8 years. 4

1.5 Reconstruction and renovation According to a study by Yongmin Kim, reconstruction’s busi-ness profi t is increasing at similar rate with every 10% increase of fl oor area ratio. The reason for this is that the business profi t is increasing with the total fl oor area.5 However, the situation in high-rise apartment is diff erent. The fl oor area rate’s strong infl uence on business value is already exceeding 300%, so, it is hard to expect profi t from reconstruction. Furthermore, recon-struction is hard to proceed because of environmental and social aspects.Recently, apartments in Korea underwent reconstruction or de-construction for a variety of reasons in about every 20 years due to a decline in social and functional aspects, rather than the de-cline in bearing strength of the structure. 64.4% of reconstructed apartment were rebuilt before they were 20 years old, and this will make the speed of a waste of construc-tion resources 3~4 times faster than developed countries. Finally, this weakens Korea’s competitive position in international mar-ket and individual property as well.6

For these reason, renovation would be more suitable to develop a high-rise apartment complex in terms of money and time.

4 Miran Cho, 2000, A study on the planning methods for the remodeling of apartment hous-ing, Residence Institute of Th e Korea Housing Corporation. pp. 13~18, translated by author5 Yongmin Kim, 2005, A sturdy on the comparison of feasibility between reconstruction and remodeling of apartment buildings, Sungkyunkwan University, pp. 95, translated by author6 Hyunwoo Kim, 2003, A study on the planning methods for the remodeling of apartment housing, Sungkyunkwan University, pp. 9~10, translated by author

Life Span of Apartment

Source : Miran Cho, 2000, A study on the planning methods for the remodeling of apartment housing, Residence Institute of The Korea Housing Corporation. pp. 13~18

England

United States

France

Germany

Japan

Korea

141

30

19.8

86

79

103

COMPARISON of RECONSTRUCTION / RENOVATION PROJECT PERIOD (Month)

RECONSTRUCTIONSTAGE

6

8

3

3

9

3

3

35

3

73

-

-

3

3

5

-

3

22

2

38

SAFETY DIAGNOSTIC

DETERMINE A RENEWAL DISTRICT

PROMOTION COMMITTEE

ASSOCIATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT

APPROVAL

PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL

MOVE

DEMOLISH / CONSTRUCTION

DISSOLVE ASSOCIATION

TOTAL PROJECT PERIOD

RENOVATION

RECONSTRUCTION AND RENOVA-TION BUSINESS PROFITABILITY CASE STUDY

Gangnam-gu S Apartment

20%27.43

36.57

32.00

41.14

45.71

50.28(million $)

(floor area ratio increase)30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Reconstruction

Renovation

Seocho-gu H Apartmentf

45.71

64.00

91.43

114.29

137.15

160.01

182.87

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Reconstruction

Renovation

(million $)

(floor area ratio increase)

Source : Yongmin Kim, 2005, A sturdy on the com-parison of feasibility between reconstruction and remodeling of apartment buildings, Sungkyunk-wan University, pp. 95


Chapter 2. Site background

2.1 GeographyLocation: Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea Geographic coordinates: 37 00 N, 127 30 E Area: total: 219,140 sq km (84,610 sq mi) land: 213,004 sq km (82,241 sq mi) water: 6,135 sq km (2,368 sq mi) Land boundaries: total: 238 km (147.88 mi) Coastline: 2,413 km (1499.36 mi)

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Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Terrain: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m (1.21 mi)


http://www.news-articles.org/maps/korea-924.jpg

Capital: SeoulAdministrative divisions:9 provinces (do) and 7 metropoli-tan cities (gwangyoksi) 9 Provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo (South Cholla), Ch’ungch’ong-bukto (North Ch’ungch’ong), Ch’ungch’ong-namdo (South Ch’ungch’ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang) 7 Metropolitan cities: Inch’on-gwangyoksi (Inch’on), Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan), Soul-t’ukpyolsi (Seoul), Daegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Daejon-gwangyoksi (Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan)

Kyonggi-do

Incheon

Kangwon-do

Chungchong-bukto

Chungchong-namdo

Kyongsang-bukto

Kyongsang-namdo

Pusan

Ulsan

Daegu

Daejeon

Gwangju-si

Cholla-namdo

Cholla-bukto

Seoul

Cheju-do

305.

09 m

i

204.07 mi

COUNTRY SOUTH KOREATotal : 100,033 sq km (38,622 sq mi)Water(%) : 0.3

9 PROVINCESand 7 METROPOLITAN

SEOULTotal : 605.21 sq km (233.67 sq mi)

25 LOCAL GOVERNMENT DISTRICTS

GANAM-GUTotal : 39.55 sq km (15.27 sq mi)

26 NEIGHBORHOODS

SAMSUNG-DONGTotal : 3.19 sq km (1.2 sq mi)

Man

hatt a

n 87

.46

sq k

m(3

3.77

sq

mi)

New

Yor

k C

ity

1,21

3 sq

km

(468

.5 s

q m

i)

“The Korean peninsula is roughly 1,030 km (612 miles) long and 175 km (105 miles) wide at its narrowest point. South Korea’s total land area is 100,033 sq km(38,622sq mi), which is slightly bigger than Indiana(94,321 sq km), and it has a popula-tion of 49.8 million people (2011). ” 7

South Korea is surrounded by sea in east, west and south and North Korea is located in the North. And, China is in the west of South Korea, Russia in the Northeast and Japan in South-east. 70% of South Korea consists of mountains, and only 30% is plains. And granite and limestone based topography have formed various valleys and hills. Such geographical restriction increased density of population over the plain and high slop must be considered when housing site is developed.

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea

13

Kyonggi-doIncheon

Kangwon-do

Chungchong-bukto

Chungchong-namdo

Kyongsang-bukto

Kyongsang-namdo

Pusan

Ulsan

DaeguDaejeonGwangju-si

Cholla-namdo

Cholla-bukto

Seoul

Cheju-do 296

449716586

2893

28062750

25911148

1034

298

227

211

199

142

136

87

The population density of Seoul, a location of target site has ap-parently higher than any other places. This is because of good accessibility to Seoul geographically and also of convenience of public transportation throughout the urban area. People tend to select in the urban area because of their job location and good accessibility. While some satellite cities were developed to solve dense population, it could not be the fundamental solution. Job location and accessibility are important factors for time and cost in residing in the city. Meanwhile, Seoul has various historic places such as Gyeongbokgung, Gyeongheegung and Chang-gyeonggung and also has representative cultural areas and facilities like Cheyonggyecheon, Insadong, Namsan and Sejong Center for the Performing Arts. Accordingly, it is essential to improve environmental quality of apartment, a representative housing type in Seoul to accommodate dense population in Seoul.

DOMESTIC POPULATION DENSITY STATUS

Source : Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Land*2010 (unit : person per sq Km)

2.2 Population Density


Gangnam-gu

Gangdong-gu

Gangbuk-gu

Gangseo-gu

Gwanak-gu

Gwangjin-gu

Guro-gu

Geum-cheon-gu

Nowon-gu

Dobong-gu

Dongdaemun-gu

Dongjak-gu

Mapo-gu

Seodaemun-gu

Seocho-gu

Seongdong-gu

Seongbuk-gu

Songpa-gu

Yangcheon-gu

Yeong-deungpo-gu

Yongsan-gu

Eunpyeong-gu

Jongno-gu

Jung-gu

Jungnang-gu

2.3 Neighborhood # of Apartment Unit

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Gan

gnam

-gu

Gan

gbuk

-gu

Gw

anak

-gu

Gur

o-gu

Now

on-g

u

Dong

daem

un-g

u

Map

o-gu

Seoc

ho-g

u

Seon

gbuk

-gu

Yang

cheo

n-gu

Yong

san-

gu

Jong

no-g

u

Jung

nang

-gu

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Ga

gam

-gu

Ga

gbuk

-gu

Gw

aak

-gu

Gur

-gu

Nw

-gu

Dgd

aem

u-g

u

Map

-gu

Sech

-gu

Segb

uk-g

u

Yagc

he-g

u

Yg

a-g

u

Jg

-gu

Jug

ag-

gu

2012 Budget and Accounts (unit : million$)

0

91.43

182.87

274.30

365.74

457.17

548.61

640.04

Gan

gnam

-gu

Gan

gbuk

-gu

Gw

anak

-gu

Gur

o-gu

Now

on-g

u

Dong

daem

un-g

u

Map

o-gu

Seoc

ho-g

u

Seon

gbuk

-gu

Yang

cheo

n-gu

Yong

san-

gu

Jong

no-g

u

Jung

nang

-gu

Source: htt p://gis.seoul.go.kr/

12.4m

“Seoul is divided into 25 gu (district). Th e gu vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 sq km) and population (from less than 140,000 to 630,000). Songpa has the most people, while Seocho, the largest area. Th e government of each gu handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each gu is divided into “dong” or neighbourhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno-gu have a very large number of distinct neighbor-hoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 522 administrative dongs in total. Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong, which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.”8

Gangnam-gu, where the target site is located, has high education level and has the highest budget rate by tax compared with other Gu offi ces. Furthermore, the largest age group is 40s and 50s involved in active production activities. It makes them to recognize maintenance fee on their own residential environment leading to high opportunity of improving residential environment. Geographical condition like many hills and mountains and rainfall play an advantage for creating space utilizing water.

0(day)

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Sunny

Cloudy

Rainfall

Frost

Fog

Snow

Thunderbolt

Storm

Yellow Dust

Number of Days with Specifi ed Weather

Source: Gangnam Statistics Service *2010

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

0 - 10 11 -20

21 -30

31 -40

41 -50

51 -60

61 -70

71 -80

81 -90

91 -110

MALE

FEMALE

TOTAL

Population by Age Group in Samsung-dong


8.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul

15

12.4mi

Farm Land

Industrial/Urban Infrastructure

Transportation Facilities

Forest Area

Commercial Area

Barren Land

Green Belt Area

Residential Area

River/Wet Land

0.00494.21988.42

1482.631979.842471.052965.263459.473953.684447.89 total park area

total neighborhood green space

total urban park area(unit: Acre)

*neighborhood green space :｛(urban natural park×0.08)+community park+children’s park+sports park+cultural park+historic park+waterfront park｝

0

107.64

215.28

322.92

430.56

538.19

645.84

753.47 park area/person

neighborhood green space/person

urban park/person

*neighborhood green space :｛(urban natural park×0.08)+community park+children’s park+sports park+cultural park+historic park+waterfront park｝/population

Source: Bureau of Parks and Green Spaces

Source: Bureau of Parks and Green Spaces

Source: The green city index, A research project conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens

Surrounding areas of the target site are mainly commercial area and residential area. It is adjacent to Hangang River bank. Like other regions in Seoul Gangnam-gu has considerably lower green area with 100 sqft per person.

AVERAGE GREEN SPACE

- Latin American Cities 255 sq m (2744 sq ft)/person

- African Cities 74 sq m (796 sq ft)/per-son

- Asian Cities 39 sq m (419 sq ft)/person

2.4 Land Use

Park Area

Park Area Per Person


Sedan Van Truck Special Truck Motor Cycle

# of

CA

RS#

of P

ARK

ING

SPA

CE

Tota

lTo

tal

254,

098

219,

635

On Street Parking O Street Parking Parking Lot at Building

224,539

10,16119,160

238 15,074

10,890

P

15,523

P P

193,222


Number of Cars and Parking Spaces

2.5 Parking

According to the statistical data of Gangnam-gu, 254,098 vehicles including cars, vans and trucks are registered. However the number of available parking lot in Samsung-dong Gangnam-gu is 219,635, which is insuffi cient. Suffi cient parking space is crucial not only to the target area but also to local parking problem solution.

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Key Features within 35 min Walking Distance

Apartment Complexs under Reconstruction

RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

1

14

4

7

-

3

7

SAFETY DIAGNOSTIC

DETERMINE A RENEWAL DISTRICT

PROMOTION COMMITTEE

ASSOCIATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT

AUTHORIZATION FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL

BEGIN CONSTRUCTION

30min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

35min

30min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

35min

30min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

35min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

30min

35min

30min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

35min

30min

5 min

10min

20min

25min

35min

SCHOOL

5min333m

3

2

-

1

-

4

10

1

-

1

-

7

10

1

1

1

1

17

12

2

1

1

1

13

8

5

-

2

2

25

18

7

1

2

4

36

10min666m

15min999m

20min1.3Km

25min1.6Km

30min1.9K

HIGH RISE APARTMENT COMPLEX

FEATURES \ WALKING DISTANCE

SHOPPING CENTER

PARK

SUBWAY STATION

BUS STATION

5 min

10min

20min

25min

30min

35min

2.6 Key Features

Total 61 high-rise apartments are located within 35 minutes walk-ing distance from the target site with 18 schools, 3 shopping centers, 8 parks and 110 bus and subway stations. If external space of each apartment unit enables to provide green open space so that it can be transitional spots to key features or leisure spots, it is obviously a new paradigm green corridor. Currently, 36 apartment reconstruction works have been carried out in Gangnam-gu. If the plan of this proj-ect to accommodate the public into the apartment unit is accepted to other works, it could create an opportunistic factor.


KEY FEATURES

Distance to store 6

Amenity factor 1

Distinction with other complex 7

Economic power 5

Biodiversity 4

Access to transportation 2

Safety facility 3

RESIDENTS’ PREFERENCE (ranking)

RESIDENTS’ SATISFACTION STATUS (unit: %)

Parking space Play ground Outdoor open sapce

Very Satis ed

Somewhat Satis ed

Neutral

Somewhat Dissatis ed

Very Dissatis ed

0.2

-

-

12.5

2.5 9.5

-

-

-

-

4.2 13

87.3 93.3 77.5

Chapter 3. Methodology

3.1 Questionnaire analysisLocation Hongsil APT , Samseong-dong, Gangnam- gu, Seoul, South KoreaPeriod 12.29.2012 ~ 01.06.2013Target 384 of households Return Rate 38% (145/384)

RESIDENTS’ AWARENESS of OUTDOOR SPACES (unit: %)

Parking spaces

Play/exercise space

Open gathering space

Resting spaceResting space

Water feature

Apt complex entrance

Building entrance

Circulation

Circulation Parking spaces

Play/exercise space

Open gathering space

Water feature

Apt complex entranceBuilding entrance

Most Important Feature for Outdoor Space in General

Most Lacking Feature for Outdoor Space

24.5

18.5

5.0

10.5

1.4

6.2

20.5

13.4

21.5

7.5

10.29.5

7.4

15.2

12.2

16.5

PRESENT CONDITION (unit: %)

-

Average spending time in open space

< 1hr

1hr ~ 2hr

2hr ~ 3hr

3hr ~ 4hr

5hr <

55.1

22.40

13.5

8.2

0.8

Major open space activity

Exercise

Rest & Walk

Socializing

Gardening

Meditation

etc.( )

40.7

55.1

3.2

0.9

0.1

As the result of resident survey, they took parking as the most serious problem, and types of outdoor activities were taking a rest and taking a walk. And they regarded apartment entrance, leisure/exercise space and pedestrian way as important spaces tool.

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3.2 Application of A patt ern language by Christo-pher Alexander

3.2.1 Concept of patt ern language

An environmental patt ern design has to be based on people’s experiences and agreement because the physical environment is sharing by many people. This is the concept of patt ern language compare the environmental patt ern to language. 9 Patt ern lan-guage can therefore provide a useful basis for the design of the physical environment10. The elements of this patt ern language are entities called pat-terns. Each patt ern describes a problem which occurs in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that I can use this solution. Just as words must have grammatical and semantic relationships to each other in order to make a spoken language useful, design patt erns must be related to each other in position and utility order to form a patt ern language. Alexander’s work describes a process of decomposition, in which the designer has a problem, selects a solution, and then discovers new, smaller problems resulting from the larger solution.

3.2.2 PURPOSE OF PATTERN LANGUAGE

There are two essential purposes behind this format. First, to present each patt ern connected to other patt erns, so that you grasp the collection of all 253 patt erns as a whole, as a language, within which you can create an infi nite variety of combinations. Second, to present the problem and solution of each patt ern in such a way that you can judge it for yourself, and modify it, without losing the essence that is central to it. In the language, therefore, each patt ern has to indicate its rela-tionships to other patt erns and to the language as a whole. This gives the designer using the language a great deal of guidance about the related problems that must be solved.

3.2.3 APPLICATION OF A PATTERN LANGUAGE TO THE SITE

All 253 patt erns together form a language. They create a co-herent picture of an entire region, with the power to generate such regions in a million forms, with infi nite variety in all the details. It is also true that any small sequence of patt erns from 9 Daesung Cho, 1983. Suitable for regional and environmental blueprint for the development of research, pp. 45, translated by author.10 Rajinder Singh Jutla, 1993, Christopher alexander’s design theory from notes on the synthe-sis form to a pattern language. pp. 7


this language is itself a language for a smaller part of the envi-ronment. Since Hongsil apartment complex is already built on Samsungdong district, smaller scale of patt erns will be applied to this project.

21

(25) Access to water

(31) Promenade

(37) House cluster

(59) Quiet back

(60) Accessible green

(64) Pools and streams

- People build places near water- The water’s edge must be preserved for common use- The roads which can destroy the water’s edge must be kept back from it- Treat natural bodies of water with great respect

- Each subculture needs a center for its public life: a place where you can go to see people, and to be seen- Encourage the gradual formation of promenade at the center of every communuty- Link the main activity nodes

keep a movement

- Provide a cluster with group of houses: Public spaces are jointly owned by all the household- ers- Arrange the clusters - make residents walk through them without feeling like a trespasser

- Residents can be protected from noise by building and walls- Build a path along this quiet back

- Connect the path with other walks, to form a long ribbon of quiet alleyways

- Provide green open spaces to go- Build open public green within tree minutes’ walk- Make the greens at least 150 feet across

- Water plays fundamental role in our psychology- Residents need constant access to water- Make paths for people to walk along them and footbridges to cross them

ground along pedestrian path


(73) Adventure playground

(75) The family

(88) Street cafe

(97) Shielded parking

(98) Circulation realms

- Set up a playground for the children in each neighborhood.- Provide raw materials such as nets, boxes, barrels, trees, ropes, simple tools, frames, and grass to create and recreate play grounds of children

- Set up processes which encourage groups of 8 to 12 people to come together and establish communal households- Provide private realms for the groups and individuals that make up the extended family- Common space for shared function: gardening and child care- Provide a place where the entire group can meet and sit together

- Encourage local cafes to spring up in each neighborhood- Build the front of the cafe so that a set of tables stretch out of the cafe into the street

- Large parking structures full of cars are inhuman and dead buildings: conceal the structures because people don’t want to see them - The entrance to a parking structure is essentially the main entrance to the building: it needs to be visible- On ground level, the shield is important- Shops are useful : it generates their own pedestrian scale immediately

- Many building complexs have disorientation problem: people experience considerable mental stress as a result- It is possible to identify a nested system of realms in the complex- Each realm has a main circulation space, which opens directly from the entrances to that realm

circulation space of the next larger realm above it

23

(104) Site repair

(106) Positive outdoor space

(114) Hierarchy of open space

(115) Courtyards which live

(118) Roof garden

(120) Path and goals

- Structure must always be built on those parts of the land which are in the worst condition- Consider the site and its buildings as a single eco-system- Build new structures in the least pleasant site now

- Outdoor spaces between buildings will not be commonly used - Make outdoor spaces which surround and lie between buildings positive- Enclose outdoor spaces with buildings, trees, hedges, and fences to make it an entity with a positive

- Make a smaller space looking into it and forms a natural back for it- Make a larger space to be seen by the smaller space

- Make every courtyard to have a view out of it to some larger open space- Connect the natural paths to the courtyard

roofs- A roof take advantage of the sun and air- Make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens

to sit and sleep

- Provide compatible path with the process of walking- Place goals at natural points of interest- Connect the goals to one another to form the path- Place the goals within few hundred feet


(126) Something roughly in the middle

(129) Common areas at the heart

(134) Zen view

(161) Sunny place

(171) Tree places

- Find a spot between building and outdoor spaces where gets the best sun- Develop this spot as a special sunny place and make it the important opens pace.

- Plant trees according to their nature to form enclosures, avenues, squares, groves, and single spreading trees toward the middle of open space- Use the shapes of trees and buildings together to form places

- A public space need something in the middle to escape empty atmosphere- The paths which cross a public square or courtyard or a piece of common land have something to stand roughly in the middle: a fountain, a tree, a statue- It can give a strong and steady pulse to the square and make people move towards the center

- Create a single common area for every social group- Locate it at the center of gravity of all the spaces the group occupies

- The zen view occurs in a famous Japanese house- Don’t spoil beautiful view by building’s win- dows- Put the frame to have the view at places of transition along paths

25

Chapter 4. Case study

4.1 District of “Sudliche Furth“The district of “Sudliche furth“ was built on the site of the for-mer container goods ralway depot in Neuss. The central loca-tion in the city is characterised by vitality and diversity.

(64)(129)

(31), (120)

(171) (60)

(64)

(171) (106)

(120) (161)

Source : Basel, 2011, “Green living”, contemporary German landscape architecture, pp 34



4.2 The residents of the “Althoffb lock“The residents of the “Althoffb lock“ in Dortmund were involved in the design and planning of the courtyard garden. The result is green oasis of discovery that improves the residential envi-ronment and the quality of living.

(171)

(60)

(106)

(37)

(59)

(120)

(126)


27

4.3 Park Quartier BergThe “Park Quartier Berg” urban neighborhood was developed by a group of architects and landscape architects and on a 1.5 hectare large site in Stutt gart. The design is informed by the urban landscape and topography. Clearly defi ned communally-used areas are provided alongside private outdoor space con-nected to the fl ats.

(64)

(171) (115)

(129)

(161)

(120) (31)

(60)

(59)




4.4 Interior courtyard of block 14, Lorett o quarter, TubingenBand of planting create a threshold between private and com-munal green areas. The play area beneath the trees contains sand pits with a wet play area and wooden decking. The wood-en walkway leads across the lawn to the adjoining communal terrace. By encouraging active participation in the design pro-cess, an att ractive urban area has been created that accommo-dates diverse uses for a broad social mix of residents.

(73)

(120)

(60)

(37)

(75)

(59)

(60)



29

Pa erns Sudliche Furth Altho lock Park Qua er Berg Tubingen(25) Access to water (31) Promenade(37) House cluster(59) Quiet back(60) Accessible green(64) Pools and streams(73) Adventure playground(75) The family(88) Street cafe(97) Shielded parking(98) circula on realms(104) Site repair(106) Posi ve outdoor space(114) Hierarchy of open space(115) Courtyards which live(118) Roof garden(120) Path and goals(124) Ac vity pockets(126) Something roughly in the middle(129) Common areas at the heart(134) Zen view(161) Sunny place(171) Tree places

4.5 AnalysisThis analysis provide limited result from the data because those photos don’t show entire area of the site. However, it is useful to apply as an examples. This analysis shows the raking which are applied into the cases.1st, patt ern 60 and 1202nd, patt ern 59, 106, and 1713rd, patt ern 31, 37, 129, and 1614th, patt ern 64, 73, 75, 115, and 126


5.1 Site Information Hongsil Apartment Complex Location Samseong-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South KoreaArea 102.48 sq m(0.025ac) ~ 178.51 sq m(0.044ac)Scale 384 of households / 6 buildings / 12 fl oorsMarket Price 0.82~1.64(million)Floor Area Ratio 193%# of Parking Space 381

Chapter 5. Design proposal

31

0 200 400 800ft100N


1972 1982

1992 2002

5.1.1 Site Change

It took not more than 30 years for Gangnam area to form all kinds of infrastructure and residential areas. Due to the unifi ed plan of the time, there are many problems like parking and environmental prob-lems at the moment.

33

1980 1989

1998 2006


0 200 400 800ft100N

A

B

C

5.1.2 Existing Condition

35

AERIAL VIEW A

AERIAL VIEW B

AERIAL VIEW C


0 100 200 400ft50N

12

3

4

6

1213

14

7

10

11

895

1

15

22

23

25

26

24

28

27

16

18

1920

21

17

29

30

3132

33

34353738

39

40

41

4243

36

37

VIEW 1-3

VIEW 1-1

VIEW 1-4

VIEW 1-2


VIEW 2

VIEW 7

VIEW 6

VIEW 5

VIEW 12

VIEW 3

VIEW 13

VIEW 9

VIEW 14

CIRCULATION CONDITION

SLOPE CONTROL CONDITION

VIEW 28VIEW 26

VIEW 27

VIEW 30

VIEW 38 VIEW 43

39

VIEW 25

VIEW 15VIEW 10VIEW 8

PARKING CONDITION

VIEW 24

VIEW 39

VIEW 31

VIEW 32

PLAYGROUN CONDITION

VIEW 36 VIEW 37 VIEW 41

VIEW 42


VIEW 35 VIEW 40VIEW 34

VIEW 29 VIEW 33

VEGETATION CONDITION

VIEW 4

BOUNDARY CONDITION



41

ACCESS TO WATER FRONT

VIEW 21-1

VIEW 21-4

VIEW 21-7

VIEW 21-2

VIEW 21-5

VIEW 21-8

VIEW 21-3

VIEW 21-6

VIEW 21-9

Th ere are a lot of problems to the target site. Th e biggest problem is parking. Only 381 parking spaces are available to 384 households. Furthermore, the parking space design is not proper so that many have to park cars in slope or overlap. Sharp slope parking may cause safety problem in winter by snow or ice formation. Playground space is not properly maintained and has a risk of safety accident, which is not used at all now. For pedestrian way, it also has risk of safety accident as it is cut in the middle or has sharp slope. Furthermore, as there is no clear distinction in the apartment unit entrance, which is impor-tant for residents, it has problems in terms of external appearance and function.


0 200 400 800ft100N

view to valuable water

valueless view

5.2 Site Design

5.2.1 Diagrams

43

A’

A Section A-A’

Section A-A’ analysis

B B’

Section B-B’

Section B-B’ analysis


parking & green space

parking & green space

goalspath

path

path

goals

goals

• Concept diagram

• Spatial concept diagram

45

• Vertical connection diagram

• Water fl ow diagram


Th e development of target site needs to satisfy suffi cient parking space and green open space at the same time so that residents might be sup-plied pleasant outdoor space for everyday life. In order to realize it in a restricted space, vertical development is planned. Furthermore, it is one of the methods for the maximum utilization of the diff erence of high elevation on the target site which was one of the problems of the site.To overcome shortage of parking space and to utilize external space, 2 unused playground spaces except for 6 apartment buildings and 1 commercial building are selected for the development. As a result of the target site analysis, the size of these two sites are 83m(W) x 54m(L)

5.2.2 Proposed Design

• Masterplan

47

x 12m(H) and 83m(W) x 26m(L) x 3m(H) respectively having the diff erence of altitude with 12m and 3m respectively. Accordingly, aft er digging the ground of two playground sites, 4-story and 2-story build-ing sites are secured.Th ese buildings would play the parking lot and green open space role together, and walking trail will be constructed along with the apart-ment surroundings. Th e external space on the level 4, where pedestri-ans access through the commercial building, can also be accessed at the same altitude when approached from the south entrance. Accord-ingly, though this building is 4-story, it is recognized diff erently by the type of entrance. For the safety of the parking space in levels 1, 2

• 3d Modeling


and 3, it is designed to attract sunlight as it stands and the surface of the level 4 is designed in a curve in order to make sure direct sunlight without interference. Th e entrances of Hongsil Apartment are divided into two: one for cars and the other for pedestrians. Th e parking site entrance by cars is made through two spots, and there are 3 pedestrian entrances. Car entrance is controlled by the gate guard, and no access control is made to pedestrians. However, the entrance to the apartment building by pedestrians will be controlled by the guard in the level 1. Two places where playgrounds were placed would be the public space sharing with external public because of no pedestrian control. Th is is made possible by the fact that it could improve accessibility and convenience when accessing to the river park and other apartment units from important facilities such as adjacent schools or shopping malls, and that newly designed external space can be shared. However, the lower levels of apartment are blocked by planting trees in order to protect privacy. Garden and fi tness center at the rooft op are semi-private space which are to be used exclusively by residents only through elevators of each

• 3d Modeling

Site modeling within context

49

0m (0ft)

2.7m(8.9ft)

5.4m(17.7ft)

8.1m(26.6ft)

10.8m(35.43ft)

4,816 sq m(1.2ac) max192 cars

4,816 sq m(1.2ac) max192 cars

2,566 sq m(0.63ac) max 105 cars

1,133 sq m(0.28ac) max 46 cars

roof garden access

parking area

open space for residents

car circulation

pedestrian circulation

parking

elevation

• Floor connection & parking system

building. Th is project increases the number of parking space from 381 (0.99 per household) to 535 (1.4 per household) and enables eff ective external space.


• View A

G

H

I

J

Water from upper fountain creates water screen when it falls into the lower fountain to block views to parking space on the same level. Low-er level of apartment units have their own front yard with full sunshine from cutting upper edge.

51

• View B

• View C

Sun exposure system to the ground level

Sun exposure system with water

Spiral stairs for sun exposure

Framing bench module

Biomorphic shape of top layer is designed to bring sunlight to lower level meeting the fi rst fl oor of apartment units and represents water fl ow. Also it has sun exposure system and spiral stairs to bring sunlight into the lowest level of parking space for safety reason.

Service car entrance is provided from the parking space. Th e adven-ture playground is created with raw materials to recreate playground of children. Also, the sun exposure system is located in the middle of court yard for safety and aesthetic reason.


• View D

• Section E

• Section F

cars + pedestrians cars + pedestrians

parking

residents’ open space

parking

53

• View G - Vehicle Entrance

• View H - Pedestrian Entrance


• View I - Playground

• View J - Bench along the path

55

Chapter 6. Conclusion

(64) Pools and streams (25) Access to water

(59) Quiet back

(31) Promenade

(73) Adventure playground

(88) Street cafe

(75) The family

(129) Common areas at the heart

(97) Shielded parking



(106) Positive outdoor space (118) Roof garden

(126) Something roughly in the middle(171) Tree places

(120) Path and goals

(37) House cluster

(98) Circulation realms

(104) Site repair

(115) Courtyards which live

(114) Hierarchy of open space

(134) Zen view

(161) Sunny place

UnitsExisting

3843810.99

Proposed3845351.4

Parking spacesParking spaces per unit

Apartment complex is now became the representative housing type in Korea, but makes isolation between households and prohibits private exchanges causing a social problem of human alienation phenomenon unit for its simple and unifi ed type in the past. Such problem was derived from the housing supply that stressed on the large quantity of households and basic maintenance along with the industrialization. But, thanks to the change and development of society, the value of residential environment has improved and advanced residential envi-ronment becomes essential. Th e change of qualitative life of residents and increase of leisure time has transformed the concept of apartment from ‘living place’ to ‘a place worth for living.’ If any redevelopment is made on the past unifi ed apartment unit, spatial plan for activat-ing community must be achieved. Improved economy lets people seek convenience and leads to the increase of car occupation. As a result, the volume of parking space in the past apartment is a problem that must be solved to improve quality of apartment units.In order to solve such problems, this project extracted 22 patterns from Christopher Alexander “A Pattern Language”, and used those as a design methodology by means of various analysis of target place and questionnaire survey. Christopher classifi es each pattern from regional


scale to a site specifi c of the target according to its fl ow.As a result, design approach was available by applying various con-siderations to each pattern as a language. For example, it was used to defi ne scope and factor system in the creation of external spaces for community such as private space, semi-private space and public space. As each pattern provides the basic concept comprehensively, pattern in the design is engaged in the application of the concept. Th us, personal-ity and creativity of a designer is needed for detailed design.In this project, (88) Circulation realms, (104) Site repair, (120) Path and goals and (134) Zen view were realized at large, and other patterns were designed according to their characteristics at the diff erent points. Furthermore, as majority was used as parking space it was impossible to make community space. Th us, parking space was allotted to the courtyard and the above space was created a space only for pedestrians separated from parking. As a result, it was made possible to extend parking lots from 381 to 535, and accordingly, the 0.99 of parking space per household increased to 1.4. As such, the parking problem was solved and people could have improved external community space at the same time.

57

Bibliography

Daesung Cho, 1983. Suitable for regional and environmental blueprint for the development of research, pp. 45

Evans, G.W., Lepore, S.J., 1993. Household crowding and social support: a quasi-experimental analysis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65, 308–316. Fleming, R., Baum, A., Singer, J.E., 1985. Social support and the physical environment. In: Cohen, S., Syme, S.L. (Eds.), Social Support and Health. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 327– 345. G¨arling, T., Golledge, R.G., 1989. Environmental perception and cognition. In: Zube, E., Moore, G. (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design, vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 203–236. Howell, S., Epp, G., Reizenstein, J.E., Alberight, C., 1976. Shared Spaces in Housing for the Elderly. MIT Department of Architecture, Boston, MA. Hyunwoo Kim, 2003, A study on the planning methods for the remodeling of apartment housing, Sungkyunkwan Uni-versity, pp. 9~10

Lee, C.Y., 1978. A Study of the Outdoor Spaces of Cluster Housing in Taiwan. Master Th esis. Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. Lin, G.-W., 1988. A Comparison of the Relationships among Residents Living in Apartments with Escalator and without Escalator. Master Th esis. Department of Architecture, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.

Miran Cho, 2000, A study on the planning methods for the remodeling of apartment housing, Residence Institute of Th e Korea Housing Corporation. pp. 13~18 P. Jones, K. Yeang, In. 1999Th e Use of the Wind Wing-Wall as a Device for Low-Energy Passive Comfort Cooling in a High-Rise Tower in the Warm–Humid Tropics, Proceedings of the PLEA’99, ISBN 1,86499,3480, Brisbane, Australia, Robert Giff ord. 2007. Th e Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings. Architectural Science Review Volume 50,1: xx-xx Robert Gutman. 1972. “People and Buildings”, Basic Books, Inc., Pub :98-99

Rajinder Singh Jutla, 1993, Christopher alexander’s design theory from notes on the synthesis form to a pattern lan-guage. pp. 7 Unger, D.G., Wandersman, A., 1985. Th e importance of neighbors: the social, cognitive, and aff ective components of neighboring. Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 13, 139–169. Valeire Gelezeau. 1992. “In Search of the soul of Seoul”, published in Geographie et Cultures, 4: 75-90 Yongmin Kim, 2005, A sturdy on the comparison of feasibility between reconstruction and remodeling of apartment buildings, Sungkyunkwan University, pp. 95

Zito, J.M., 1974. Anonymity and neighboring in an urban, high-rise complex. Urban Life Cult. 3 (3), 243–263.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea/Seoul

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Revitalization of Open Space of Highrise Apartment Complex