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Political Parties
27 October, 2008
The 2008 US Presidential Election: A Roundtable Event Sponsored by the Department of Politics & the Centre for
Elections, Media and Political Parties 29 October, 2008: 2.00 PM - 3:30 PM Queen's Building Lecture Theatre 2 CHAIR: Professor Regenia Gagnier, Director of Exeter
Interdisciplinary Institute and Professor of English Roundtable Participants: Susan Banducci (Exeter) Tereza
Capelos (Surrey) John Rigby (BBC News), Jeffrey Karp (Exeter) and Dan Stevens (Exeter)
The 2008 Election
Another Way of Looking at the Distribution of Votes
Culture War? Fiorina argues that the ideological disputes that engage
political elites and activists have little resonance among the American mass public
Ordinary 21st century Americans “are not very well-informed about politics, do not hold many of their views very strongly, and are not ideological” (p. 19).
Culture War? Fiorina’s characterization of Americans as uninterested and
non-ideological may apply very well to the large number of Americans who rarely or never vote.
However, it may not apply as well to regular voters, and it is voters whose opinions are of greatest concern to candidates and elected officials.
Distribution of Voters on Liberal-Conservative Issues Scale
Distribution of Non Voters on Liberal-Conservative Issues Scale
Percentage of voters donating money to a party or candidate by ideology
The Constitution’s Unwanted Offspring The Constitution contains no mention of political parties. What is a political party?
An organization whose purpose is to monopolize government. Power.
One definition: “A coalition of people who seek to control government by contesting elections and winning office”
A party differs from a single candidate’s campaign because a party runs an entire slate of candidates for a wide range of offices.
A party differs from an interest group because a party seeks to win offices rather than to influence those in office.
Parties are made up of ordinary voters, officeholders, office seekers, and activists
What do parties do?
Organization organize people by bring people under one tent.
Provide information, propagandize party ideology for the average citizen they simplify the political world
Parties recruit candidates (more commonly, politicians are self-starters) But
candidates need the party label to get elected. Contest elections
Parties mobilize the electorate
Consequences of Party Action Form governments Form organizations: committee/party leadership
-inter-branch coalitions: between executive and leg.; senate/house
legislatures of 49 states and the US Congress are organized along party lines.
Provide accountability provide a set of people to reward or blame Dispersal of power destroys political responsibility
Why only two parties? The rules of our political system play a large role in
determining how voters and parties behave. The U.S. electoral system is based on “winner take all”. It
is referred to as a single member plurality system (SMD). Also referred to (in the UK) as “first past the post”.
Under such a system, voters are discouraged from voting for smaller parties that have no chance of winning.
Smaller parties are discouraged from contesting elections
Multi-party Systems Most modern democracies have an electoral system that
is based on proportional representation. The system gives a party a share of seats in the
legislature matching the share of votes it wins on election day.
In most cases, parties put forth a list of candidates and citizens vote for the list. Thus voters choose among parties, not individual candidates.
Voters have less of an incentive to defect (from their sincere preference) and smaller parties have a greater incentive to contest elections.
U.S. Sample Ballot4 Nov, 2008
Party List System (PR)
Ireland
Single Transferable Vote (STV)
Voters select candidates based on their preference, i.e Mark 1 in the box for your first choice, mark 2 beside the candidate for your second choice…
Implications of Two Party System Encourages parties to converge toward the “median
voter”. Parties adopt moderate platforms to appeal to the broadest
possible audience Difficult for voters to recognize differences
Example of Spatial Competition
Median Voter
Party A Party BParty C
Num
ber
of
Vote
rs
Disadvantages with Having Only Two Parties Normative concerns (what is lost) Fairness
Should 50% of participating voters make govt.? Should incumbent parties draw districts?
Trust If voters are not aligned with major party, and their vote
is “wasted” on a third party, will they trust government? Participation
US has one of the lowest rates of participation Why show up if vote will be wasted?
Competition
Competition Consider the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election Competition focused largely in the “battleground” states See where the candidates travelled during the campaign
Advantages of Two Party System Stability
Multi-party democracy said to be unstable Must form coalition governments Evidence is that coalition governments are less stable
than single party government Illusion of Majority Rule Accountability
“responsible party” thesis
How Could a Third US Party Form? Institutional Change
Prospects slim for US Congress to act State Legislatures Citizen’s initiative
Major split in existing party Rise of regional conflict
Strength of Parties in the US Generally “weak” as compared to parties elsewhere Lack of recruitment (most candidates are usually self
starters) Lack of funding (most candidates have to raise the bulk of
their funds independently) Lack of party discipline
Should Parties be Strengthened? Strong parties would:
Promote party discipline Provision of a clear choice Concentration of power in hands of winning party
How Can Parties be Strengthened?
Campaign Finance Reform Allow soft money? Limit contributions from interest groups…
Reform primary system Closed primaries