The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 24

Nation Buildingand Economic

Transformationin the Americas,

1800-1890

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

"Oh Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny"Advertisers sought to promote their products in a highly positive light, no matter how pernicious those products might be. This 1859 label for tobacco depicts a black slave family in a warm and dignified way, because Southern tobacco manufacturers wanted not only to sell their products but also to present slavery in an affirmative and sentimental way--and thus to preserve it. The label's title, "Oh Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny," refers to a contemporary folksong, not to the Virginia state anthem, ironically written by a black composer, James A. Bland. (Library of Congress)

"Oh Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny"


Allegory of Departure of Dom Pedro IIIn 1889, the Brazilian army overthrew the emperor Pedro II, forced him into exile, and proclaimed a republic. In this allegorical painting Dom Pedro, holding the crown in his right hand, passes the staff of state to the seated female figure personifying the republic. (Fundacao Maria Luisa e Oscar Americano, S.P.)

Allegory of Departure of Dom Pedro II


Arrest of labor activist, Buenos AiresThe labor movement in Buenos Aires grew in number and became more radical with the arrival of tens of thousands of Italian and Spanish immigrants. Fearful of social and anarchist unions, the government of Argentina used an expanded police force to break strikes by arresting labor leaders, as we see in this nineteenth-century photograph. (Archivo General de la Nacion, Buenos Aires)

Arrest of labor activist, Buenos Aires


Benito Juarez muralBenito Juarez overcame humble origins to lead the overthrow of Emperor Maximilian and the defeat of French imperialism. He remains a powerful symbol of secularism and republican virtue in Mexico. In this 1948 mural by Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949), Juarez's face dominates a scene of struggle that pits Mexican patriots against the allied forces of the Catholic Church, Mexican conservatives, and foreign invaders. (Museo Nacional de Historia/CENIDIAP-INBA)

Benito Juarez mural


Building of port, Buenos AiresRelying on foreign capital and engineering, the government of Argentina improved port facilities in Buenos Aires to handle the growing volume of shipping between Argentina and Europe. In the nineteenth century European nations, particularly England, had expanding populations and a rising standard of living that required huge quantities of Argentine beef, mutton, wool, hides, and cereal. (Courtesy, Hans Hoffenberg)

Building of port, Buenos Aires


Chinese in VancouverVancouver was an important Western Hemisphere destination for Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century. This photo shows how an important element of traditional Chinese culture--the elaborate Chinese funeral--thrived among the storefronts and streetcar lines of the late-Victorian Canadian city. (Special Collections, Vancouver Public Library)

Chinese in Vancouver


Former Brazilian slave returns from warThe heroic participation of black freemen and slaves in the Paraguayan War (1885-1870) led many Brazilians to advocate the abolition of slavery. The original caption for this drawing of a former Brazilian slave returning from military service reads: "On his return from the war in Paraguay: Full of glory, covered with laurels, after having spilled his blood in defense of the fatherland and to free a people from slavery, the volunteer sees his own mother bound and whipped! Awful reality!" (Courtesy, Fundacao Biblioteca Nacional, Brazil)

Former Brazilian slave returns from war


Immigrants to Argentina await processingArgentina was one of the most important destinations for European immigrants in the nineteenth century. In this photo, thousands of recent arrivals are packed into an assembly hall to await processing. (Library of Congress)

Immigrants to Argentina await processing


Kitchen Ball at White Sulphur SpringsWhen Christian Mayr (American, born Germany, about 1805-1851) painted Kitchen Ball at White Sulphur Springs, 1838, shortly after his arrival in the United States, he had no apparent preconceived racial views. He portrayed blacks without the insulting caricatures, marginalized situations, or political formulas typical of many mid-century representations. Rather, African Americans are shown here as graceful, dignified, and in a social scene of their own creation. Light-skinned and dark-skinned, old and young, plain and beautiful, they celebrate and reveal an individual and a group dignity. White Sulphur Springs was (and is) a fashionable resort. (North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh. Purchased with funds from the state of North Carolina)

Kitchen Ball at White Sulphur Springs


Navajo leaders travel to WashingtonAs settlers, ranchers, and miners pushed west in the nineteenth century, leaders of Amerindian peoples were forced to negotiate territorial concessions with representatives of the U.S. government. In order to impress Amerindian peoples with the wealth and power of the United States, many of their leaders were invited to Washington, D.C. This photo shows Navajo leaders and their Anglo translators in Washington, D.C. in 1874. (#5851 Frank McNill Collection, State Records Center & Archives, Santa Fe, NM)

Navajo leaders travel to Washington


Pedlars, Rio de JaneiroIn the early nineteenth century a British army officer, Lieutenant Chamberlain, sketched this scene of everyday life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The ability of these peddlers to balance large burdens on their heads meant that their hands were free for other uses. The man (third from right) plays a musical instrument originating in the Congo. There is no indication whether these peddlers were free and self-employed or were selling for their owners. (From "Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" in Drawings Taken by Lieutenant Chamberlain, During the Years 1819 and 1820 (London: Columbian Press, 1822))

Pedlars, Rio de Janeiro


Racisim rampantNineteenth-century immigrants encountered terrible prejudice, as "respectable" magazines and newspapers spewed out racism, such as this cartoon from an August 28, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly. The Irishman (identifiable by the shillelagh or blackthorn club, supposedly a sign of his tendency toward violence) and the Chinese man (identifiable by the pigtail, supposedly a sign of his devious obsequiousness) are both satirized as "barbarians." Well into the twentieth century, being "American" meant being of Anglo-Saxon descent. (Private Collection)

Racisim rampant


Map: The Dominion of Canada, 1871

The Dominion of Canada, 1871Shortly after Canada became a dominion in 1867, new provinces were added (the year that appears near each province's name is the date the province joined the dominion). Still, vast areas of present-day Canada were too sparsely populated to achieve that status. Alberta and Saskatchewan did not become part of the Dominion until 1905, Newfoundland only in 1949. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Latin America Before Independence

Latin America Before Independence Consider the factors that led to the boundaries of the various Spanish and Portuguese colonies in North and South America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Latin American in 1830

Latin American in 1830By 1830 almost all of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean islands had won independence. Note that the many nations that Central America now make up were unified when they first won independence from Mexico. Similarly, modern Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador were still joined in Gran Columbia. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Slavery in the United States, 1861

Slavery in the United States, 1861This map illustrates the nation on the eve of the Civil War. Although many issues contributed to the developing tensions between North and South, slavery was the fundamental, enduring force that underlay all others. Lincoln's prediction, "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free," tragically proved correct. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)

Documents

The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton