Ch. 31 Americas in an Age of Independence 1800 - 1920 Read the parts about Canada on your own

Ch. 31 Americas in an Age of Independence 1800 - 1920

Read the parts about Canada on your own.

Enlightenment Legacies - societies based on freedom, equality & Constitutional government

only partially realized

• Latin America (henceforth LA) creole elites or caudillo rule

• US treatment of NA (native Americans), blacks and women

U.S. Westward Expansion

• Louisiana Territory 1803

• Indian Removal Act 1830 and, after Civil War (1861 - 1865) Plains Indian Wars, Little Big Horn, Ghost Dance, Wounded Knee 1890

• Mexican War 1845-1848 slavery issue-

> 40% Mexican territory

Louisiana Territory

Wounded Knee - Several Days after the Massacre

LA - after failure of Bolivar's Gran Colombia-fragmentation

• Leaders less experienced in self government (colonial legislatures & Protestant congregations)

• Creole elites prevent mass participation. As in U.S. use modern weapons to crush indigenous people

• Rule of caudillo - military regional leaders with appeal to populist sentiment. Exploit discontent of people & restore order as Rosas does in Argentina 1835-52.

Mexico - Juarez attempts to limit power of Church & monarchy

• Male suffrage & land reform

• Suspends loan payments to foreign powers (Brit., France & Spain) who intervene

• France under Napoleon III proclaims Mexican Empire - 1867 ends

Mexican Revolution 1911 - 1920

• MC joins w peasants to overthrow Diaz.

• Attempt to change society where 95% of peasants landless

• Villa and Zapata

• Fail to capture main cities

• Do get Constitution of 1917 - (fill in)

Villa on the presidential chair, next to Zapata, after deposing Victoriano

Huerta.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Economic Development of Americas shaped by Migration & British investment

• LA dependence on single crop export

• Although slavery is gone by 1880s at latest, still see unfree labor in form of indentures, debt peonage and sharecropping

US immigrant surge to work in factories

• 1850s > 2 M (mainly N & W Europe)

• By 1880s (S & E)

• After Opium Wars >200,000 Chinese to US on labor contracts for RRs.

Chinese railroad workers transported dirt by the cartload to fill in this Secrettown Trestle in the

Sierra Nevada Mountains.



"Chinadom" Centered Along I Street in Sacramento



Unlike N America, migrants to LA go to agricultural plantations

• Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Italian

Brits invest in US

• Blessed with natural resources

• 1870 - 1900 US surges

• Inventions, patents

• Labor disputes often violent but big business backed by government usually wins

Strike of ‘77 - Government intervenes on the side of business



Immigration 1840 - 1914 25 M from Europe

• Nativism

• Violence

• Chinese Exclusion Act and mistreatment of Japanese

• 1924 Quota Act severely limits immigration from southern and eastern Europe

Closing the Golden Door



Colonial legacies help explain lack of development in LA

• Profits do not go into industrial development, but into hands of oligarchs and foreign investors

• Governments can do little faced with foreign intervention elites profit from

Kill the buffalo and you kill the Indians



Force them onto reservations

• "Let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffalo is exterminated, as it is the only way to bring lasting peace and allow civilization to advance."- General Philip Sheridan

Treatment of NA

• Late 19th century attempt to take even cramped and marginal territories (reservations)

• Destroy buffalo 15M

• Dawes Act (Americanization)

• Indian Schools (Carlisle - Jim Thorpe)

Zie Wie Davis 1878 & 1879 Hampton Institute

Blacks after Civil War - Reconstruction 1865 - 77

• Democratic experiment in S occupied by Union troops

• 14th & 15th Amendments

• Biracial govt

• After troops leave

Redemption

• Sharecropping

• Economic, political and violent means to take away vote and impose segregation

Women - Seneca Falls and beyond

• Some progress re education and careers

Ethnic Ident & Gender in SA

Heritage of Spanish & Portugese colonialism & slavery leads to hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity & colorPeninsulares-Creoles-Mestizos- Mulattoes etcIndentured immigrants from AsiaCome to Brazil, Peru, Cuba

Asian immigration in SA

• Peru, Brazil & Cuba

LA intellectuals identify with Europe

• Gaucho ideal linked to cowboys and vaquero and samurai

• Represent independent, self-sufficient and egalitarian strain

• Myth of independent outsider with own moral code• Fade in late 1800s due to large landlords with barbed

wire as in US & powerful states which force military service

• Male domination even stronger in LA than N America

Documents

Ch. 31 Americas in an Age of Independence 1800 - 1920 Read the parts about Canada on your own