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Piping Fundamentals:

M.N.Raghu


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Piping Fundamentals Agenda:

Definition of Pipe and Piping

Concept Layout Development

Piping Components

Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.

Piping Drains & Vents

aterial & !i"ing


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P#P$:

It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for

conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.

It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And its

engineering plays a ma!or part in overall engineering of a "lant.

P#P#%:

The term "iping means not only pipe but also includes

components li#e fittings, flanges, valves, bolts, gas#ets, bellows

etc.


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In any plant various fluids flow through pipes

from one end to other.

$ow let us start with a plant where we see

Three tan#s% Tan#&', Tan#&( and Tan#&)

*e have to transfer the content of Tan# no. '

to the other two tan#s.

*e will need to connect pipes to transfer the

fluids from Tan#&' to Tan#&( and Tan#&)

L$' (! PLAC$ ')$ P#P$!.


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*e +ave ust -roug+t t+e pipes, no e need

to solve some more pro-lems.

Pipes are all straig+t pieces.

*e need some

-ranc+

connections

*e need some -end

connections

$vensom

epipe

sare

ofdif

ferentsi"

es/

'o solve t+ese pro-lems e need

t+e pipe components, +ic+ are

called P#P$ F#''#%!


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'+ese are t+e pipe fittings,

'+ere are various types of fittings for various

purposes, some common types are 0

$l-os12ends, 'ees12ranc+es,

3educers1$4panders, Couplings, Olets, etc.

Anyay, t+e pipes and

fittings are in place, -ut t+e

ends are yet to -e oined it+t+e 'an5 no""les.

*e no +ave to complete t+eend connections.

'+ese, in piping term, e call

'$3#%AL CO%%$C'#O%!.


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'+ese are flanged oints

'+is is a elded oint

!o far t+is is a nice arrangement.

2ut t+ere is no control over t+e flo from 'an506

to ot+er tan5s.

*e need some arrangement to stop t+e

flo if needed

'o control t+e flo in a pipe line eneed to fit a special component.

'+at is called 0 VALV$


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'+ere are many types of valves, categori"ed

-ased on t+eir construction and functionality,

'+ose are 0 ate, lo-e, C+ec5, 2utterfly, etc.

Ot+er t+an valves anot+er important

line component of pipe line is a filter,

+ic+ cleans out der-ies from t+efloing fluid. '+is is called a

!'3A#%$3


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)ere e see a more or less functional piping

system, it+ valves and strainer installed.

Let us no investigate some aspects of pipe

fle4i-ility.

'+is tan5 no""le

e4pands, +en

t+e tan5 is +ot.

#n suc+ case e need to fit

a fle4i-le pipe componentat t+at location, +ic+ is

called an $7PA%!#O%

8O#%'


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*+en some fluid is

floing in a pipe e may

also li5e 5no t+e

parameters li5e, pressure,temperature, flo rate etc.

of t+e fluid.

'o 5no t+ese information e need to

install #%!'3($%'!in t+e pipeline.


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'+ere are various types instruments to measure

various parameters. Also t+ere are specific criteria

for installation of various pipe line instruments.

%e4t e s+all loo5 into +o to !(PPO3't+e pipe1and it9s components.


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)ere are some of t+e pipe supporting arrangements.

'+ere can -e numerous variants. All depend on piping

designer9s preference and udgement.

Let us see some O')$3types of supports


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"referable

%ot"referable

*+ile development of piping layout e +ave to consider t+e folloing:

+aterial to withstand the high pressure and high temperature.

"iping from source to destination should be as short as possible withminimum change in direction.

hould not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any

equipment maintenance space. -alves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.


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If needed separateA/ "LAT012+to be provided to facilitate piping

operation.

3esired location and orientation of valves 4 instruments and other pipecomponents are to be chec#ed and maintained, li#e some valves or strainers

can only be installed in 512I61$TALposition.

pecific requirements of T2AIG5T L/$GT5of pipe for some components

to be maintained, li#e for flow orifice we need to provide '7 3 straight pipe

length at upstream of orifice and 7 3 straight at down stream of orifice.

$4ample of !traig+t lengt+ reuirement for Flo Orifice


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'o ensure t+at t+ere is no air0trap in t+e pipeline, a V$%' connection it+ Valve

is provided at t+e top most point of t+e pipeline.

A D3A#% connection it+ Valveis provided at t+e loest point of t+e pipeline

for liuid drain from pipeline. Pipes are also slopped toards lo points.

Let us loo5

into typical

Vent and

Drain

arrangement

in a pipeline


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"rovision to be made to absorb thermal e8pansion in pipes during high

temperature applications.

Avoid "iping load transfer to applications& with suitable supports andanchors.

9nderground 4 /mbedded piping issues.

Insulation 4 0ree:e protection issues

There are many recogni:ed international codes which lay down guide

lines and mandatory requirements for design of piping.

+ost followed standards are%

A+/ A$I ;)'.'& "ower "iping ode

Pi t i l ! l ti t l t i t i t i l - d fl i fl id t


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Pipe !i"ing Calculation 0 to select reuired pipe diameter -ased on velocity and pressure drop.

0ind out0low volume

per second

hec# -elocityAllowable per

second

alc. flow arearequired and

"ipe si:e

alc. "ress.3rop for that

"ipe si:e

hec# "ress.3rop meets

"ress. ;udget

"ipei:e

1?

@/

Increase

"ipe i:e

$1

Pipe aterial !election 0 to select appropriate pipe material -ased on floing fluid property.

0ind out type

of 0luidflowing

hec# "ipe

life/8pectancy

elect suitable

+aterial perpractice =$ote&'>

hec# +at.

Listed in3esign ode

"ipe

+aterial1?

@/

ee $ote&'

$1%ote06 :+aterial is selected per past e8perience with cost in mind

and per material listed in design code. If material is not listedin code we may select ne8t suitable material listed.

0ind out

0luid Temp.< "ressure

Pipe '+ic5ness !election 0 to select appropriate pipe t+ic5ness -ased on floing fluid property

elect +at.

< 3iameteras above

3ecide on

orrosionallowance

alc. "ipe

Thic#ness perode

0ind out

0luid Temp.< "ressure


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*e have !ust completed a pipe line design. 5ow "iping design is done in

practice 3etermine the 0low scheme%

'> *hat, (> 0rom what point, )> To which point

election of "ipe material, "ipe si:es and "ipe wall thic#ness are selected.

election of suitable -alves and fittings wrt functions required Instrumentation required

All of the above are represented in a drawing which is called Piping and

#nstrumentation Draing, in shortPD. This drawing contains all the

information about a pipe li#e, "ipe si:e, 0lowing 0luid, etc.


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Sample P and I diagram


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3D drawing of a Typial piping system

After the "


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Piping Example

Pi i E l


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Piping Example


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Thanks,

M.N.Raghu

www.!flhydro.om

Any Questions?

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