Nation Building and Nation Building and Economic Transformation Economic Transformation

in the Americas, 1800-in the Americas, 1800-18901890

Chapter 23Chapter 23

Independence in Latin AmericaIndependence in Latin America

Colonial FrustrationColonial Frustration Political and economic power of officialsPolitical and economic power of officials High taxesHigh taxes Imperial monopoliesImperial monopolies What inspired them?What inspired them?

The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil NapoleonNapoleon

In Spain, Napoleon forced King Ferdinand In Spain, Napoleon forced King Ferdinand off of the throneoff of the throne Junta CentralJunta Central

Roots of RevolutionRoots of Revolution

The majority of residents in Spanish The majority of residents in Spanish America wanted autonomy and America wanted autonomy and their own their own local Juntaslocal Juntas..

Local dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, Local dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia overthrew Spanish officials and Bolivia overthrew Spanish officials in 1808-09. in 1808-09.

Result: Result:

Spanish South America, 1810-Spanish South America, 1810-18251825

Venezuela 1811 claimed independenceVenezuela 1811 claimed independence Creole interestCreole interest Spanish loyalistsSpanish loyalists

Free blacks and slavesFree blacks and slaves

Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar Force and personalityForce and personality

New alliesNew allies ConfederationConfederation By 1821, Bolivar won Venezuela’s independenceBy 1821, Bolivar won Venezuela’s independence

San Martin Leads Southern Liberation San Martin Leads Southern Liberation ForcesForces Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin declared independence declared independence

in 1816 in Argentina-in 1816 in Argentina-Rio de la PlataRio de la Plata.. This was after Ferdinand gained power in SpainThis was after Ferdinand gained power in Spain

Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822 Gran ColombiaGran Colombia formed in 1824 formed in 1824

Peru 1824Peru 1824

Mexico, 1810-1823Mexico, 1810-1823

In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest and most populous colonyand most populous colony Dislocation of Amerindians Dislocation of Amerindians Crop failures and epidemicsCrop failures and epidemics

Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla and and Jose Jose Maria MorelosMaria Morelos led violent rebellions led violent rebellions from 1810-1815. from 1810-1815. LoyalistLoyalist forces forces defeated the insurrections. defeated the insurrections.

In 1820 a revolution in Spain put a liberal In 1820 a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power in Mexico. Mexico feared group in power in Mexico. Mexico feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish the loss of their privileges in the Spanish colony. So they united in support of colony. So they united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Mexico’s independence from Spain. Ironically, Ironically, Agustin de Iturbide-Agustin de Iturbide- the man the man who defeated the rebel Padre Morelos-who defeated the rebel Padre Morelos-proclaimed independence in 1821. proclaimed independence in 1821.

United Providence of Central AmericaUnited Providence of Central America Central America declared its absolute Central America declared its absolute

independence from Spain in 1821. By independence from Spain in 1821. By 1823, Iturbide was overthrown. Central 1823, Iturbide was overthrown. Central America then declared its absolute America then declared its absolute independence from Mexico. independence from Mexico.

Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa RicaSalvador, and Costa Rica

Brasil, to 1831Brasil, to 1831

King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from Brasil until his return in 1821. His son, from Brasil until his return in 1821. His son, Pedro remained in Brasil, declaring himself Pedro remained in Brasil, declaring himself king and making it an king and making it an independent independent constitutional monarchy. constitutional monarchy.

Pedro’s liberal policies made him unpopular.Pedro’s liberal policies made him unpopular. Abdicated in favor of his son, Pedro II, who Abdicated in favor of his son, Pedro II, who

reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889. reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889.

The Problem of Order, 1825-The Problem of Order, 1825-18901890

Constitutional ExperimentsConstitutional Experiments Leaders in the U.S. and Latin America Leaders in the U.S. and Latin America

espoused constitutionalism. espoused constitutionalism. Inexperience v. experienceInexperience v. experience

CanadaCanada Est. governments in each province by Est. governments in each province by

1847. In 1867, they formed ______ in 1847. In 1867, they formed ______ in Ottawa. Ottawa.

Latin AmericaLatin America Inexperience led to: Inexperience led to:

Personalist LeadersPersonalist Leaders Successful military leaders were able to Successful military leaders were able to

use military reputations as the foundation use military reputations as the foundation of their political power (Americas).of their political power (Americas). Had a bigger influence on Latin AmericaHad a bigger influence on Latin America

Political participationPolitical participation Was limited to the rich so populist leaders Was limited to the rich so populist leaders

sought to represent the ___ and undermine the sought to represent the ___ and undermine the constitutional order and move toward _____.constitutional order and move toward _____.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Jose Paez in VenezuelaJose Paez in Venezuela

Personalist leaders like Paez and Personalist leaders like Paez and Jackson identified with the common Jackson identified with the common people but..people but..

Why were there more personalist Why were there more personalist leaders in Latin America?leaders in Latin America? Caudillos-Caudillos-

NapoleanNapolean

The Threat of RegionalismThe Threat of Regionalism

Weak central governments in the Weak central governments in the Americas led to Americas led to sectionalismsectionalism. . SecessionistSecessionist movements movements

Failed multistate federationsFailed multistate federations Central America split from Mexico 1823Central America split from Mexico 1823

Central America split into five nationsCentral America split into five nations Bolivia split from ArgentinaBolivia split from Argentina

Regionalism in the U.S.Regionalism in the U.S. Civil War Civil War

Why did the Confederacy fail?Why did the Confederacy fail? TimingTiming

Foreign Interventions and Foreign Interventions and Regional WarsRegional Wars

By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century four century four countries successfully wages wars countries successfully wages wars against their neighbors and est. against their neighbors and est. themselves as regional powers. themselves as regional powers.

European intervention:European intervention: U.S.U.S.

War of 1812War of 1812 Spanish American war 1898Spanish American war 1898

French and English naval blockade French and English naval blockade ArgentinaArgentina Brasil (English)Brasil (English)

French invasion of Mexico 1862French invasion of Mexico 1862 Benito Juarez was replaced by Benito Juarez was replaced by

Maximilien HabsburgMaximilien Habsburg Benito drove the French out in 1867Benito drove the French out in 1867

U.S. versus MexicoU.S. versus Mexico 1848 annexation 1848 annexation

ChileChile Defeated Peru and ally BoliviaDefeated Peru and ally Bolivia

Gained nitrate mines and outlet to seaGained nitrate mines and outlet to sea Argentina and BrasilArgentina and Brasil

Fought over Uruguay in 1820s, but finally Fought over Uruguay in 1820s, but finally recognized Uruguayan independencerecognized Uruguayan independence

All 3 of these then fought Paraguay and forced All 3 of these then fought Paraguay and forced them to open its markets to foreign tradethem to open its markets to foreign trade

Native Peoples and the Nation-Native Peoples and the Nation-StateState

Independent Amerindian peoples posed a Independent Amerindian peoples posed a significant challenge to the new nations of significant challenge to the new nations of the Western Hemisphere. the Western Hemisphere. U.S. expansion 1790-1810U.S. expansion 1790-1810

Tecumseh and Prophet Tecumseh and Prophet Indian Removal Act 1830Indian Removal Act 1830

Great PlainsGreat Plains Firearms and horsesFirearms and horses Buffalo huntersBuffalo hunters Loss of land to ranchersLoss of land to ranchers Four decades of conflictFour decades of conflict

Chile and ArgentinaChile and Argentina Checked settlement of whites until 1860Checked settlement of whites until 1860

Population, stable government, military Population, stable government, military modernizationmodernization

In 1870s they crushed native resistance In 1870s they crushed native resistance and drove Amerindians onto marginal and drove Amerindians onto marginal landland

Mexico (Yucatan peninsula)Mexico (Yucatan peninsula) MayansMayans Caste War 1847Caste War 1847

The Challenge of Economic and The Challenge of Economic and Social ChangeSocial Change

The Abolition of SlaveryThe Abolition of Slavery Rhetoric of universal freedom Rhetoric of universal freedom

contrasted with the reality of slavery. contrasted with the reality of slavery. Survived in much of the W. Hemisphere Survived in much of the W. Hemisphere

until _____.*until _____.* Why?Why? 1808 U.S.-1808 U.S.- Spanish American revolutionsSpanish American revolutions Brasil and CubaBrasil and Cuba

Abolition in U.S.Abolition in U.S. African Americans and womenAfrican Americans and women Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Thirteenth Amendment 1865Thirteenth Amendment 1865

BrasilBrasil Pressure from EnglandPressure from England Respect in warRespect in war

ParaguayParaguay 18881888

Caribbean coloniesCaribbean colonies Decline in sugar in EnglishDecline in sugar in English Overthrow of Louis Phillippe in Overthrow of Louis Phillippe in French revolutions 1848French revolutions 1848 Puerto Rico and Cuba, 1873 and 1886 respectivelyPuerto Rico and Cuba, 1873 and 1886 respectively

ImmigrationImmigration

As the slave trade ended, As the slave trade ended, immigration from ___ and ____ immigration from ___ and ____ increased in America. increased in America. Economic benefitsEconomic benefits DiscriminationDiscrimination Attempt assimilationAttempt assimilation

American CulturesAmerican Cultures

Despite discrimination, immigrants altered the Despite discrimination, immigrants altered the politics of many of the hemisphere’s nations as politics of many of the hemisphere’s nations as they sought to influence government policies.they sought to influence government policies.

Unequal distribution of income.Unequal distribution of income. Immigrants were changed by their experiences Immigrants were changed by their experiences

in their adopted nations, undergoing in their adopted nations, undergoing acculturationacculturation. At the same time, the languages, . At the same time, the languages, the arts, the music, and the political cultures of the arts, the music, and the political cultures of the Western Hemisphere nations were the Western Hemisphere nations were influenced by the cultures of the immigrants. influenced by the cultures of the immigrants.

Women’s Rights and the Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social JusticeStruggle for Social Justice

In the second half of the 19In the second half of the 19thth century women’s rights century women’s rights movements slowly progressed.movements slowly progressed. U.S., Canada, and Latin AmericaU.S., Canada, and Latin America Working class women:Working class women: Upper class women:Upper class women:

Despite abolition of slavery, various Despite abolition of slavery, various forms of discrimination against persons forms of discrimination against persons of African descent remained in place.of African descent remained in place.

U.S.U.S. LynchingLynching segregation segregation suffragesuffrage

Development and Development and UnderdevelopmentUnderdevelopment

What American countries attained the What American countries attained the standards of living similar to those in standards of living similar to those in W. Europe?W. Europe?

Only U.S. industrializedOnly U.S. industrialized

Mining boomsMining booms European and U.S. mined in Latin European and U.S. mined in Latin

AmericaAmerica This increased the dependence on ____ _____.This increased the dependence on ____ _____.

Latin America, the United States, and Canada Latin America, the United States, and Canada all participated in the increasingly integrated all participated in the increasingly integrated world market. world market. Industrialization v. exporting raw materialsIndustrialization v. exporting raw materials

Why did Latin America fall behind?Why did Latin America fall behind? Dependency on exports Dependency on exports Weak governmentsWeak governments Civil warCivil war Dependency on Great Britain for ____Dependency on Great Britain for ____

Neo-colonialism- politically, but not Neo-colonialism- politically, but not economically independent from Europe.economically independent from Europe.

Altered EnvironmentsAltered Environments

Deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosionDeforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion Population growthPopulation growth Economic expansionEconomic expansion Introduction of new plants and animalsIntroduction of new plants and animals

Rapid ____ put a Rapid ____ put a strain on delivery systems and strain on delivery systems and sewage and garbage disposal systemssewage and garbage disposal systems led to led to spread of the timber industry. spread of the timber industry.

The expansion of the The expansion of the mining industrymining industry led to led to erosion and pollution in Western U.S., Chile, and erosion and pollution in Western U.S., Chile, and Brasil. Brasil.

All nations chose economic growth instead of All nations chose economic growth instead of protecting the environment. protecting the environment.

Napoleon’s Influence in Latin Napoleon’s Influence in Latin AmericaAmerica

First modern day dictator.First modern day dictator. Charismatic, personalist leader, Charismatic, personalist leader,

glorified because of military career, glorified because of military career, savior.savior.

Saves country from political chaos.Saves country from political chaos.

What liberals wantWhat liberals want ConstitutionConstitution Free trade Free trade Protection of propertyProtection of property Secular societySecular society

Liberals in AmericaLiberals in America

Do not want equality for:Do not want equality for: WomenWomen SlavesSlaves People of colorPeople of color Indian, indigenous peoplesIndian, indigenous peoples Asian and European immigrantsAsian and European immigrants

Change Over TimeChange Over Time

1818thth century- political, social, economic change century- political, social, economic change 1919thth century- liberals turn conservative- happy century- liberals turn conservative- happy

with change/no more. Populism brings chaos, with change/no more. Populism brings chaos, revolts, destruction of propertyrevolts, destruction of property

Masses left out and want republicanism- Masses left out and want republicanism- RousseauRousseau

In Latin America masses believe in populous In Latin America masses believe in populous leaders, while liberals exploit the masses. leaders, while liberals exploit the masses.

Real LiberalsReal Liberals

AbolitionistsAbolitionists FeministsFeminists Union leadersUnion leaders SocialistsSocialists CommunistsCommunists anarchistsanarchists