Luka Kreze PORTFOLIO

Project One: LearnBuckminster Fullerby Luka Kreze

BUCKMINSTER FULLERBorn in 1895

Rebellious child (despised those who made fun of people who wanted to be original)

Expelled from Harvard twice

Trivia: to be noticed, Buckminster Fuller would walk around with a wolf-hound

Joined navy: -learned to be comprehensive-learned him about efficiency / self sufficiency which later informed his architecture

In 1927 after the collapse of Stock-ade personal problems began:-suicide attempts-creative breakdown-drawing with self destructive energy

1930 predictions about human numbers influenced his future work

The character of Buckminster Fuller is hard to explain: highly motivated ego, infectious optimism, in many situa-tions naive.

WORK:

More with less-less material -less waste-answer to traditional building

Stockade system-same strenght / less material-brick walls become structural after concrete is poured into holes in them

Fuller Houses were his more succes-ful attempt to run a bussines.Prefabrication and mass production of houses built out of as little material as possible.

4D houses: He believed we should not build houses only in 3D but also consider time as a factor in terms of use of materials, climate, shape etc.

Shapes that last longer were by his opinion the circular shapes, hence the geodesic dome.

Dymaxion car:-light-aerodynamic-energy efficient-silent

Dymaxion house:-extremely energy efficient-unfortunately the time was not right (no interest in environmental issues, because there was no profit from them.)

INTEREST:

Efficiency in all parts of life, not only architecture

Self sufficiency (including central ventilation system, fuel tanks, energy sources including alternative energy sources, water supply)

Climate: Buckminster Fuller is the pioneer of environmental design and forward thinking in terms of the cli-mate, as a response to the predicted growing people numbers

Energy use: energy should not worry us until the sun shines. He was one of the first harsh critics of use of gas. In his words if we cannot find alternative sources just yet, we should at least use the technology we have to use those in a more efficient way.

Science over art

Durability (little maintenance was re-quired in all of his houses)

Progress by creation, not destruc-tion: better materials, better proce-dures mean better houses.

METHODS

Fanatical (24 hour workdays full of testing, modeling, measuring...)

Traveling: he was one of the few who looked at the issue from a global perspective.

Models: he saw them very practical and was critical that other architects do not use models as much as they used to. In his words designing with the aid of models was the only way to design (if you don’t touch it is not true)

Testing ( systems, sample materials etc.) lead to innovations and patents.

Writing: his recording was very thor-ough, very analytical but sometimes incoherent.

Patenting

Selling: eventhough he was many times wrong in his calculations, he was amazingly good at publicity and presentation of his work. He was good at bending statistics, charm with secrecy and was very successful in using his ego for promotional pur-poses.

A CRITICAL LOOK AT FULLER’S SCIENCE

Nature influenced: (strongest vi-ruses have geodesic forms, crystals, chemistry in general)

On the outside his technology seems very scientific, however he would ig-nore some data that did not suit him

Focusing on technology too much would sometimes cause that he would forget about topics such as sociology, demography etc.

Fact vs. fantasy? eventhough many of his ideas were believable, his na-ive belief in almost science fiction like ideas would harm the credibility of his ideas about topics such as energy ef-ficiency.

In his entire career he never forced people in a certain way of living as a result of technology (whereas some of his colleagues would argue that a person has to adapt to technological process and live by the rules technol-ogy sets.)

FULLER’S VIEW OF THE WORLD

No objects: in his opinion thinking about buildings in terms of objects will never solve the energy crisis. We should assume that all things are connected in systems.

Systems (e.g. sphere, a perfect sys-tem where all points are equally dis-tanced from the core.

Units (parts of a system, instead of objects). Examples would include a group unit, family unit or basic unit.

Cycles: he would consider all the as-pects of a building e.g. characteris-tics of the Witchita house:

1. Mass production2. Package distribution3. Quick erection4. Low cost5. Flexible orientation6. Resistance (fire, earth quake)7. Air protection8. Demountability

Vector equilibrium (in a perfect sys-tem all the forces/energy cancel)

Decades before any of such concepts were even mentioned, Buckminster Fuller was thinking about dwellings as ecosystems.

Project One: LearnFrei Ottoby Luka Kreze

FREIOTTOBorn in 1925

Studied in Berlin

Went into air force (the same way Buckminster Fuller went into navy)The air force inspired him with the lack of resources (again in the same way as Buckminster Fuller). The air force experience hence influenced his future work.

Studied in the USA (Mies van der Rohe, F. L. Wright, Buckminster Full-er)

First building was the music pavilion in Kassel (already a tensile struc-ture)

Best known works :

-Munich Olympic Stadium and park-Melbourne music bowl

Founded the Institute for Light-weight Structures in Stuttgart

One of his latest works is the pavilion for 2000 EXPO, together with Shigeru Ban.

IDEAS

Architecture is not a matter of self presentation or made to influence only one client but is made to make the entire society a better place to live.

Humane architecture: peaceful hu-man coexistence (earth is for man-kind). Might be one of the reasons why he was so interested in tents, since they have a strong historical connection to coexistence.

Peace and harmony with nature

Light and mobile architecture (light-ness against brutality).

He was one of the rare architects (to-gether with Buckminster Fuller) who had a clear idea about his work that was not based purely on any ideolog-ical, personal, technological agenda but also focused also on the social part of the issue.

Adaptability: buildings have to be able to adapt (expand/shrink if nec-essary)

Gestalt werdung: emergence of form in nature and technology

Ecology:-environmental sustainability-resource protection

INFLUENCES

Admission into Air force

End of war (he saw the architecture of war as the architecture of killing)His agenda was to help rebuild after war.

Burning cities: “Hard introductory course for every young architect.”

Rejection of Nazi architecture: most of this kind of architecture tried to impress with mass and to present its durability not trough quality materi-als but heaviness (eternity). In a an-swer to that Frei Otto’s architecture was the architecture of lightness, rejection of prestige and no symbols.

Trend at that time was dematerial-ization of architecture (materials such as steel, glass, fabric etc.) and disappearance of the historical form (also in Bauhaus)

NATURE

Frei Ottos response to cult of per-sonality architecture was natural ar-chitecture that had it’s roots in self organization and economy principle of nature.

His architecture was in harmony rath-er than in opposition with nature.

He regarded natural objects as structures.

Natural processes fueled Frei Otto’s natural construction. In his opinion humans should exploit the natural processes for their own purposes (technology) which would help us es-pecially with reducing materials to a minimum. Frei Otto’s structures influ-enced by nature include:

1. Tents: 4 point tent, peak tent, arch supported tent, hump tent.(Extremely important are Frei Otto’s experiments with soap films which helped him to research the stable membrane surfaces.

2. Pneus and hydros: thin mem-brane separates two media at dif-ferent pressures. These shapes offer designers infinite possibilities.

3. Suspended constructions

4. Grid shells

5. Branching structures

LITERATURE

Huch Kenner: Bucky - A Guided Tour of Buckmin-ster Fuller

Frei Otto:Schriften und Reden 1951 . 1983

Peter Gosney:Buckminster Fuller and the Energy Crisis (Diploma in Architecture 1996)

Lorreta Lorance: Becoming Bucky Fuller

Frei Otto: Complete Works - Light-weight Construction Natural Design

PICTURES

Fig. 1 above: Buckiminster Fuller - Witchita houseFig. 2 below: Buckminster Fuller - American Pavilion (in flames 1976)

Fig. 3 Below: Frei Otto - Munich Olympic Park

Project One: LearnBranching Structuresby Luka Kreze

BRANCHINGSTRUCTURESBranching structures are based on geometric systems that expand through bifurcation without returning to form closed cells. In this sense, branching structures resemble the structure of trees that branch con-tinually outward. In architectural en-gineering, these forms can be used either as tension or compression sys-tems.

One of the branching structures’ ben-efits is that they are extremely effec-tive when the constructional task is to transfer loads which act separately on a larger area and must be trans-ferred across a specific distance to individual points of support (e.g. ceil-ing or roof loads which are transferred to individual foundations).

System of the branching structure is based on a principle Frei Otto calls minimal path system, meaning that the distance between the individual nodes (length of the structure mem-bers) is the smallest possible.

Because of this two principles branching structure is very efficient in terms of material use since it requires much less material as e.g. vertical columns.The shape and direction of the struc-ture (or its members) is similar or the same to the forces that travel from the load to the final fixing point.

NATURE AND EVERYDAY LIFE

Natural systems and branching struc-tures, among others, share many no-tions about efficiency. Eventhough there are some differences in how e.g. trees and tree-like structures from real life construction spread their loads, they are all rational in terms of minimal path (as little detour as pos-sible) and material use. Examples be-low include trees, rivers and electrical distribution grid.

IL STUDIES OF SHAPES AND MINIMAL PATH (EFFICIENCY)

Frei Otto: Minimal path system (be-low)

By creating soap films (always create minimal surfaces) between adjustable needles, water and glass he created a pattern that touches all the needles and has the shortest possible length.

Marek Kolodziejczyk (bottom left) used string models dipped in water to find a pseudo minimal path forms produced by the water surface ten-sion on the strings

Jürgen Hennicke (bottom right) used dry string where beads allow positioning and repositioning of the nodes and the length of threads can also be adjusted in the frame.

FORCES AND THE SHAPE - COMPRESSION, TENSION

In determining the ideal shape of systems loaded in compression, the level of the load plays a role in the optimal ge-ometry. With higher load levels the most efficient member lengths are longer. For the lowest level (far left) the nodes shift to find the geometry with minimal member length (minimal path) since the force is of secondary importance. A progres-sive lengthening of the upper ‘branches’ can be noticed as the load increases. In the second scenario the upper two nodes are constrained. The effect of lengthening of members now can be seen below the constrained nodes.

The figures on the right hand side are showing forms derived from a tensile loading.

The same 4 load levels were chosen. In the case of tension, the lower vertical stem disappears except for the very low load level.

Project One: LearnPneumatic Structures WIth Internal Drainageby Luka Kreze

PNEUMATICMEMBRANESWITH INTERNAL DRAINAGE

Pneumatic structures are tensile stressed structures that use air to carry the load. Eventhough they are because of this notion in a way related to suspended structures it is hard to place pneumatic membranes among either column/beam, arch-supported or suspended structures.

The internal forces on the membrane act normal to the surface of the mem-brane, hence the structure is free of stress under a positive load.

The easiest way to explain how the structure works is by an example: if we assume the membrane weights 1kg/m2 the pressure of only 1kPa/m2 will be needed to hold the struc-ture in place (example above). In case of uniform load (e.g. snow) of 75kg/m2 the required pressure is 76kPa/m2. (below)

BENEFITS

Pneumatic membranes with internal drainage (PMIDs) are especially ben-eficial in cases where large areas need to be covered with a rela-tively low structure. Shallow arches are subject to high tension caused by a large radius of curvature. PMIDs have internal points of anchoring and so they require drainage. Because of those anchorings the spans of cur-vature are minimized and hence the membrane tensions are smaller. The forces in membranes depend on distances between drainage points. Buckling in these structures does not exist hence the spans can be ex-tremely long, from 100m to (theoreti-cally) up to several kilometers. In this view pneumatic structures are highly economical (material vs. area ratio.

ADAPTABILITY LOADING EXPERIMENTS

Several experimental models have been developed to test the perfor-mance of the pneumatic membranes. The experiment below shows the measuring of the indentation depth (load 150mm on 100m2 disks). The internal pressure was remained con-stant and indentations did not cause any bulging

LITERATURE

Frei Otto:Schriften und Reden 1951 . 1983

Frei Otto: Tensile Structures

Frei Otto: Complete Works - Light-weight Construction Natural Design

Peter von Buelow: A Geometric Comparison of Branching Structures in Compression and Tension Versus Minimal Paths

Frei Otto, Bodo Rasch: Finding Form. Towards an Architecture of the Mini-mal

EFFECT OF PNEUMATIC MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ON MAN

Eventhough some might say living “under pressure” is unhealthy, in re-ality the maximum internal pressure corresponds to an altitude change of only 55m whereas normal pressure corresponds to about 15 of altitude change. Is life under a pneumatic membrane really only utopia?

AESTHETICS

Pneumatic structures can achieve incredible visual effect especially when structural aesthetics meets the correct materiality. Some of the following examples such as Chicago Convention Hall bellow represent perfect example where grandiosity fights delicacy and peace

Above: Pneumatic membranes can be extended, elevated, transformed simply by adjusting the height of in-ternal or external anchor points, or made flatter by using external ropes to maintain the tensions. Below: Examples of drainage sys-tems (below) show two of many ways to deal with drained water without af-fecting the internal pressure.

Fig. 3 Below: Frei Otto - Munich Olympic Park

The structure of the pneumatic mem-branes with internal drainage can be extended at will at uniform average height. PMIDs are one of the most economical large area roofings and are independent of the configura-tion of the enclosed terrain, they can be anchored in almost any soil, under water, they can be joined to form larger parts even more economi-cally etc.

Project One: LearnExploring Materialsby Luka Kreze

EXPLORING MATERIALS

COTTON (FAILED) RUBBER

My first experiment that was sup-posed to test how the pneumatic structures work when the internal anchor is added was conducted by using lady tights, a canvas and 2 ki-lograms of rice to mimic the air par-ticles. I wrapped the canvas base in tights, filled up the space between them with rice and then anchored it in the center point.

Since tights are knit as a loose “grid-shell” where vertical strings have al-most no connection to the horizontal ones (they slide on top of each other) the tights ripped very quickly. Cotton experiment did answer some questions about elasticity. Since the mate-

rial is rigid the maximum shape (moment when no more rice can be added) is very quickly achieved.

I have also learned about the relationship between material elasticity and curva-ture. In the case of cotton, the curvature is very low.

The slope between the anchor point and the top of the “hill” is very subtle. (see the bottom left curve). The curvature of the right side curve belov is what I am aiming for.

Picture above is a close-up of the tights material structure.

Picture above is a close-up of the cotton material structure.

In my next attempt I decided to use a material that is thin, flexible but still relatively strong. Instead of a mate-rial to mimic the air particles I decided to actually inflate the rubber condoms and then find a way to add the inter-nal anchor.

I inflated the tip of the condom, an-chored it trough a hole in the base (a cap) and inflated the condom above the cap to get a wanted shape.

My aim was to create a stronger in-ternal anchor for the membrane.

I had to find a way to tie the base and the tip of the condom together (to avoid the air leak) and to keep the base only for stability and shape.

In the second experiment i tried to find a material that is a bit stronger so I repeated the same procedure with cotton. Cotton can withstand pres-sure so there were no problems with ripping. Other flaws presented, how-ever, Since I was dealing with a rela-tively small surface, cotton proved to be too rigid, thick and inelastic be-cause of the thickness of strings and the way they are intertwined.

TIGHTS (FAILED)

Project One: LearnRubber Experimentsby Luka Kreze

RUBBEREXPERIMENTS

RUBBER + STRING

INSPIRATION FOR FUTURE PHYSICAL MODELING

SELF ANCHORING

In the final shape that I tied one an-chor of the membrane (the tip) to the opposite side of the balloon. The forces in the balloon balanced in a way that resulted in an almost torus shaped “two anchored” structure with two same length anchors. This is only true if no external forces are applied to one of the sides. If we put pressure to the left or the right side of the anchors, the anchors will extend in length and shift to the area with lower air pressure. If we put pressure on the anchors, they will get shorter, the slope to the anchors will de-crease, the structure will flatten and expand away from the anchors.

P - WALL by Matsys

The wall explores the self-organiza-tion of material under force. Using nylon fabric and wooden dowels as form-work, the weight of the liquid plaster slurry causes the fabric to sag, expand, and wrinkle.It has its origins in the experiments of earlier, 20th century architects includ-ing Antoní Gaudí and Miguel Fisác, both of whom investigated the po-tential of cast material to yield unique, sensual and, at times, bizarre shapes

In my third attempt of using condoms as the membrane I decided to tie the tip of the condom to a string, turn the condom inside out, pull the string trough the hole in the base and inflate the entire apparatus (above).

When the string is pulled it acts as an internal anchor, the more we pull, the steeper the curve and the more is the membrane in tension.

The two pictures on the right hand side show the same procedure with-out the use of the base.

TREE MODEL

In my next attempt of using Grass-hopper to model a tree structure I created a SDL line and assigned its direction by using XYZ vector. Z-value is always set to 100 while Y and Z change for every of four branches. In every story number of branches is 4 times bigger than story below. Top point of every branch is a starting point for four SDL lines of branches in the next floor.

Fig. 1 (above): Grasshopper definition is for now much too complicated.

Fig. 2: Definition for a single branch (above) and digital model for 3 level branching structure (below)

Project One: LearnTree Modelby Luka Kreze

RUBBER + STRING

PHYSICAL MODEL

GRASSHOPPER MODEL

Project One: LearnLearning From P-Wall by Luka Kreze

LEARNING FROM P-WALL

After testing the apparatus with rice I went on to using plaster. With every repetition I was closer to the desired shape, however I realised that for testing and form finding purposes using rice is much more suit-able since it allows you to change the parameters during the test (weight of rice, arrangement of dowels, area of membrane) which is impossible with plaster.

The model is created in a following way. A timber frame holds an elastic mem-brane in place above the wooden dowels which are inserted into holes in the base. The holes are arranged in a grid so that dowels can be rearranged if needed. When plaster is then poured onto the surface of the membrane it cre-ates a shape where the top points of the wooden dowels are “anchoring” points of the mold. I tested the apparatus with rice before trying plaster.

Using rice instead of plaster gave some incredible results. The mem-brane sagged profoundly but very el-egantly under the weight of rice. Be-fore the rice was added the surface of the membrane was completely flat whereas under about 2.5 kilograms of rice it sagged for about 15cm on points that were farthest from any an-chorings.

1. In my first attempt I created a point in one plane and 6 point in another plane. I set one point and created a 1st degree curve from remaining points. After-wards I connected those points with a line.

2. In my second attempt I created a point in one plane and two curves in sec-ond and third plane. I divided those curves and connected those points with lines. Change in divisions in one curve affects the number of connecting lines.

FORM FINDING / RICE

6 dowels / anchors

3 dowels / anchors 2 dowels / anchors 0 dowels / anchors

5 dowels / anchors 4 dowels / anchors

Project One: LearnForm Finding / Rice by Luka Kreze

FORM FINDING / RICE

PLASTER MODEL

Eventhough rice was more useful for testing how forces and elasticity influ-ence the curvature, I decided to five a try to casting principle that Andrew Kudless used to create his P - Wall. The particles spread very evenly and the membrane sagged according to the arrangement and height of the wooden dowels. Result is much more pleasing to the eye than the previous failed attempt.

Project One: LearnPlaster Modelby Luka Kreze

RUBBER + STRING

CASTING

Project One: LearnDigitalising Pneumatic Membranesby Luka Kreze

DIGITALISINGPNEUMATIC MEMBRANES

with rice I went on to using plaster. Since it dried very quickly I am still trying to find the right mixture. With every repetition I was closer to the desired shape, how-ever I realised that for testing and form finding purposes using rice is much more suitable since it allows you to change the parameters during the test (weight of rice, arrangement of dowels, area of mem-brane) which is impossible with plaster.

First of all I created internal anchoring point (XYZ point) with fixed Z value and adjustable X and Y values (see Figure 2). Afterwards I added four corner points and limited their X and Y coordinates in 4 quad-rants where each of the points gets a 10 unit maneuvering space in both directions, while Z value remains fixed (see Figure 1).

I connected all four points with the anchor point, searched for the middle point and created a SDL line from all 4 middle points.

Fig. 1: Quadrant limits for the control points. Fig. 3: Internal anchor coordinate settings

Fig. 5: Definition Fig. 7: Section

Fig. 6: Close up look at definition for one of the curvesFig. 2: Control points Fig. 4: Control points

I used the end point of the SDL line as a Z limit for the surface of the entire structure.

After joining points (corner, top, central anchor) into one set of points and altering their order, I connected them into a 2nd degree curve (see Figure 6). The end points of the SDL lines serve also as the middle points of the curves and always make sure that the curves are symmetrical. I lofted the curves (Fig. 2 and 7) and the result was a “pneumatic membrane structure” where all of the control points can be adjusted in order to change the shape.

Using rice instead of plaster gave some incredible results. The mem-brane sagged profoundly but very el-egantly under the weight of rice. Be-fore the rice was added the surface of the membrane was completely flat whereas under about 2.5 kilograms of rice it sagged for about 15cm on points that were farthest from any an-chorings. After testing the apparatus

SETUP

FORM FINDINGIN GRASSHOPPER

Project One: LearnForm Finding in Grasshopperby Luka Kreze

Limits: - Outer anchor points are limited into 4 quadrants (7,5 x 7,5 in size) so that they always remain surrounding the central anchor.

- Central anchor is fixed at (10, 10).

Procedure:The lenght of translation vector is al-ways 7,5 (quadrant limits). We begin with lower left point and shift it for 7,5 in X direction, we continue with points in counter clockwise direction and shift them for the same value in X and Y direction interchangably, as long as we reach all the quadrant limitations.

(0,0)

7,5 7,5

7,5

7,5

(20,0)

Fig. 1: Adjusting value of X (0 to 7,5)

Surface area = 1116mm2



Fig. 5: Adjusting value of Y (0 to 7,5)







(20,20)(0,20)

SETUP

MANUALTRANSFORMATION

Project One: LearnForm Finding / Galapagos / Shadowsby Luka Kreze

FORM FINDING / GALAPAGOS /SHADOWS

Fig. 1 (above): Galapagos results for minimum summer shadows (note how the final result “dodges the 61.5 degree sun angle, London, UK)

FORM THAT SUITS BOTH CRITERIA

SETUP Limits: - Outer anchor points are limited into 4 quadrants (5 x 5 in size) so that they al-ways remain surrounding the central an-chor when adjusted by Galapagos.

- Central anchor limited in a quadrant be-tween points (5,5) and (12.5, 12.5)

Procedure: Shadow area was calculated according to the summer and winter sun angle in Lon-don, UK. Aim was to find a minimal sum-mer and maximum winter shadow for the limitations stated above (Fig. 1 and 2). By using the F=X-Y function Galapagos has calculated which form would give best re-sults in both summer and winter (Fig. 3)

(0,0)

5 5

5

5

(20,0)

(20,20)(0,20)

Fig. 2 (below): Galapagos results for maximum winter shadows (sun angle 14.5 degrees, London, UK)

Fig.3: Shape that within given limits achieves smallest summer and greatest winter shad-ow. Maximum difference between summer and winter shadow area: -1405mm2 where summer shadow area is about 400mm2 higher from its minimal value from the previ-ous test. The winter shadow area does not change considerably from the previous test.

Shadow area: 395mm2

Shadow area: 462mm2

Procedure of setting up a function which allows Galapagos to calculate a shape which satisfies both of our wishes (see examples on the right hand side).

Shadow area: 840mm2Shadow area: 1215mm2

Final result:Shadow area: 1997mm2

Shadow area: 270mm2

Shadow area: 166mm2

Final result: Shadow area: 145mm2

Project One: LearnShadows in Ecotectby Luka Kreze

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The tested object is the result from the step before when by seting the lim-its (coordinates) I found a shape that casts minimal shadows in summer and maximum shadows in win-ter at the same time.

TREE MODEL 2

My aim was to create a Grass-hopper definition for a branch-ing structure which would not require copying of four branches for every starting point in ev-ery level and that would let me control all of the branches with a single slider. Branching structure has a start in a single point which is moved upwards for Z. Z - val-ue slider is fixed for every single story, however in every level the Z - value is divided by 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th level respectively in order to make sure that the lines in every-story above are 2 times shorter than in the one below.

The branches span into 4 quad-rants with X and Y values of same absolute value but different sign (+, +; +.-; -,+; -,-). Those vectors are duplicated four times in ev-ery iteration in order to get four branches on every starting point and divided by the same number as the Z value (1, 2, 4 etc.)

Every transformed geometry (point) in a single level is con-nected in to a set of points and is plugged in as a base geometry for the next level of branches to be moved upwards.

The shape below was transformed by adjusting the length of the Z vector. Every line lengthens proportion-ally by the same value, however in plan view the points stay in the same place since X and Y values were not altered.

Project One: LearnTree Model 2by Luka Kreze

DEFINITION FOR 5 ITERARIONS EXPLANATION MODEL

Project One: LearnTransformationsby Luka Kreze

TRANSFORMATIONS

There was some progress, however, I haven’t achieved to connect the indi-vidual points to only the squares above. They would keep connecting to the points with same name in other squares and I haven’t found a solution for that.

4. Fixed Z / X = +-20; Y = +-20

6. Fixed Z; Fixed Y / X = +20 to -20

5. Fixed Z / X = +-40; Y = +-401. Fixed X, Y / Z =40 2. Fixed X, Y / Z =30 3. Fixed X, Y / Z =20

FIXED Z

FIXED X AND Y

FIXED Z AND Y

TRANSFORMING MEMBRANES AND BRANCHES

Shifting external anchor: X from 15 to 7.5 Y from 15 to 7.5

Top view

Top view of initial setup and limits (above)

Perspective viewPerspective view of initial setup Perspective view Perspective view Perspective view Perspective view

Top view Top view Top view Top view

Shifting internal anchor: X from 0 to 7.5 Y fixed at 0

Shifting internal anchor downwards from 5mm to 3mm by changing tree height.

Lowering the membrane by lowering curve midpoints from Z=30 to Z=20

Decreasing radius of internal anchor from 10mm to 4mm by shortening branches.

(-15,-15)

7,5 7,510

7,5

15

7,5

(15,-15)

(15,15)(-15,15)

Below is the initial setup of the mem-brane. External points and the internal anchor radius are limited by quadrants of 10 units, the position of the inter-nal anchor is limited by a quadrant of 15 units. Any change of the branch-ing structure affects the shape of the membrane, a change of the mem-brane does not affect the branching.

SETUP

SHIFTING EXTERNAL ANCHOR

SHIFTING INTERNAL ANCHOR (X - DIRECTION)

SHIFTING INTERNAL ANCHOR (Z - DIRECTION)

LOWERING OF THE MEMBRANE

DECREASING RADIUS OF THE ANCHOR

Project One: LearnTransforming Membranes and Branchesby Luka Kreze

MODELING MEMBRANES /CIRCULAR ANCHORS

INFLATING A MESH / KANGAROO

Project One: LearnCircular Anchors (Modeling Possibilities)by Luka Kreze

Below is the initial setup of the membrane. External points and the internal anchor radius are fixed while the radius of the internal anchor can be altered.

Experiment on the right explores the relationship between anchor radius and the shape of the membrane.

Procedure: I have created 3 meshes (size = 10 faces in X and Y direction, 1 face in Z-direction), each of them with a different amount of square holes (1 , 5 and 9). After inflating the meshes those square holes should become the circular anchors of the membrane.

Hypothesis: the higher the number of internal anchors, the lower the membrane is after inflation.

Result: After using a subdivision tool and inflating each of the surfaces (same pressure for each of them) the results were not perfect, the inflation is for some reason not precise, however, it did prove my hypothesis.

Learnings: larger number of anchors does in fact result in lower membrane after inflation ( if the same pressure is applied to all the membranes)

SETUP

CHANGING THE RADIUS OF THE INTERNAL ANCHOR

Radius = 1mm

Radius = 2mm

Top view of the membrane with circular anchor (above)

Section view of the with a circular membrane (above) Radius = 5mm

MODELING MEMBRANES / ARCHES AND HEXAGONS

Project One: LearnModeling Membranes / Arches and Hexagonsby Luka Kreze

Every single control point needs to be an anchor. By distributing “external” con-trol points in hexagons, adding a central anchor and connect-ing all the points with arches we get equilateral triangles inside the hexagons. External anchors of one units suddenly becomes internal anchor to another unit.

AIM

Perspective view: 7 hexagons are joined.

Every point of every hexagon is an anchor 3 other hexagonal “units”.

View from underneath the mem-branes (above).

MAXIMUM SURFACE AREA / GALAPAGOS

Galapagos progression 1: (plan view above, perspective view below)




Galapagos final result (maximum area): (plan view above, perspective view below)

Point A: (12, 12)Point B: (-13.4, 13)Point C: (-14, -8)Point D: (10, -12.5)Radius: 2mmRadius center point: (0, 0)Height of circular anchor: 2,9mmHeight of structure: 17mm

Area of the surface: 1400mm2

Point A: (12, 7.5)Point B: (-12.4, 14)Point C: (-14, -8)Point D: (12.5, -12.5)Radius: 2.5mmRadius center point: (0, 1)Height of circular anchor: 3.8mmHeight of structure: 25mm


Point A: (13, 7.5)Point B: (-13, 14)Point C: (-15, -8)Point D: (14.5, -13)Radius: 3.2mmRadius center point: (0, 1)Height of circular anchor: 5.6mmHeight of structure: 30mm


Point A: (13.5, 14)Point B: (-15, 14)Point C: (-15, -7.5)Point D: (14, -13)Radius: 4.2mmRadius center point: (0, 2)Height of circular anchor: 12.58mmHeight of structure: 50mm


Point A: (15, 15)Point B: (-15, 15)Point C: (-15, -15)Point D: (15, -15)Radius: 5mm / 5mmRadius center point: (2, 2)Height of circular anchor: 15mm / 15mmHeight of structure: 50mm / 50mm


(-15,-15)

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(15,15)(-15,15)Point B

Point C Point D

Point A

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Limitations:

- External points and the internal anchor radius are limited by quadrants of 7.5 units

- Anchor radius is limited to 5mm- Radius center point is limited by 2 units in all directions

- Height of the circular anchor is determined by the height of branching structure and is lim-ited to 15mm

- Height of the entire structure is determined by the section curve midpoint and is limited to

Z value of 50.

Hyphotesis:

The greatest area will be achieved when corner points and structure height reach their maximum but the anchor height is at its minimum.

SETUP

FINAL RESULT

Project One: LearnMaximum Surface Area / Glalapagosby Luka Kreze

INCREASING NUMBER OF ANCHORS / COMPARISON OF PLASTER MOULDS

Project One: LearnIncreasing The Number of Anchors / Comparison of Plaster Mouldsby Luka Kreze

Fabric stretches profoundly with only two wooden dowel to hold it back. Difference in height between the anchor and highest point of the structure is about 15cm.

Number of anchor points: 2 Number of anchor points: 6 Number of anchor points: 16

By increasing the number of supports we get a great-er number of curves with shorter length. This lowers the structure in areas with high density of anchors and slightly in areas with low density of anchors.

Increasing the number of supports to a maximum of 12 gives us a very curvy surface where difference in height between the anchors and highest points of the structure is only about 4cm.

BLACK ROCK MARKET

Project Two: BurnBlack Rock Marketby Luka Kreze

Black Rock Market is structured around the idea of gifting. It’s phylosophy is not the one of buying and selling, neither any other form of exchange. It is based on the principle of simply bringing, giving and receiving goods, where value of goods is of no importance whatsoever.

Market consists of internal as well as external spaces, the main of which is the internal market area where goods are only displayed and up for grabs,without ‘sellers’ to control the goods.

There are three exist/entrances which act as airlocks. Each of these entranc-es opens at the same time and holds the same amount of people, depending on the overall voulume of the building.This means that when e.g. 20 people enters the building, 20 people exit. The journey, however, begins with the visitor “submitting the goods” at delivery gate. There is an waiting area infront of the main exit. What happens next is that at the exactly the same moment 20 people and their goods enter and 20 people leave the building. From the entrance visitor continues his journey to the market area to display his goods and choose the ones he needs. He can then enjoy these goods (in case they are drinks, food...) in the lounge area before exiting the building with his goods.

Important factor in these transitions is the respect of scarcity ( goods, elec-tricity and especially air). Transitions need to be efficient in order to for the cycle to function. Respect of the Black Rock Market’s Rules and Values is therefore extremely important. (see following sheet).

INTRODUCTION

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

Campsite

Goods

Visitors

Goodsdelivery

Waiting area

Main entrance

Waiting area (example Superdrug festival bean bag area). Visi-tors need to respect that doors will open only when the air-locks are full in order to save energy and air. Hence waiting area needs to be provided.

Market area (example Borough Market, London). Goods circu-late without exchange of money. Here every one is a seller and everyone is a buyer, goods are priceless.

Lounge area (example chill out zone at Glastonbury). While lis-tening to live music visitors can enjoy their eatable goods before leaving the Black Rock Market.

MARKET

Lounge

Stage

Exit

BLACK ROCK MARKET RULES AND VALUES

Project Two: BurnBlack Rock Market Rules And Valuesby Luka Kreze

RULES AND VALUES DIAGRAM

MAIN PRINCIPLE

TANGIBLE / CONCRETE VALUES

INTANGIBLE / MENTAL VALUES

Campsite

Erection and deployment.

Goods

Visitors

Goodsdelivery

Waiting area

Main entrance

MARKET

Lounge

Stage

Exit

GIFTING

Gifting is the one of the ten principle around which Burning Man Festival is built. The value of the gift is uncondi-tional and gifting does not contemplate a return or an exchange for something of equal value.

In Black Rock Market goods are price-less. They have no value and all the value in the world. Exchange does not exist because exchange is only possible when goods are valued.

Black Rock Market functions as a sys-tem where all participants believe that need is the only value. In a banal exam-ple this would mean that e.g. a car and a sandwich are of the same value just because someone might seriously need a car and someone else a sandwich.

People are intrinsically good and they will recognise someone elses need.

GENEROSITY(no generosity, no goods)Generosity refers to contribution of goods. Black Rock Market visitors are encouraged to contribute, however, those who don’t contribute are still al-lowed to enter and be gifted. It is be-lieved that those visitors realize that sys-tem cannot work without contributions, hence, they will contribute next time.

INTERACTION(no interaction, no organization)Interaction refers to a dialogue between the visitors before and after entering the building. Visitors are encouraged to dis-play their goods before choosing their own gifts, hence, visitors need to com-municate in order to logically distribute goods / gifts. Communication is crucial when it comes to setting up and deploy-ing the market, maintenance etc.

PARTICIPATION(no participation, no market)Participation refers to physical engage-ment of the visitors in order to help run the market. Market is no mans property, it is only a tool which does not function without participation of everyone. This again refers to erection and deployment of the structure, its maintenance, distri-bution of goods, cleaning etc.

DEVALUATION OF GOODS(no value, no money)In Black Rock market gift is uncondi-tional. Money or any other sort of ex-change is not accepted. One good is at the same time of the same value as one or ten other goods. We all have differ-ent needs an so in order to satisfy them we require goods which are never of the same value. In Black Rock Market this issue disappears. Need is the value, however, participants are not required to justify their needs.

RATIONALITY(no rationality, no resources)Rationality is in a way similar to modesty, however it is more objective. It refers to a rational choice about number of goods someone will choose, time he will spent in the market etc. Black Rock Market is an inflatable structure, hence, not only the goods are scarce but also resources such as electricity and air. Awareness of the rational use of resources is crucial in order for the system to function.

MODESTY AND EMPATHYIt is believed that all participants of the Black Rock Market are intrinsically good people capable of empathy and that they are aware of the fact that every good they take means one less good for someone else, every breath means one less breath for someone else, every visit means one less entry for someone else as well as air loss.

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INFLATION STRUCTURE TRANSITION vs. AIR MANAGEMENT

RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Project Two: BurnResources and Materialsby Luka Kreze

WIND

Black Rock Market’s location assures constant wind around 15mph, with gusts up to 50mph.Wind can be an important resource when it comes to creating electricity.

ON SITE

ON SITE

ON SITE ON SITE

SAND

Pneumatic membrane will have underground fixings and will be later covered with sand. This will provide not only extra support but also ach as a sealant.

CONTAINERS

Cargo containers will act as airlock spaces. When people enter the container one door opens and an-other closes which limits the air leak to only the vol-ume of the container.

TENSILE CABLES

Tensile cables will be used for internal anchorings as well external (depends on the required shape of the building.

SELF MADE WIND TURBINE MATERIALS

By using scrap materials (plastic, timber, metal etc.) visitors bring to the festival it is relatively easy and cheap to build a home made wind turbine which cre-ates op to 1000W.

AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEM

Since structure will be inflated only once (afterwards air will be pumped in only to replace the air lost by people exiting and entering and by ventilation) one of the options are relatively cheap bouncy castle air

MEMBRANE MATERIAL

Membrane material will need to have following char-acteristics: airtight (in one direction, in other perhaps not), semi transparency (for natural lighting), strength but also elasticity.

SETUP

SMALL SCALE SAND EXPERIMENT

Project Two: BurnSmall Scale Sand Experimentby Luka Kreze

Polyethene membrane is spread over the50x50cm box. Between the mem-brane and the base a straw is placed.

To test whether sand alone can act as an anchor for inflatable structures 10kg of sand is spread over the membrane inside the box.

After inflation the membrane takes the shape whith suits it the most. (see following pages)

INFLATION

SMALL SCALE SAND EXPERIMENT


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SMALL SCALESAND EXPERIMENT


Documents

Luka Kreze PORTFOLIO