Nation Building and Nation Building and Economic Transformation Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-in the Americas, 1800-

18901890Chapter 23Chapter 23

Independence in Latin AmericaIndependence in Latin America

Colonial FrustrationColonial Frustration Political and economic power of officialsPolitical and economic power of officials High taxesHigh taxes Imperial monopoliesImperial monopolies What inspired them?What inspired them?

The Portuguese royal family fled to The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil Brazil NapoleonNapoleon

In Spain, Napoleon forced King In Spain, Napoleon forced King Ferdinand off of the throneFerdinand off of the throne Junta CentralJunta Central

Roots of RevolutionRoots of Revolution

The majority of residents in The majority of residents in Spanish America wanted Spanish America wanted autonomy and their own autonomy and their own local local JuntasJuntas..

Local dissenters in Venezuela, Local dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia overthrew Mexico, and Bolivia overthrew Spanish officials in 1808-09. Spanish officials in 1808-09.

Result: Result:

Spanish South America, Spanish South America, 1810-18251810-1825

Venezuela 1811 claimed independenceVenezuela 1811 claimed independence Creole interestCreole interest Spanish loyalistsSpanish loyalists

Free blacks and slavesFree blacks and slaves

Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar Force and personalityForce and personality

New alliesNew allies ConfederationConfederation By 1821, Bolivar won Venezuela’s By 1821, Bolivar won Venezuela’s independenceindependence

San Martin Leads Southern San Martin Leads Southern Liberation ForcesLiberation Forces Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin declared declared independence in 1816 in Argentina-independence in 1816 in Argentina-Rio Rio de la Platade la Plata..

This was after Ferdinand gained power in This was after Ferdinand gained power in SpainSpain

Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822 Gran ColombiaGran Colombia formed in 1824 formed in 1824

Peru 1824Peru 1824

Mexico, 1810-1823Mexico, 1810-1823

In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest and most populous colonyrichest and most populous colony Dislocation of Amerindians Dislocation of Amerindians Crop failures and epidemicsCrop failures and epidemics

Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla and and Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos led violent led violent rebellions from 1810-1815. rebellions from 1810-1815. LoyalistLoyalist forces defeated the forces defeated the insurrections. insurrections.

In 1820 a revolution in Spain put a In 1820 a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power in Mexico. liberal group in power in Mexico. Mexico feared the loss of their Mexico feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish colony. So privileges in the Spanish colony. So they united in support of Mexico’s they united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Ironically, independence from Spain. Ironically, Agustin de Iturbide-Agustin de Iturbide- the man who the man who defeated the rebel Padre Morelos-defeated the rebel Padre Morelos-proclaimed independence in 1821. proclaimed independence in 1821.

United Providence of Central United Providence of Central AmericaAmerica Central America declared its Central America declared its absolute independence from Spain in absolute independence from Spain in 1821. By 1823, Iturbide was 1821. By 1823, Iturbide was overthrown. Central America then overthrown. Central America then declared its absolute independence declared its absolute independence from Mexico. from Mexico.

Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa RicaSalvador, and Costa Rica

Brasil, to 1831Brasil, to 1831

King John VI of Portugal ruled his King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from Brasil until his return in kingdom from Brasil until his return in 1821. His son, Pedro remained in Brasil, 1821. His son, Pedro remained in Brasil, declaring himself king and making it an declaring himself king and making it an independent constitutional monarchy. independent constitutional monarchy.

Pedro’s liberal policies made him Pedro’s liberal policies made him unpopular.unpopular. Abdicated in favor of his son, Pedro II, who Abdicated in favor of his son, Pedro II, who reigned until republicans overthrew him in reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889. 1889.

The Problem of Order, The Problem of Order, 1825-18901825-1890

Constitutional Constitutional ExperimentsExperiments

Leaders in the U.S. and Latin Leaders in the U.S. and Latin America espoused America espoused constitutionalism. constitutionalism. Inexperience v. experienceInexperience v. experience

CanadaCanada Est. governments in each province by Est. governments in each province by 1847. In 1867, they formed ______ in 1847. In 1867, they formed ______ in Ottawa. Ottawa.

Latin AmericaLatin America Inexperience led to: Inexperience led to:

Personalist LeadersPersonalist Leaders Successful military leaders were able Successful military leaders were able to use military reputations as the to use military reputations as the foundation of their political power foundation of their political power (Americas).(Americas). Had a bigger influence on Latin AmericaHad a bigger influence on Latin America

Political participationPolitical participation Was limited to the rich so populist leaders Was limited to the rich so populist leaders sought to represent the ___ and undermine sought to represent the ___ and undermine the constitutional order and move toward the constitutional order and move toward _____._____.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Jose Paez in VenezuelaJose Paez in Venezuela

Personalist leaders like Paez Personalist leaders like Paez and Jackson identified with the and Jackson identified with the common people but..common people but..

Why were there more personalist Why were there more personalist leaders in Latin America?leaders in Latin America? Caudillos-Caudillos-

NapoleanNapolean

The Threat of The Threat of RegionalismRegionalism

Weak central governments in the Weak central governments in the Americas led to Americas led to sectionalismsectionalism. . SecessionistSecessionist movements movements

Failed multistate federationsFailed multistate federations Central America split from Mexico Central America split from Mexico 18231823

Central America split into five Central America split into five nationsnations

Bolivia split from ArgentinaBolivia split from Argentina

Regionalism in the U.S.Regionalism in the U.S. Civil War Civil War

Why did the Confederacy fail?Why did the Confederacy fail? TimingTiming

Foreign Interventions and Foreign Interventions and Regional WarsRegional Wars

By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century century four countries successfully four countries successfully wages wars against their wages wars against their neighbors and est. themselves neighbors and est. themselves as regional powers. as regional powers.

European intervention:European intervention: U.S.U.S.

War of 1812War of 1812 Spanish American war 1898Spanish American war 1898

French and English naval blockade French and English naval blockade ArgentinaArgentina Brasil (English)Brasil (English)

French invasion of Mexico 1862French invasion of Mexico 1862 Benito Juarez was replaced by Benito Juarez was replaced by Maximilien HabsburgMaximilien Habsburg

Benito drove the French out in Benito drove the French out in 18671867

U.S. versus MexicoU.S. versus Mexico 1848 annexation 1848 annexation

ChileChile Defeated Peru and ally BoliviaDefeated Peru and ally Bolivia

Gained nitrate mines and outlet to seaGained nitrate mines and outlet to sea Argentina and BrasilArgentina and Brasil

Fought over Uruguay in 1820s, but finally Fought over Uruguay in 1820s, but finally recognized Uruguayan independencerecognized Uruguayan independence

All 3 of these then fought Paraguay and All 3 of these then fought Paraguay and forced them to open its markets to forced them to open its markets to foreign tradeforeign trade

Native Peoples and the Native Peoples and the Nation-StateNation-State

Independent Amerindian peoples posed a Independent Amerindian peoples posed a significant challenge to the new nations significant challenge to the new nations of the Western Hemisphere. of the Western Hemisphere. U.S. expansion 1790-1810U.S. expansion 1790-1810

Tecumseh and Prophet Tecumseh and Prophet Indian Removal Act 1830Indian Removal Act 1830

Great PlainsGreat Plains Firearms and horsesFirearms and horses Buffalo huntersBuffalo hunters Loss of land to ranchersLoss of land to ranchers Four decades of conflictFour decades of conflict

Chile and ArgentinaChile and Argentina Checked settlement of whites until Checked settlement of whites until 18601860 Population, stable government, Population, stable government, military modernizationmilitary modernization

In 1870s they crushed native In 1870s they crushed native resistance and drove Amerindians onto resistance and drove Amerindians onto marginal landmarginal land

Mexico (Yucatan peninsula)Mexico (Yucatan peninsula) MayansMayans Caste War 1847Caste War 1847

The Challenge of Economic The Challenge of Economic and Social Changeand Social Change

The Abolition of The Abolition of SlaverySlavery

Rhetoric of universal freedom Rhetoric of universal freedom contrasted with the reality of contrasted with the reality of slavery. slavery. Survived in much of the W. Survived in much of the W. Hemisphere until _____.*Hemisphere until _____.*

Why?Why? 1808 U.S.-1808 U.S.- Spanish American revolutionsSpanish American revolutions Brasil and CubaBrasil and Cuba

Abolition in U.S.Abolition in U.S. African Americans and womenAfrican Americans and women Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Thirteenth Amendment 1865Thirteenth Amendment 1865

BrasilBrasil Pressure from EnglandPressure from England Respect in warRespect in war

ParaguayParaguay 18881888

Caribbean coloniesCaribbean colonies Decline in sugar in EnglishDecline in sugar in English Overthrow of Louis Phillippe in Overthrow of Louis Phillippe in French French revolutions 1848revolutions 1848

Puerto Rico and Cuba, 1873 and 1886 respectivelyPuerto Rico and Cuba, 1873 and 1886 respectively

ImmigrationImmigration

As the slave trade ended, As the slave trade ended, immigration from ___ and ____ immigration from ___ and ____ increased in America. increased in America. Economic benefitsEconomic benefits DiscriminationDiscrimination Attempt assimilationAttempt assimilation

American CulturesAmerican Cultures

Despite discrimination, immigrants altered Despite discrimination, immigrants altered the politics of many of the hemisphere’s the politics of many of the hemisphere’s nations as they sought to influence nations as they sought to influence government policies.government policies.

Unequal distribution of income.Unequal distribution of income. Immigrants were changed by their Immigrants were changed by their experiences in their adopted nations, experiences in their adopted nations, undergoing undergoing acculturationacculturation. At the same . At the same time, the languages, the arts, the music, time, the languages, the arts, the music, and the political cultures of the Western and the political cultures of the Western Hemisphere nations were influenced by the Hemisphere nations were influenced by the cultures of the immigrants. cultures of the immigrants.

Women’s Rights and the Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Struggle for Social

JusticeJustice In the second half of the 19In the second half of the 19thth century women’s century women’s rights movements slowly progressed.rights movements slowly progressed. U.S., Canada, and Latin AmericaU.S., Canada, and Latin America Working class women:Working class women: Upper class women:Upper class women:

Despite abolition of slavery, various Despite abolition of slavery, various forms of discrimination against persons forms of discrimination against persons of African descent remained in place.of African descent remained in place.

U.S.U.S. LynchingLynching segregation segregation suffragesuffrage

Development and Development and UnderdevelopmentUnderdevelopment

What American countries attained What American countries attained the standards of living similar the standards of living similar to those in W. Europe?to those in W. Europe?

Only U.S. industrializedOnly U.S. industrialized

Mining boomsMining booms European and U.S. mined in Latin European and U.S. mined in Latin AmericaAmerica

This increased the dependence on ____ This increased the dependence on ____ _____._____.

Latin America, the United States, and Latin America, the United States, and Canada all participated in the Canada all participated in the increasingly integrated world market. increasingly integrated world market. Industrialization v. exporting raw Industrialization v. exporting raw materialsmaterials

Why did Latin America fall behind?Why did Latin America fall behind? Dependency on exports Dependency on exports Weak governmentsWeak governments Civil warCivil war Dependency on Great Britain for ____Dependency on Great Britain for ____

Neo-colonialism- politically, but not Neo-colonialism- politically, but not economically independent from Europe.economically independent from Europe.

Altered EnvironmentsAltered Environments

Deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosionDeforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion Population growthPopulation growth Economic expansionEconomic expansion Introduction of new plants and animalsIntroduction of new plants and animals

Rapid ____ put a Rapid ____ put a strain on delivery systems strain on delivery systems and sewage and garbage disposal systemsand sewage and garbage disposal systems led led to spread of the timber industry. to spread of the timber industry.

The expansion of the The expansion of the mining industrymining industry led to led to erosion and pollution in Western U.S., erosion and pollution in Western U.S., Chile, and Brasil. Chile, and Brasil.

All nations chose economic growth instead of All nations chose economic growth instead of protecting the environment. protecting the environment.

Napoleon’s Influence in Napoleon’s Influence in Latin AmericaLatin America

First modern day dictator.First modern day dictator. Charismatic, personalist Charismatic, personalist leader, glorified because of leader, glorified because of military career, savior.military career, savior.

Saves country from political Saves country from political chaos.chaos.

What liberals wantWhat liberals want ConstitutionConstitution Free trade Free trade Protection of propertyProtection of property Secular societySecular society

Liberals in AmericaLiberals in America

Do not want equality for:Do not want equality for: WomenWomen SlavesSlaves People of colorPeople of color Indian, indigenous peoplesIndian, indigenous peoples Asian and European immigrantsAsian and European immigrants

Change Over TimeChange Over Time

1818thth century- political, social, economic century- political, social, economic changechange

1919thth century- liberals turn conservative- century- liberals turn conservative- happy with change/no more. Populism brings happy with change/no more. Populism brings chaos, revolts, destruction of propertychaos, revolts, destruction of property

Masses left out and want republicanism- Masses left out and want republicanism- RousseauRousseau

In Latin America masses believe in In Latin America masses believe in populous leaders, while liberals exploit populous leaders, while liberals exploit the masses. the masses.

Real LiberalsReal Liberals

AbolitionistsAbolitionists FeministsFeminists Union leadersUnion leaders SocialistsSocialists CommunistsCommunists anarchistsanarchists