Karan Project (Ins)

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ORIGIN OF INSURANCE

In India, insurance has a deep-rooted history. It finds mention in the writings

of Manu (Manusmrithi), Yagnavalkya (Dharmasastra) and Kautilya

( Arthasastra). The writings talk in terms of pooling of resources that could

be re-distributed in times of calamities such as fire, floods, epidemics and

famine. This was probably a pre-cursor to modern day insurance. Ancient

Indian history has preserved the earliest traces of insurance in the form of

marine trade loans and carriers‟ contracts. Insurance in India has evolved

over time heavily drawing from other countries, England in particular.

Whenever there is uncertainty there is risk. We do not have any

control over uncertainties which involves financial losses. The risk may be

certain events like death, pension, retirement or uncertain events like theft,

fire, accident, etc. Insurance is a financial service for collecting the savings

of the public and providing them with risk coverage. It comes under service

sector and while marketing this service due care is taken in quality product

and customer satisfaction. The main function of the Insurance is to provide

protection against the possible chances of generating losses.

The insurance sector in India has come a full circle from being an open

competitive market to nationalization and back to a liberalized market again.

Tracing the developments in the Indian insurance sector reveals the 360-

degree turn witnessed over a period of almost two centuries.



THE CONCEPT OF INSURANCE

"Insurance is a contract between two parties whereby one party called

insurer undertakes in exchange for a fixed sum called premiums, to pay the

other party called insured a fixed amount of money on the happening of a

certain event."

Insurance is a protection against financial loss arising on the happening of an

unexpected event. Insurance companies collect premiums to provide for this

protection. A loss is paid out of the premiums collected from the insuring

public and the Insurance Companies act as trustees to the amount collected.

For Example, in a Life Policy, by paying a premium to the Insurer, the

family of the insured person receives a fixed compensation on the death of

the insured. Similarly, in car insurance, in the event of the car meeting with

an accident, the insured receives the compensation to the extent of damage.

It is a system by which the losses suffered by a few are spread over many,

exposed to similar risks. Insurance is a mechanism for transferring risk and

reducing risk by having a large number of individuals who share in the

financial losses of the group. Risk inhibits action and is highly subjective on

an individual basis. Insurance objectifies risk. People trade the possibility of

financial loss for the relative certainty of the premium paid and

reimbursement for loss. Insurance frees people to take action even in the



face of possible financial loss. Thus, insurance provides utility even if no

loss ever occurs.

Some people believe insurance is similar to gambling or opening a savings

account. Neither is true. When you place a bet, you create a risk and you

have the chance of losing all or making more than your wager. Insurance

companies write policies for pure not speculative risks and indemnify you

when you have a covered loss. In the insurance industry, the word

"indemnify" means you cannot be put in a better position than you were

before the loss.

HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATION

Public relation as team was first formally used by Thomas Jefferson in

the year 1807, while drafting his seventh address to the congress delegates

when he scratched out the words “state of thought” and wrote “public

relation” instead. Informally Sir Walter Raleigh used it even earlier during

the land Rehabilitation movement, while persuading people from different

parts of America to settle in the rural parts of Virginia. This was the first

organized effort to win and mobilize public opinion. In India, the term of

course gained importance later through the Public Relation society of India

(PRSI) in 1958.



MEANING AND INTRODUCTION:-

Public relation, commonly called as PR is an activity aimed at

increasing common & understanding between an organisation and individual

& one or more groups called publics”.

What is public?

Public is a group of similar ideas, an assortment of persons having the

same interests, problems, circumstances & goal. They vary in their form &

size they have a multitude of wants & desires. Each group/public, employees

form another group, etc. Other members of the public & everyone tries to

attract a district audience with its varied tools & techniques, A public may

also be made up of no. of individuals who are unorganized & hard to

identify but who for widely varied reasons have a common interest in the

matters a issue.

Today, however, when modern means of common make vast number of

people aware of controversial issues & common interests, publics tend to be

large & impersonal. These publics involve people who are not known to

each other & are widely distributed over the country, or even among a

number of countries. The members of such public rarely meet each other

face to face or have much direct communication. The impersonal but powerful publics are numerous in today‟s high complex society. But finally

the public is any group of people who share common interest.



Relations:-

It is the outcome of mutual understanding derived from the process of

sharing of common interest where as relationship is the want of those

involved.

The term PR is also applied to the profession responsible for handling such

assignments. Corporation, government, agencies, politicians & entertainers

are among these who use public relations. Their publics vary from

employees & shareholders to an organization & its public ranges a simple

news release to a sophisticated campaign featuring films, ad‟s speeches &

television appearances. Such communication is aimed at gaining the

goodwill of the public. The basis of any effective PR campaign is public

benefit. If an organization does not serve the needs of public, the public will

not support it. PR experts help an organization learn what the public wants

& then establish policies that reflect concern for public‟s interest.

PR generally is practiced through:-

1) Corporate PR debt: - In a corporate department, specialists handle

corporate PR activities for that company.

2) PR agencies: - In agencies specialists carry out PR activities for several

companies



3) Public Information Departments: - Non-profit organization like colleges

and government agencies have public information departments that work to

strengthens the image of the organization.

DEFINITION OF PR BY RENOWNED PEOPLE

Frank Jefkins: Public Relations means what it says-relation with public. It

is practically a self defining term. It aims to create and maintain confidence.

It is a system of communication to create goodwill. It produces that

intangible quality or asset-goodwill, and earns credit for achievements.

K.R.Balan: „ The discipline which brings out the rewards in generating

mutual understanding and the risk involved in misunderstanding between

individuals, groups, government and nation in this restless world the shape

and content of which tend to be rapidly changing.‟

Editor of PR news: PR is the management function which evaluates public

attitudes, identifies the policies & procedures, of an organization or an

individual with public interest & plans & executes a program or action to

earn public understanding and acceptance.

Interpretation of the Definition:-

1. It measures, evaluates & interprets the attitude of various related

public.

2.

It assists management in defining objectives for increasing publicunderstanding & acceptance of organization products, plans, policies,

& personnel

3. It equates these objectives with the interest, needs, and goals of

various related public



4. It develops, executes and evaluates a program o earn public

understanding and acceptance.

ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

1. Human relation: It is getting

along well with the word public both internally or externally. No

person can work independently & work everyone who works in an

organization directly or indirectly depends on one another.

2. Empathy: Empathy means feeling with the other person analysis

other points of view & is regarded as primary pre-requisite for a

satisfying experience in a relationship where a certain degree of depth

of understanding is expected.

3. Persuasion: there a 2 forms of interaction between individual or

groups a) Force or compulsion b) persuasion. If one party compels

another to do something instead of pursuing him this is called

despotism. It is against the principle of proper conduct sanctioned by

society. A sense of human interest on the person who is being

persuaded will understand and appreciate the cause & effect of this

action.

4. Dialogue: It is a conversation with purpose. It is not a bargain

basement transaction but it is a low form of negotiation. Dialogue is a

reasonable exchange of ideas bringing into view a new form of



knowledge, the use of dialogue is for influencing behavior like selling

good or inspiring innovative ideas.

OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

The main objective of public relations is to establish good

understanding by sharing a common problem with the public. By public we

here mean both an internal public and a public external to the organization.

Mutual understanding can be established only by sharing a common interest

by, communication and relations.

However, the following are the broad objectives of public relations:

To promote mutual understanding.

To avoid the risk involved in misunderstanding

To win friends

To influence people

To change the behavior and attitude of the public

To enhance the patronage from the various sections

To help in fund raising

To persuade individuals, groups etc.

To connect misconceptions and clarify on criticism of its policies and

practices.

To promote goodwill

To create and maintain an image or reputation about the company.

To forestall attack by the competitors or opponents

To undertake a public relations education program



To help the public to love life and work for better off for worse

without conditions.

To improve internal staff relations.

To liaise, counsel and advise.

To provide information about the activities of the company to the

press and writers.

To prepare and supply the public with information about the

organization like price, quality, export, employment and other special

features.

To ascertain public opinion, conduct opinion research, and understand

public attitudes on the organizations, profession and practice.

To sponsor dealer and distributor relations schemes.

To undertake programs like sales training courses for retailers,

wholesalers.

To establish press relations, publicity articles preparation, pressrelease, photographs.

To communicate with the employees on their benefits, accidents

prevention labor relations and collective bargaining.

To undertake a campaign of public education about an industry or

profession and its contribution to the public.



FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

The functions that are to be performed by a public relations department may

defer from organization to organization depending upon the nature andactivities of a particular organization. However, certain standards functions

have emerged as common in most balanced department. They are discussed

as follows:

1. Policy:

Public relation policy is required for every organization. A policy is a

statement of guidelines to be followed in the company. Thedepartment has to develop and recommend corporate public relations

policies. It has to contribute the public relation view point which helps

in the formulation of decision. Its functions are not merely to provide

the policy mainly to the top management but also to other sections and

divisions.

2. Publicity:

Corporate publicity is necessary to interact with the public. The

department has to undertake the development and issuance of

announcements of corporate activities to external communication

media. It has to handle inquiries from the press. It is part of the

functions of the department to develop and place promotional

publicity about the company as a whole or any of its unit.



3. Product Publicity:

Corporate publicity is different from the product publicity. In this,

focus is on the products and how to popularize the product. This

includes both new products as well as existing ones. It includes the

announcements of new products through the editorial channels of the

communication media. The department has to develop and execute the

promotional products publicity campaigns.

4. Relation with Government:

Relations with government cannot be overlooked. In all spheres of

activities the government interferes, regulates, controls and

supervises. It is necessary to maintain liaison with appropriate

governmental departments. This liaison covers both the local level,

state level and national level. Besides, governmental relations include.

I. Advice action as needed

II. Report trends in government affecting the company

III. Help in preparing and directing corporate appearances before

investigating bodies of legislative hearings.

IV. Direct programs designed to promote the company‟s point of

view in legislatives or regulatory matters.

5. Community Relations:

Community contacts should be planned. It is the performance and/or

coordination of corporate good neighbor activities, including

compliance with environmental protection standards, fostering equal

employment opportunity, cooperating in urban improvement



programs, and developing community understanding of a company‟s

problem and needs.

6. Shareholders Relations:

Relations with the corporate stockholders are more important to

attract public money. This takes the form of communication between

the company and the shareholder in particular.

It is necessary for the development and acceptance of the company

among investors by broadening the exposure of the company‟s

policies and financial results in the investment community. This

function includes preparation of annual reports, quarterly reports.

Dividend cheque insert etc. It has to plan and stage the annual

meetings of stockholders and appearances before meetings of security

analysts.

7. Promotion Programs:

Public relations promotion programs should be formulate and

implemented. This may broadly covers institutional promotions

design to built corporate acceptance of key policies. Institutional

advertising, public relations literature and special events.

8. Donations:

A corporate donations policy should be developed for company

contributions- various aspects involved in this function are processing



requests for donations administering company‟s foundation, and the

conduct of employees‟ solicitation for approved drives.

9. Employee Publications:

The public relations department has to prepare and publish employee

magazines, newspaper, bulletins, management communications etc.

SOCIOLOGYCAL AND PSYCHOLOGYCAL POINT OF

VIEW

The task of the relations expert is applied sociology. In other words, he must

advise his clients bearing in mind the essentials features of sociology and

psychology. In particular:

1. He must hold a mirror to his organization so that it can see where it

actually stands and how it really looks in the opinion of the public.Thus is one of his essential duties, and most cases, it provides the

organization with knowledge of itself, which is nothing short of

astonishing.

2. He must collect all available data, so to have a sound knowledge of all

his details and inter-relationship on which to work out a clear

suggestion for building up the picture to be presented.

3. In doing this, he must help to overcome the many prejudices and

biased opinions that are almost always present, and he must be frank



in pointing out and attempting to eliminate the weak points and

negative aspects of the organization‟s projects or policies.

4. All this forms the basis for the public relations action which must then

be carried into effect as a long term strategic plan founded on exact

knowledge of the process of communication and making full use of all

means of communication.

5. In carrying out the plan, he must keep in mind the fact that public

relation is always a two-way communications. Every public relations

statement has an echo, which must be regarded as the feedback in

cybernetics. Experience shows him how the message was received,

and from this he must draw his own practical consequences, in

complete disillusions and if necessary with readiness to self-criticism.

This is the decisive point in all public relations activities.

6. As a consequence of all these measures they gradually comes into

being in the inter-relationship between the communicator and the

public under the painstaking control of the public relations expert a

large measure of conformity and harmony between the two poles.

This is the sense and the purpose of public relations activities.



VARIOUS PUBLICS FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS

1. Stockholders Relations:

The owners of the company are the shareholders with whom the companyalways has to communicate about various matters. Most companies use

personal visits, telephone calls, mailing and supplementary reports to keep

shareholders informed, interested and satisfied. Communication with them

may include reports, matters on corporate meetings, dividend enclosures,

magazines, special mailing, notices, resolutions, press releases etc.

Communications with the shareholders may cover many subjects‟ matters

such as:

a) Issue of share certificate

b) Share transfer applications and procedure

c) Certificate of transfer

d) To mobilize funds, pay dividend, interest on fixed deposits received

e) To issue divided warrant, proxy form, divided coupon

f) To issue notices, agenda of the various meetings

g) To respond to correspondence received from them.

h) Describing organizational problems and objectives of the company in

terms of special current developments in the company‟s folder and

other stockholder communication.

i) Communication on matter relating to statutory requirements etc.

j) Correspondence relating to calls, forfeiture, transmission.k) Drafting and circulating to all stockholders a transcript of highlight of

the annual progress at the company‟s annual meetings.

l) Giving response to stockholders inquiry which must be prompt to

create goodwill.



m) Informing by way of circulating or distributing to all shareholders

occasional reprints dealing with developments vital to them.

2. General Public Relations:

It is with effective communications and through appropriate media that a

company maintains contacts with the public. It is the means to create and

build goodwill. It also helps as a driving force to reach the public, and brings

the company and the public together, liking with society in general. Maintain

external communications facilitates through several media of verbal and

written contacts with the public in general.

It is not possible to build a satisfactory public image for the company. The

public should be informed about various products of the company and their

use, comparative advantages, price differentials, products, after sale services

and changes must be communicated promptly. Qualitative communications

ensure the promotions of a positive favorable atmosphere, develops friendly

and confident feelings towards the company and its product.

3. Customer Relations:

An effective system of communications should provide opportunities for

customer information. The customer is the ultimate object whose satisfaction

and goodwill are of the utmost importance for the success of an

organization. In carrying out the sales function of planning, the management

must communicate with customers. There were times when the customerwas not the central figure. But today the customer is the king and sovereign

of the market whose needs and satisfaction, and the winning of whose

goodwill, is prime importance in these days of competitive setup. These

must be communicated promptly. It is the communication which establishes



the contacts with the customers. Customer communication helps to establish

a relationship with customer who buy and are the sources of products. The

media used for advertisements can also be used effectively to reach the

customers. It is the responsibility for communication:

a) To prepare welcome letters, personally addressed, signed by the chief

executives officer to all old as well as new customers.

b) Customer information should include helpful and desirable

information concerning prices, uses, after sale facilities.etc.

c) Media like pamphlet and booklets printed in an attractive manner

summarizing the company‟s product etc. are the purpose of

communication.

d) Enclosing handouts, progress reports to each bill or to each

correspondence mailed o customers. This acts as a repetitive reminder

to the customer about the company.

e) Prompt response to all enquiries made by the customer promoters and

builds confidence and goodwill. Effective written communication

promotes a friendly understanding of company policies.

4. Government Relations:

Communication with the government and its departments is another

important dimension of external communications. Besides communication

with the government covers dealings touching many government

departments. A corporate enterprise has to communicate with the registrar of

companies, controller of capital issues, finance department, industrial

department and labor department. The relations of a company with the

government are many sided. Correspondence with the government may

cover export-import matters, foreign exchange dealing, listening, and



taxation matters also. A company has to file a number of documents to

various departments of the government. Filing of annual returns and tax

returns are regular activities.

Business houses have to consider the national objectives as well as the

national priorities of economic development as indicated in five year plans

and other policy statements and resolutions. There is always if routine

communication between the government and business on several other

matters like wage policy, foreign policy, industrial policy etc.

5. Dealer Relations:

A communication network should not overlook the importance of dealer

communication. The dealer is a trader who carries on the business of

carrying of buying and selling and other dealing. A dealer effect a

substantial turnover involved in buying, selling, supplying or distributing

goods directly or indirectly for cash or deferred payments or on commission.

A dealer is an important party in external communication. The relation of the

company with its dealers; like those of other outsiders, is said to be dealer

communication. The quality of the product, the trading policy, practice,

procedure and the image the dealers to promote are the fundamental factors

which must be given major consideration in the subject matter of

communication. The method of communicating with the dealer will vary

depending upon the nature of the product, distribution and media of

communication. Communication with a dealer is quite different when the

distribution is made through agents.



Conferences and meetings with dealers are the usual media of oral

communication. Written communication through letters is often the common

method. Another medium of maintaining close contact with the dealers is by

providing all the dealers with regular copies of an external house journal or

news sheet. The journal generally contains messages on display, promotions,

uses, benefits and comparative superiority of the product. Direct mail is also

used to maintain direct contact with the dealers.

6. Inter-organization Relations:

No business organization can exist in isolation without connections and

dealings with other sister business organizations. Inter-corporate

communication implies a process of information exchange between

companies. A company of a particular industry may have links, direct or

indirect. Inter-corporate loans, intercompany investment, inter-locking

directorship, inter-corporate transactions etc. are all examples of the

existence of inter-corporate communications. Information exchange between

companies may take place on many matters like cost, process of production,

methods of production, new methods of production etc.

In the present day competitive structures a firm is expected to catch up on

the efficiency attained by competitors, and make efforts to reach and exceed

them. Communication between the organizations on various functional

performances highlights the points of strength and weakness in individual

company performance. Inter-firm information exchange facilities inter-form

comparison, which provide an objective and realistic measurement of

comparable efficiency of the firm interested. The inter-firm messages on



operating performance, financial result, product cost structure, sale trend,

market potential etc. in relation to firms of similar size, capacity, nature,

industries or trade present a vivid picture of comparative strong points and

weak points. The firm can improve their activities accordingly. Firms thus

supplies information reports on their activities in the form of ratios, figures

etc.

7. Complaints:

Public relations firmly believe in openness and honest communication.

Public complains, suggestions and response constitute a complaint

communication system. The public is any group of people which shares a

common interest. An organization which is effective communication talent

has to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization

and its public. Complaints made by the public are to be attended to, and

suggestion offered should be considered. A complaint is really a favor done

to the company.

Correspondence with the company is a good means of communication; in

particular, face to face conversation is still effective. Acknowledging a

complaint and giving a decision without delay promotes goodwill. It is

social responsibility of business as a firm of activity to entertain and be

responsive to complaint and suggestions. The social responsibility of a

business entails obligations which a business owes to society.

Communication sets in all spheres of enquiries, complaints and suggestions.



ESSENTIAL QUALITIES FOR GOOD PUBLIC RELATION

Without reaching for the moon, tentative analysis of experience with a

large number of public relations managers had indicated, in general sense,

the following as the basic qualities required in successful managers:

a. Mental ability: a combination of planning sense, foresight, orderliness of

mind and judgment, which will result in willingness to think straight, and

in a thoroughness and promptness of decision.

b. Ability to see the other person point of view, and to be as critical of

oneself as of other; this is the basis if ability to work with other people.

c. Integrity, in the sense of mental honesty.

d. A restrained self confidence, coupled with initiative and resourcefulness.

e. A balanced temperament particularly the absence of such traits as

emotional instability, a sense of marked inferiority, forcefulness and self-

centered outlook.

NEED FOR PUBLIC RELATION

The need for public relations is clearly explained in the points below:-

1. Communication:

The means of communication have reached, technically, almost a stage of

perfection. It is today financially possible for practically everybody-at least



in the advanced nations- to receive information. The level of education of a

wide circle of his population is rising rapidly and this ensures a steady

increase in the capacity for receiving information which is guaranteed by the

„constitution‟. Adequate information is, therefore, theoretically possibly no

although it is by no means guaranteed in each individual case.

2. New information order:

Whether we are correctly informed is far more difficult to answer. Many

books, many discussions in academies in radio and television in India and

abroad, and countless lectures, not excluding those in „ Information Society‟

and „New Information Order‟, as far as we are aware, a correct reply is yet to

be received. The only answer, according to the philosopher Karl Jaspers

given in 1963, is “We in the free world have the chance to share the

responsibility and find ways of receiving the best possible information.”

3. Information Load:

Also called message load or quantity, the septic will, of course, draw our

attention to the flood of information to which we are all exposed today. The

proper reply to this is that this flood is largely without direction and that it is

Incomplete or inaccurate. Information must be prepared. Essential

information must be separated from trivial matter, and the interest of the

receiver must be aroused in the right direction. In the organization that

ignorance, the inability to appreciate or organization, superficial knowledge

is extremely likely to result in dislikes, dissatisfaction and outright rejections

with all their disastrous consequences. What we require is a fair means of

information which eliminates existing or awakened suspicious, which builds



up understanding, and creates confidence. This is what we call Public

Relations.

4. Mutuality and understanding:

Going by the definition of public relations, the mutuality is based on

interaction between consideration for public opinion, and the need of

communicator or organization to inform or establish contact. Understanding

is created by providing insight into, and reporting on all essentials matters.

Confidence is cultivated by bringing the aim of the organization into

harmony with the public interest, thus winning and maintaining goodwill

among the general public. From all these facts, it is clear what the purpose of

this „Activity in, for, and with. The public is:

To act and not to react; to create an atmosphere of confidence by an active

information policy, the passive part of which consists in answering queries;

to inform the public and exert influence towards the inside as a form of

corporate and social counter control.

PUBLIC RELATION TOOLS

Advertising:

Advertising is publicity but not all publicity is advertising. It is the

business of selling goods, services and ideas by inducing people to want

them. It is drawing attention of public by big public announcement to a

commodity or service with the aim of selling it



Advertising may also be defined as the purchase of space in the press, or

time over the radio and television to promote the sale of products or ideas,

and to build up to corporate image of an institution. Advertising is one of the

forces of modernization and cuts across ideologies.

The specific categories of public interest advertising are:

1. Corporate Advertising: It explains the continuing research, engineering

and management efforts a company makes to improve its products or

services. It can be called the voice of management speaking not only to

customers but also to investors, suppliers, distributors, employees-

present and potential- and leaders of public opinion.

2. Public Relations Advertising: It discusses the problems, policies, social

philosophy, or economic goal of a company or industry, illuminates some

aspect of the nation‟s scene; discusses the basic principles of its

enterprise, notably with respect to foreign collaboration for the reader to

shade light on the economy or the society in which he lives.

3. Public Servicing Advertising: It is designed to promote voluntary

individual actions to solve national problems such as better roads,

prevention of floods, better health care, family planning and

rehabilitation of the handicapped. Also encouraging cultural activities,

tourism, secularism, buying of unit trust certificates, voting in nationalelections, reducing prejudices, and other worthwhile causes.



Publicity:

Publicity is the technique of telling the story of any organization or

cause. It is the umbrella term which in its meaning cover all the

techniques employed to get a story across to the public. It is weapon of

war, an instrument of sale a tool of politics. Basically publicity is news. It

has to be news, that is, be of interest to be carried. Publicity includes

advertising because advertising, like publicity-tells the story. But in

general usage publicity is used to describe those expressions where the

medium is not paid for, whereas advertising consist of paying for the

medium to get the story told.

Advertising vis-à-vis Publicity:

If public relations may be broadly considered, as it is by many, as the act

of right living, or being a good citizenship.

The role of public relation is to make a light worth projecting. The art of

publicity is the act of projecting the light.

Propaganda:

Propaganda describes the political application of publicity and

advertising, also on the large scale, to the end of selling an idea, cause, or

candidates or all three.

It was first given general currency by the Roman Catholic Church to refer

to the disseminations of its doctrines.

There are 2 types of propaganda. The rational propaganda in favor of

action that is in consonance with the enlightened self-interest of those



who make it and those to whom it is addressed. The other is non-rational

propaganda that is not constant with any body‟s enlightened self -interest

but is dictated by, and appeals to, passion.

Diplomacy:

The oxford English Dictionary calls it the management of international

relations by negotiation, or, the method by which these relations are

adjusted and managed.

Sir Ernest Satow‟s guide to „Diplomatic Practice‟, a sound work which

has been the Bible of „British Diplomats for many years wrote

Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and the governments of

independent states.

Promotion:

Promotion describes commercialization of publicity, and publicity and

advertising jointly, usually on a grand and co-ordinate scale, to the end of

selling a product or products.

Campaigns:

Campaigns consist of concerted, single-purpose publicity programs

usually on a more or less elaborate scale, employing co-ordinate publicity

through a variety of media, aimed at a number of targets, but focused on

specific objectives. A campaign objective may be the elections of a

candidate, the promulgation of a political issue or cause, the reaching of

sales goals, or the raising of a quota of funds.



Lobbying:

Lobbying is a kind of tool generally used by group of persons like

members of legislatures who conduct a campaign outside the legislative

chamber, that group‟s special interest; it is also used by shareholders of

business corporation during the Annual General Body Meetings to pass a

resolution or elect a director to the board in the interest of a group of

shareholders.

In a basic sense, lobbying entails the exertion of influence, smooth and

measured pressure and any other exercise of persuasion-cum-pressure.

MEDIUM OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Letters

Letters which enables one person to reach another person despite the

limitations of time that can cut down on personal visits and telephoning, are

among the most ancient and perhaps still the most important media of mass

communication. It has been said that letters are the only selling medium that

if taken away, would disrupt the entire modern business structure.

They are sent out with every kind of enclosure; pamphlets and leaflets, order

blanks, samples, pictures, return post cards, and many others.

The well written letter has a major advantage over all other media it is

directed personally and individual. If it designed to please and flatter him

rather than to irritate him as an invasion of his privacy, it commands his



attention for a little while perhaps just a long enough to motivate him to do

what the write wants him to do.

Mail is a personal thing. A person likes to receive a letter written for him as

well as addressed to him. He likes to express regards for him, offer him a

better job, make a promise or enclose a cheque. When a publicist sends out a

letter written for the client‟s benefit rather than for the recipient‟s, privacy is

being presumed upon. The recipient may resent it. He may throw the letter

away without reading it, or read it only to turn against the writer.

The Telephone

A telephone call is more effective than a letter as a last minute

reminder or an incitement to action. The telephone is good for getting a

person to do something he should do although he might prefer not to such as

attending a meeting. He can dodge a letter more easily than the personal

commitment of a personal conversation. But for a technical or monetary

commitment both parties will find it advisable to put it in writing to seal the

telephone agreement.

The secret of success in a large-scale telephone campaign is to obtain

reliable telephone operates- people with pleasing telephone personalities and

the persistence to keep after each number until they actually reach the proper

party and drive the message home.

The maximum effect is obtained in a telephone drive when every prospect is

reached over the phone by a personal acquaintance. The telephone being an

instrument of human contact, courtesy and tact in its use are important in

winning the understanding and goodwill of the person on the receiving end.



People in business can win goodwill by answering their own telephone if

possible; it is not pleasant telephone manners to have secretary ask every

caller who is this? Who are you with? And what‟s the call about?

Word of Mouth

Word of mouth spreads like wild fire. If the subject and content are

right, it can burst into spontaneous combustion just as an entire forest may

suddenly be an overrun by conflagration. Through word of mouth, rumor

and innuendo may spread with extreme speed and spontaneity if the subject

is close to the emotion of people. Feeling and thought must quickly take

wing on word of mouth. In stimulating a word of mouth campaign the

important thing is to present subject matter of such interest as to cause

people to repeat it to others.

Word of mouth is perhaps the most subtle of publicity tools. It takes the

form of gossip and slander at times if timely action is not taken to control it.

Its manipulation is not subject to cut and dried mechanism, as it is the case

with so many publicity media and instrument. The things that contribute to

word of mouth circulation are:

A spectacular and successful event or product

A spectacular publicity or activating campaign.

A good catchword or slogan

Capitalizing on mass trend or catchword.

Newsletter

The commercial field has long made good use of newsletter. These

have a bright future. Newsletter tends to fit the times these days. People have



fragmented interests. There are certain things they want to know a lot about,

and other things they don‟t want to hear anything about. Newsletters have

the advantage of speed. They are quick to read.

The public relation use of newsletters is spreading rapidly into non-profit

field as well. Association and professional society particularly finds the

formal effective.

With this format, users can reach constitutes quickly on matter having and

importance. The person to person nature invites reading.

Post Cards

Post cards are quick and easy to prepare, quick and easy for the

recipient to absorb, economical to mail to constitutes and an effective

adaptation of direct mail to reach large numbers of people with a message

that can be punched home in a paragraph.

In many countries, a large number of individuals can be stimulated to sign

and then send post cards to their own friends and contacts.

Public Address System

Public address systems at meetings, shows, gathering of employees or

mass audiences of any kind make it possible mechanically to project the

human voice before a large number of people. Mounted on a mini truck or

the other mobile auto, the public address system can be transported from

place to place, presenting speakers and programs as it goes, and reaching a

widely distributed audience. Sound tracks can also be rigged up at programs

in lieu of a permanently installed public address system. A portable bullhorn

affords great mobility wherever amplified sound is needed.



A recording makes it possible to capture a speech or radio program and

replay it by radio before an audience or over a public address system

anywhere. Some recordings are made on the spot at special events. In other

instances, special programs are deliberately produced at are cording studio.

Video Cassette, Audio Cassette and Disc Recordings

These are useful in overcoming some of the difficulties of working

with a diffuse and loose-knit organization. They assure that all concerned get

exactly the same message with the desired visual and/or audio emphasis.

Generally, these videos cassette, audio cassettes or disc communications,

through carefully prepared, are the modest in technique.

Electro writers

An executive or a demonstrator can write his blackboard notes across

a long distance through a transmitter unit hooked up by telephone lines with

a projector unit and screen.

Tele lecture

This is useful technique for making an audio/visual presentation at a

distance. With the help of the telephone ok company there is hook up from a

speaker‟s office, a meeting or classroom, where visuals can be shown while

the speaker is heard. Members of the audience can question the speaker

through a two-way hook up. This permits the speaker to appear at many

locations without full time or expense of going there, and it permits remote

groups to engage speakers they otherwise would not attract.



PLANNING PROCESS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Public relation is not merely a process of getting stories and pictures

into newspaper. It is much more. It has to be properly planned, orderlyexecuted, and a number of details need careful attention. Public relations

cost money, requires manpower, needs expertise, and consumes time and

resources. So it should be well planned and executed in an orderly manner.

Public Relation Objectives

The first step is to set out clearly the PR objectives before any campaign

is lunched. The publicity must have a clear idea as to what is intended to be

achieved. His approach should be positive and purposeful.

1. Public

The next step is to decide who is the audience to be reached i.e. local,

regional, national, or international. And apart from geographical area it

should be considered if any specialize audience or a section of thecommunity or professional people is also to be reached.

2. Message

After deciding the public the company has to decide what message

they want to pass through the campaign, what is it they want the people

to know about them or what they want to tell or inform the public about.

3. Strategy

A strategy is a long term planning or the methods that a company

adopts to make it successful company. For a PR campaign also strategies

are required to be formed so that they can create an impact or impression



in the minds of the people; as well as they can build a fair and favorable

image in the market.

4. Tactics

Along with a good strategy a company also needs to use some very

good tactics for its campaign there are competitors in the market and the

company has to stand on top of all them.

5. Time scale

The public has to decide the time scale in which they will complete

the campaign. They have to set a specific time. Also the decision about

the commencement of campaign, duration, repetition etc. is to be made

well in time.

6. Resources

The publicist has also to think about the resources in terms of money

and staff available to him. The campaign has to be planned keeping inview the resources which the publicist would be able to mobilize.

7. Selection of Media/ resources

Another point that requires a decision is about the media to be

employed for the campaign: whether publicity is to be conducted with

one medium or more than one or through multimedia.

8. Evaluation

After deciding u upon the above things the publicist should evaluate

the whole process to check whether everything is properly being done or

not or whether they have to add anything else or not, etc



9. Review

After evaluation again there should be a review of the entire thing to

give it a final check.

10. Analysis

After the campaign there should be an analysis of the entire process so

that they will come to know whether the campaign was successful or not

and if not then where it went wrong process is repeated from the point of

identifying the public.



CASE STUDY ON

PUBLIC RELATIONS

IN

LIFE INSURANCE

CORPORATION OF

INDIA



PROFILE OF LIC

Life Insurance Corporation of India was formed on 1st

September 1956. It

can be said that with the formation of LIC, utilization of people moneyinvested in Life insurance for planned economic development took roots.

One of the reason/ objective of Nationalization of Life Insurance industry

was channel zing of its funds for the benefit of the company at large. Its

Central Office is located in Mumbai. It also has seven zonal offices each

located in Mumbai(Western Zone), New Delhi (Northern Zone), Kanpur

(North-Central Zone), Bhopal (Central Zone), Chennai (Southern Zone),

Hyderabad(South-Central Zone), and Kolkata (Eastern Zone).

It has a network of over 2000(2048) branches and more than nine lakh

agents. Over 47 years, LIC has become a household name for providing

security for a lifetime and is synonymous to life insurance in India. LIC

ranks No.1 in the list of top 500 companies on the basis of Net Worth(Rs.

15, 47, 951 million) as well as Net Profit(2,66,277 million)- Dun &

Bradstreet (India 500).

VISION

“A trans-nationally competitive financial conglomerate of significance to

societies and Pride of India”

MISSION

“Explore and enhance the quality of life people through financial security by

providing products and services of inspired attributes with competitive

returns, and by resources for economic development.”



OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

The basic objective of this project is to

“Study the application of public relations in Life Insurance Corporation”

INTRODUCTION

Public Relations is defined as:-“The planned effort to establish and improve

the degree of mutual understanding between an organisation or individual,

and any groups of persons or organisations, with the primary objective of

assisting that organisation or individual to deserve, acquire and retain a good

reputation.”

-The Institute of Public Relations

We live in an age of dependence in which all of us are

increasingly reliant upon one another for the satisfaction of our

needs. The growing complexities of our society and the inevitable

problems created have nullified this concept of independence.

Never before has the opinion of publics been more essential to the

success of any organisation. Reliance of institutions on people has

been a very significant development of the 20th

century.

There has been an ever growing need of PR in the day to day

working of organisations.

The project we have undertaken is an attempt to study this

phenomenon at Life Insurance Corporation.



CORPORATE POLICY OF LIC ON PUBLIC

RELATION

Public Relations aims at building-up and maintaining sound, effective and

productive relations with the public so as to help the organization to

understand and interpret the environment as also help the public so as to help

the public and the society at large to appreciate the performance and

limitations of the organization. Public Relations have the responsibility to

build and maintain two-way relations between the public and the

organization at all levels.

The public in case of LIC includes:

a) Levels of employees and agents.

b) Customers

c) Government: Central, state & local Bodies.

d) Media, press, TV, radio & agency-owners and correspondents

e) Citizens at large

A clearly laid down Public Relations Policy, therefore, is essential to set the

goals, indicate the strategies and give proper directions to all levels in the

area of Public Relations.



OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN LIC

The objectives of undertaking PR activities in LIC are manifold.

In their Citizen‟s Charter the company states that:

TO THE COMMUNITY: We will

Conduct all aspects of our business keeping in view the interests of the

community and the national priorities;

Provide insurance cover and financial security to every insurable

segment including the socially and economically weaker sections of the

society.

TO OUR CUSTOMERS: We will

provide them prompt, efficient and courteous service;

act as trustees of their funds and invest them to their best advantage;

build and maintain enduring relationship;

Keep them informed about our products and services etc.

TO OUR WORKFORCE: We will

promote a sense of participation and make them partners in progress;

work towards ensuring their job satisfaction and sense of pride;



provide an environment and the opportunities for growth to enable them

to realize their full potential;

Take steps to develop professional skills to enable them to handle their

assignments more efficiently.

MISSION

Establish understanding and develop awareness of mutual aspirations of LIC

and the Public.

GOALS

Promote within the corporation greater awareness of the changing

environment and the need to align the corporate policy to the emerging

situation.

Help fashioning, within the constraints, its policies, programs, practice

and products to meet the expectation of the public. Help the public to

appreciate the performance and the limitations of LIC.

Make PR occupy the front seat in the organizational set-up.

STRATEGY

Develop excellent relations with the totality of the media-print,

electronics and agency owners and reporters by regular exchange of

information with them.



Establish relations-and develop understanding with the Govt.-Central,

State & Local bodies through legislators and Govt. officials.

Develop full understanding with the workers-employees at all levels and

agents on organizational goals, policies, practices and programs.

Develop an effective system of communication with the department and

operating units on the environment and on implementation of policies.

Help to develop an image of LIC as a responsive organization

Devise methods for opening up channels of two-way communication

with various public of the corporation

ACTION PLAN

Keeping the objectives, philosophy and the strategies in view, drawing-up annual PR plans by Branches, Divisions, Zones & corporate office.

Develop an effective system of periodical reviews of PR plans at all

levels – B.O, D.O, Z.O, and corporate

Develop streamlined methods of systematic dissemination of the

information relevant to each of the public‟s and to get feedback from the

totality of the public.

Organize events like inauguration of new B.O, D.O, Z.O, or any arm of

the corporate etc, as public functions to project corporate image.

Develop a task-plan in respect of the above strategies.



Formation of PR Advisory Committees at D.O, Z.O, and C.O organize

PR department in the C.O, Z.O, and D.O, for the realization of the goals,

and develop a nucleus in branches also.

ORGANISATION AND STAFFING OF THE

PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENT

LIC is purely a service-oriented organisation. Moreover for

transacting with their customers and business associates the company needs

to develop and maintain cordial relations with various sections of the society

and various other agencies i.e. their publics. This makes the role of PR in

LIC even more important and vital.

The company has a huge and active Public Relations Department

which looks after the publicity of the various services offered, maintaining

cordial relations with the various publics, publishing of journals, etc. and

other PR activities.

Budget:

The management allocates Rs. 2-3 Crores (approx.) annually to thePR Department. This amount is then further allocated to the various Zonal

Offices which prepare their individual budgets according to their

requirements.



Staffing Of PR Department

The Director-PR operates from the central office and has under him

a Chief PRO. Each Zonal Office has a Zonal Manager-PR under who is the

Regional Manager-PR. Further under him is the Assistant Secretary who

works with his Subordinate staff to fulfill the day-to-day activities of the PR

Department.

A PR plan is made at the beginning of each accounting year for which the

Chairman appoints a PR Planning Committee. This committee comprises of

the Director PR, Chief PRO, etc.

PUBLIC RELATIONS ACTIVITIES AT LIC

PRESS CONFERENCE

Press conference & interview are arranged periodically by all LIC offices –

i.e., central, zonal, Divisional and branches offices at the time of launching

any new scheme and to inform about the policies, programs and activities to

the press so that it can be publicized.

LIC WEB SITE

LIC has its own website Licindia.com which provides information about

LIC and its subsidiaries and the products offered by them



USAGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

With a view to providing quick and accurate service its customers LIC has to

introduced on-line service through front-end terminals in 1993 branches and

soon all our customers will be able to benefits by this.

GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MACHINARY

LIC has established an elaborate Grievance Redressed Machinery in order to

deal with problems of customers. The grievance redressed cells are operative

at all levels .i.e. Branch, divisional, zonal and corporate offices. Specially

designated officers attend to policyholder‟s complaints.

RALLY ORGANISATION

LIC has organized a massive rally to pay homage martyrs of Cargill to

provide moral support to the Indian army.

PR AND PUBLICITY CONFERENCES

PR and Publicity Conferences arranged at the central office in which the

chairmen emphasis cooperative scenario with the help of revised PR and

Publicity strategies because it was found out by a survey that the level of

customer satisfaction is not very high.



CLAIMS REVIEW COMMITTES

A claims review committees was being formed at the formed at thecorporate level with a retired judge as one of the members and it handles

grievances arising out repudiation of claims etc. Similar committees are also

constituted at Zonal level.

PRESS RELEASE

Press releases regarding important news are related from time to time so that

people are kept informed and they know about them.

CUSTOMER MEETS

Periodical customer meets are organized at divisional and Branch level to

facilitate greater interaction with policyholders

PUBLICITY PAVILION

Publicity pavilion are arranged to display information about PR and

Publicity activities of LIC

CONSUMER AFFAIR COMMITTEE



A high profile committee has been constituted by the central office with

eminent persons from the consumer‟s movement being its member to advice

and guide LIC on matters concerning consumer interests.

CITIZENS CHARTER

The corporation has adopted a Citizens Charter wherein commitments have

been made to its citizens for higher standards in servicing.

FREE PHONE CALL FACILITY TO THE POLICYHOLDER

A unique facility of free phone call service is being provided to the policy

holders of Mumbai city to enable them to have easy access to grievances

redressed officers over the phone

PUBLICS IMPORTANT TO LIC

INTERNAL PUBLICS

I. Employees

II. Employees families

III. Staff Unions

EXTERNAL PUBLICS

I. Customers i.e. policy holders

II. Prospective Customers

III. Government Agencies



IV. Banks and Financial Institutions

V. Statutory Bodies e.g. IRDA(Insurance Regulatory and Development

Authority)

VI. Social Organisations

VII. Lawyers

VIII. Local Administration

IX. Media

X. General Public

XI. Auditors

RELATIONSHIP WITH SIGNIFICANT PUBLICS

Significant internal publics of the organisation are its

Employees

Employee‟s families; and the

Staff unions.

1) EMPLOYEE RELATIONS

In most Indian organisations, or companies, communications with

employees have so far been given a back seat as compared to external

communications. This has not been the case with LIC. It has through time

realized the importance of its internal publics.



LIC shares a good rapport with its employees. There are various staff unions

to take care of the employees rights. The company shares a cordial and

harmonious relationship with these unions.

The company‟s focus, as regards its employees, is on providing:

A healthy working environment;

Employee friendly HRD policy;

Job security;

Training of Human resources;

Fully utilizing its people‟s talents and capabilities to promote skills

and competencies and broaden their perspective;

Handsome remuneration and perks.

The company achieves the above objectives by a number of means.

a) HOUSE JOURNALS

The corporation has a corporate house magazine „YOGAKSHEMA‟

which chronicles corporate and organisational events and

pronouncements.

The corporation also releases a quarterly newsletter „JANKALYAN‟

which serves the above mentioned purpose as well as acknowledging

employee achievements and produce merit lists of employee

performance.



A news letter NILYAMDOT COM is also published by the corporation

which is developed by the children of the LIC employees and is

exclusively for children.

b) INTERACTION

The corporation also conducts open houses, meetings, seminars,

workshops. This is done with the aim of facilitating two-way

communication.

c) REWARDS

Prizes are awarded to top performers at staff meetings and conferences.

2) CONSUMER RELATIONS

In consonance with the changes taking place in the insurance market,

the corporation has undergone a transformation, simultaneously requiring a

revamp in its image. Systematic and focused PR initiatives and widespread

publicity have resulted in markedly improved visibility. The corporation has

emerged with a much younger and sleeker image.

A conscious effort was made to bring about a transformation in the corporate

image. Through various campaigns, the corporation tried to depict the

organisation as one oriented towards the younger generation.

The corporation advertising campaigns assisted the marketing strategies.



PR Activities for Consumer Relations

The business of insurance is purely service which cannot be seen or held.

Hence, the consumer relations activities of LIC concentrate on the customer

public and building relations with prospective customer.

The corporation has time and again made endeavors to reach out to the

consumers, interact with them and keep them satisfied.

The corporation tries to achieve its objective through a number of means

Oral Communication

Oral communication with the consumer public is the most effective means

of presenting facts and creating understanding of the organization‟s policies

and practices.

Employee-Consumer Communication :

The harmonious relationship that LIC has, through the years , built and

maintained with its customers has only been possible due to its dedicated

and committed team of Development Officers and scores of Insurance

Agents throughout the country.

Press Conferences

Press Conferences are organized to announce new appointments of top

executives, introduction of new schemes, etc.



Audio-Visual Communication

Television and Radio broadcasts are a basic medium of consumer

communication

Television and Radio advertising

The corporation‟s advertisements reached nearly 25 crore people

through over 50 campaigns. There were 79 hours of TV advertising

and 408 hours of Radio advertising.

Trans-slides

The Corporation has placed trans-slides at strategic places, like

Railway Stations and Airports, for maximum exposure to public at

large.

Printed Communication

At LIC printed communications are used in conjunction with oral

communication media.

Press Release

Press releases are frequently handed out to the media by the local PR

department on behalf of the company. These generally comprise of

any subject or issue concerning the company, containing information

for policy holders or any item of news value to the media and its

readers.

Journals and Publications



The corporation takes out its annual working results and several other

publications from time to time to keep the public abreast of the

happenings and achievements at LIC.

Financial Results

The annual financial report of the corporation is published in the

National dailies and is also circulated amongst the shareholders to

keep them informed. It also aims at attracting new investors.

Booklets, Brochures and Pamphlets

Booklets, Brochures and Pamphlets are generally taken out to inform

its internal and external public about its various new schemes and act

as an effective medium of print communication.

Posters and Hoardings

These tools are not only an advertising medium but also a veryeffective PR tool. LIC uses posters and hoardings to get quick public

notice. Posters and hoardings are widely placed throughout the city at

busy intersections like subways, railway stations, roadsides, bus

shelters, etc.

Other Amenities Provided by LIC

Website



The Corporation‟s website www.licindia.com gives information about

the corporation‟s products, services, subsidiaries and addresses of

branches and about premium payment through the internet. It also

provides

Press releases

News sections

Online policy status

Online Premium Payment

LIC has tied up with HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, UTI Bank, Bank of

Punjab, Global Trust Bank, Corporation Bank, The Federal Bank Ltd.,

Citibank, and service providers like Bill Junction.com,

timesofmoney.com to offer the online premium payment facility to its

customers in select cities.

Information Kiosks

The corporation has installed online information kiosks at prominent

places across the country. This provides information about the

Products, services and policy status reports to the customers.

Customer Contact Programmed

The purpose of such a campaign is „to strengthen the relationship with

the customers and to build bridges of understanding.‟



3) FINANCIAL RELATIONS

There are quite a few financial publics of LIC.

1. Government Agencies

2. Banks and Financial Institutions

3. Statutory Bodies e.g. IRDA(Insurance Regulatory and Development

Authority)

4. Auditors

To communicate with them and to keep them informed of the company‟s

progress several activities are undertaken by the PR Depts.

The Annual General Meeting

The Annual Report

The annual report is released annually to inform all publics of the

company‟s working results. Chairman‟s Statement

The chairman‟s statement is a comprehensive guide to what the company

is and where it strives to be. It comprises of the corporation‟s corporate

vision, philosophy and policies, management contributions, future plans

and a host of other such important aspects.



4) COMMUNITY REALTIONS

LIC regularly provides „Health vans‟ to various organisations across the

country. The corporation also sponsors many sports events at the national

level. Numerous publicity projects with a social purpose are undertaken at

the zonal level. Recently the North Zone (Delhi) associated itself with the

„Perfect Health Mela‟ to propagate the cause of good health.

AIM OF CORPORATE RELATIONS FULFILLED

AT LIC

The aim of any organisation is to create for itself:

A. CORPORATE IDENTITY

B. CORPORATE IMAGE

C. CORPORATE CITIZEN

CORPORATE IDENTITY

Image Communicators/ Identity Creators

Company Logo

The company‟s logo has become synonymous with insurance and

security in India.

Sign-up Line

We Know India Better

Company Publications



The company has a host of publications that comprise of in-house

journals, external newsletters, annual reports, etc.

Citizens Charter

The company philosophy goes a long way in creation of harmonious

relations with its publics. The citizen‟s charter is a comprehensive

statement of the company‟s philosophy towards its publics.

CORPORATE IMAGE

The above listed image communicators have been very successful in

creating a corporate image of LIC in the minds of the people over the

years since its establishment.

CORPORATE CITIZEN

With all its PR initiatives and activities, since its establishment, LIC has

proved to be a successful corporate citizen.



CONCLUSION

Public Relation came into existence by the belief that if we do something

good for people then only the people will say well about the organization.

Today‟s is age of competition. And to remain in the competition depends on

how efficiently the organization manage it PR & project the company‟s

image.

Public Relation will not sell goods and services bit its bound to create an

atmosphere which will make the free enterprise, a responsible enterprise.Public Relations, in fact will prove to be the most effective tool for

communicating with the people who are still remote from industry for

convincing them that corporate objectives are ultimately in the interest of the

public.

The PR mantra has now become pervasive. Neither an individual nor the

organization or a UN body can thrive or sustain in this age without

effectively strategizing PR.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS REFERRED

1. Principles Of Public Relations-

C. Rayendu & K.R. Balan (Himalaya)

2. The Art & Science of Public Relation-

Gregory Anne

3. Effective Public Relations Management-

A Guide to Corporate Survival- Winer Park- Jaico

4. Handbook Of Public Relations In India –

Mehta D. - Allied Pub. Delhi

WEBSITES REFERRED

1. www.licindia.com

2. www.indiaprblog.com3. www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/licinsurance/200921

Documents

Karan Project (Ins)