Lecture One&Two CBIS (1)

8/3/2019 Lecture One&Two CBIS (1)

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INFORMATION

SYSTEMS


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Information

The value of information is directly linked tohow it helps decision makers achieve the

organizations goals. Models, computers, and information systems

are constantly making it possible fororganizations to improve the way they

conduct business.


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Information

Knowing the potential impact of informationsystems and having the ability to put thisknowledge to work can result in a successful

personal career, organizations that reachtheir goals, and a society with a higher qualityof life.

System users, business managers, andinformation systems professionals must worktogether to build a successful informationsystem.


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Information Concepts


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Information System Concepts

An Information System is a set of interrelated components that collect,

manipulate, and disseminate data andinformation and provide a feedbackmechanism to meet an objective.

ATM, Barcode Scanners, airline reservation

systems, course reservation systems,KIOSKS with touch screen are just examplesofInformation System.


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Data VS Information

DATA consists of raw facts, such as anemployees name, employees number,

address, number of days worked in a week,and sales order.

When these facts are organized or arrangedin a meaningful manner, they become

Information.


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Data VS Information

Types of DataTypes of Data

Data Represented ByAlphanumeric Data

Numbers, letters, and othercharacters

Image Data Graphic images and pictures

Audio Data Sound, noise, and tones

Video Data Moving images and pictures


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Data VS Information

Information is a collection of facts organizedin a such a way that they have additional

value beyond the value of the factsthemselves.

For Example, a particular manager might findthe knowledge of total monthly sales more

suited to his purpose than the number ofsales for individual sales representatives.


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Defining and Organizing Relationships

among Data Creates Information As we have stated, data

simply, raw facts has little

value beyond its existence.For example, consider dataas pieces of railroad track ina model rail road kit.

In this state, each piece oftrack as little value beyond itsinherent value as a singleobject.


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However, if some relationshipis defined among the pieces

of the track, they will gainvalue.

Information is much thesame. Rules and

relationships can be set up toorganize data into useful,valuable information.

Defining and Organizing Relationships

among Data Creates Information


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Adding new or different data means relationships can beredefined and new information can be created. Forinstance, adding new pieces to the track can greatlyincrease the value of the final product.

Defining and Organizing Relationships among Data

Creates Information


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The process of Transforming

Data into Information


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The Characteristics of

Valuable Information

Characteristics Definitions

Accurate

Accurate information is error free. In some cases, inaccurateinformation is generated because inaccurate data is fed intothe transformation process (this is commonly called garbage

in, garbage out [GIGO])

CompleteComplete information contains all the important facts. Forexample, an investment report that does not include allimportant costs is not complete.

EconomicalInformation should also be relatively economical to produce.Decision makes must always balance the balance of

information with the cost of producing it.

Flexible

Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes.For example, information on how much inventory is on handfor a particular part can be used by a sales representative inclosing a sale and by a production manager to determinewhether more inventory is needed.


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ReliableReliable information can be depended on. In many cases,the reliability of the information depends on the reliability ofthe data collection method.

RelevantRelevant information to the decision maker. Information thatlumber prices might drop may not be relevant to a computerchip manufacturer.

Simple

Information should also be simple, not overly complex.Sophisticated and detailed information may not be needed.In fact, too much information can cause information

overload.

TimelyTimely information is delivered when it is needed.

VerifiableInformation should be verifiable. This means that you cancheck it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checkingmany sources for the same information.


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AccessibleInformation should be easily accessible byauthorized users to be obtained in the right

format and at the right time to meet their needs.

SecureInformation should be secure from access byunauthorized users.


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System and Modeling

Concepts


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System

A set of elements or componentsthat interact to accomplish goals

Input Processing mechanism

Output

System boundary Defines the limits of asystem and distinguishes it from everythingelse (the environment)

Feedback


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Components of a System

A systems four components consist ofInput, Processing, Output, and Feedback.

Feedback mechanism involves your assessment of how

clean the car is.


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Example of Systems and Their

Elements and Goals

System

Elements

GoalInputs

ProcessingMechanism

Outputs

Coffee beans, teabags, water,sugar, cream,spices, pastries,other ingredients,labor,management.

Brewingequipment

Coffee, tea,pastries, otherbeverages andfood items.

Quickly prepareddelicious coffee,teas and variousfood items.

Students,professors,administrators,textbooks,equipment

Teaching,research, service

Educatedstudents;meaningfulresearch, serviceto community,state, and nation

Acquisition ofknowledge


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Systems Classification and

Their Primary Characteristics


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System Performance and

Standards

Efficiency: output/input (A measure of what isproduced divided by what is consumed)

Effectiveness: extent to which system attainsits goals

Performance standard: specific objective ofa system


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Standards

A system performance

standard for aparticular marketingcampaign might be tohave each salesrepresentatives sell$100,000 for a certaintype of product eachyear


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Standards

A system performancestandard for a certainmanufacturing processmight be to have nomore than 1 percentdefective parts

Once standards are established, system performance is measured

and compared with the standard. Variances from the standard are

determinants of system performance. Achieving system

performance standards may also require trade-offs in terms of cost,

control, and complexity.


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System Variables and Parameters

System variable quantity or item controlledby decision-maker. The price a companycharges for its product is a system variablebecause it can be controlled.

System parameter value or quantity that

cannot be controlled, such as the cost of araw material.


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System Modeling Concepts

An abstraction or an approximation that is used to represent

reality


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Modeling a System

A model is an abstraction that is used torepresent reality

4 major types of models

A narrative model

A physical model

A schematic model A mathematical model


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Modeling a System

A narrative model is based on words Logical, not physical

A sales person verbally describing

a products competition to a sales

manager.


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Modeling a System

A physical model is tangible representation ofreality.

A builder may develop a scale

model of a new shopping center to

give a potential investor information about the overall

appearance and approach of the

development


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Modeling a System

A schematic model is a graphic representation of reality

Graphs and charts

A blueprint for a new building, a graphthat shows budget and financialprojections, electrical wiring diagrams,and graphs that show when certaintasks or activities must be completed tostay on schedule.

Program Flowcharts shows howcomputer programs are to be developedand Data Flow Diagrams are used toreveal how data flows through theorganization.


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Modeling a System

A mathematical model is an arithmeticrepresentation of reality

Standard templates to identify all thetasks, efforts, and elapsed time

associated with each task forplanning, building, and opening anew store.


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What Is An InformationSystem?


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Components of Information

System

Input Processing Output

Feedback

Feedback is critical to the successfuloperation of a system


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Computer-Based InformationSystems (CBIS)


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Computer Based Information

Systems

A Computer Based Information System issingle set of hardware, software, databases,telecommunications, people, and proceduresthat are configured to collect, manipulate,store, and process data into information.

A companys payroll system and order entry

systems are examples of CBIS.


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CBIS Business Technology

Infrastructure

All the hardware,

software, databases,telecommunications,people, andprocedures that are

configured to collect,manipulate, store, andprocess data intoinformation.


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Systems

Hardware

Computer equipment used to perform input, processing,and output activities.

Software The computer programs that govern the operation of the

computer.

System Software: Controls basic computer operations such

as start-up and printing. Application Software: Allows specific tasks to be

accomplished such as word processing and tabulatingnumbers.


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Systems

Database

An organized collection of facts and information.

Telecommunications

The electronic transmission of signals for communications;enables organizations to carry out their process and tasksthrough effective computer networks.

Networks

Connected computers and computer equipment in abuilding, around the country, or around the world to enableelectronic communications.


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Systems

Internet The worlds largest computer network, actually consisting of

thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanginginformation. Intranet:An internal network based on Web technologies that allows

people within an organization to exchange information and work onprojects.

Extranet:A network based on Web technologies that allows selectedoutsiders, such as business partners and customers, to accessauthorized resources of the intranet of a company.

People

Information System personnel include all the people whomanage, run program, and maintain the system.

Procedures The strategies, policies, methods and rules for using CBIS.


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Business Information

Systems


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E-Commerce

E-Commerce involves any businesstransaction executed electronically betweenparties such as:

Companies (Business-to-business)

Companies and Consumer (Business-to-consumer)

Business and Public Sector (Business-to-government)

Consumer and Public Sector (Government-to-consumer)


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E-Commerce


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Transaction Processing

System

A transaction processing system (TPS) is anorganized collection of people, procedures,software, databases, and devices used to

record completed business transactions.

Process business exchanges

Maintain records about the exchanges Handle routine, yet critical, tasks

Perform simple calculations


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Payroll Transaction Processing

System

The inputs(numbers of

employee hoursworked and payrate) go through atransformation

process to produceoutput(paychecks).


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Enterprise Resource Planning

(ERP)

Integrated programs that can manage a companysentire set of business operations.

Often coordinate planning, inventory control,production, and ordering.

ERP software from vendors such as SAP helpcompanies to build better customer relationships

through its supply chain. SAPs software helps,assess company to customers needs and planproduction so that critical supplies are neverdepleted.


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Management Information

Systems (MIS)

The focus of an ManagementInformation System (MIS) isprimarily on operational

efficiency. Marketing,production, finance, and otherfunctional areas are supportedby management information

systems and linked through acommon database.

MIS typically provide standard reports generated with

data and information from the TPS


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Management Information

Systems (MIS)

MIS Outputs

Scheduled reports Demand reports

Exception reports


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Decision Support Systems (DSS)

DSS- A decision support system is anorganized collection of people, procedures,software, databases, and devices used tosupport problem-specific decision making.

The focus of a DSS is on decision-makingeffectiveness. Whereas an MIS helps an

organization do things right, a DSS helps amanager do the right things.


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Essential Decision Support

Systems (DSS) Elements


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Special-Purpose Business

Information Systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems

Virtual Reality Systems

Expert Systems


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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems

Computer System takes on the characteristics ofhuman intelligence.


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Expert Systems

Expert System give thecomputer the ability tomake suggestions and act

like an expert in particularfield. Expert systems have been

used to monitor complexsystems like nuclearreactors, perform medicaldiagnoses, and developmarketing plans for a newproduct or new investmentstrategies.


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Virtual Reality Systems

Immersive virtual reality, which means theuser becomes fully immersed in an artificial,three-dimensional world that is completelygenerated by a computer.


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Virtual Reality

A Head-Mounted Display

TheThe headhead--mountedmounteddisplaydisplay (HMD)(HMD) waswas thethefirstfirst devicedevice ofof itsits kind,kind,providingproviding thethe wearerwearer

withwith anan immersiveimmersiveexperienceexperience..


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Virtual Reality

A Data Glove

RealisticRealistic interactionsinteractionswithwith virtualvirtual objectsobjects viaviasuchsuch devicesdevices asas aadatadata gloveglove thatthat sensessenseshandhand positionposition allowallow forfor

manipulation,manipulation,operation,operation, andand controlcontrolofof virtualvirtual worldworld..


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Thank You

Documents

Lecture One&Two CBIS (1)