1890 1914

Early CivilizationsEarly ManFirst Homo sapiens: 200,000 yrs ago10,000 civilizations began to developEconomy• Farming• Trade: Romans, Arabia, & India• Prospered because of iron & gold

suppliesSociety• Village community: center of life• Women subordinate to men,

different roles• Slavery practiced

Religion• Christianity became

official religion in 324 A.D.

• Faced conflict with Muslims starting in 12th c.

Culture• Early African arts

served religious purposes

• African music & dance had significant & lasting influence

• Oral tradition

“Scramble for Africa” 1881-1914

Source For RawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Population

Social & EconomicOpportunities

HumanitarianReasons“White

Man’sBurden”

SocialDarwinism

EuropeanRacism

IndustrialRevolution

Berlin Conference 1884 New European drawn

boundaries took little stock of tribes & laid the framework for more than a century of fighting.

European drawn boundaries combined peoples of differing ethnic groups, religions, culture

Issues of Conflict as a Result: Grazing rights

water rights land rights access to political power,

education, & jobs

1890 1914

Africa Culture Regions Today…

Does it match current country borders?

1948-1994: Apartheid (legal segregation) enforced by the white/British (Afrikaner) gov’t in South Africa

Apartheid in South Africa

Nelson Mandela jailed for 27 years in his fight against apartheid…

Lived to vote in the first racially democratic election….1994

And become president of South Africa…

South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right,

celebrate the new constitution, May 8, 1996.

South Africa post-Apartheid Apartheid has ended but inequalities remain. Whites enjoy a standard of living similar to that of

the most developed countries. Unemployment, AIDS, lack of housing, poverty and

crime are the major problems today.

Nigeria’s Oil Industry Oil found here in 1950’s Government corruption, civil

war Oil $$ goes to the gov’t, not

the infrastructure or the people of the country.

Nigerian regulations are weak – foreign-owned oil companies self-regulate.

Criticized for not protecting the various ethnic groups/tribes & the wildlife.

Oil spills common

Republic of South Sudan

http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/15/world/africa/1248069566895/southern-sudan-s-referendum.html

Sudan in civil war since 1965.

South became independent: July 9, 2011

Conflicts still exist Contested boundary

lines (Abyei – see video link)

S. Sudan gained billions of dollars worth of oil

Rwanda Hutu-Tutsi Genocide

Belgian colonists favored Tutsi tribe. Divided into tribes based on looks.

Tutsi believed to be of European descent (lighter skin, taller, larger skulls)

Tutsi hold key jobs, Hutu treated poorly Belgians left Rwanda in 1961; Hutu fought

back for the years of Belgian/Tutsi repression.

April 1994 - July 1994 Hutu killed Tutsi Goal: Eliminate all of the Tutsi (genocide) –

Seen as a Civil War by the world, nothing was done to stop the Hutu

100 days – Over 1 million people dead/ 20% of the country’s population (men, women, children)