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UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2012 UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2012 IEC 623681: A hazardbased standard – Part 2 IEC 623681: HBSE 的實現及實務應 – Part 2 William Meng

IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

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Page 1: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

UL and the UL logo are  trademarks of UL LLC © 2012UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2012

IEC 62368‐1: A hazard‐based standard – Part 2IEC 62368‐1: HBSE 的實現及實務應用 – Part 2William Meng

Page 2: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Outline

• Concept change of IEC 62368‐1• Electrically‐caused injury• Mechanically‐caused injury

2

Page 3: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Concept change of IEC 62368‐1

Page 4: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Copyright © 2011 Underwriters Laboratories Inc.All Rights Reserved. Do Not Reproduce without Permission.

Innovation of IEC 62368‐1

• Introduces models model for injury

model for safety

• Classifies energy sources class 1: may be detectable

class 2: may be painful

class 3: capable of causing injury

• Introduces the concept of safeguards basic safeguard

supplementary safeguard

reinforced safeguard

• Applies safeguards based on persons ordinary person

instructed person

skilled person

4

Page 5: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Discarded requirements of IEC 60950‐1

• Energy hazard What’s the injury caused?

• Functional insulation “Functional” insulation does not provide protection

• Functional earthing “Functional” earthing does not provide protection

5

Page 6: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Electrically‐caused Injury

Page 7: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Transfer mechanism – Current pass through the human body

Page 8: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Transfer mechanism – Current pass through the human body (cont.)

Page 9: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Copyright © 2011 Underwriters Laboratories Inc.All Rights Reserved. Do Not Reproduce without Permission.

Safeguard: interposed between human body and sources of hazard

Page 10: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Class of electrical energy level

Voltage

Curren

t

ES1: sensation/perception, but no pain

ES2: painful, but no injury

ES3: injury

Page 11: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Class of electrical energy sources and safeguard

• What are ES1, ES2, and ES3??

• What are safeguard for protection against ES??

11

ES class ‐ steady state AC current

ES1< 30 Vrms, or < 0.5 mArms

ES2< 50 Vrms, or < 5 mArms

ES3> ES2

Safeguardagainst ES

ES1None

ES2Basic insulation

ES3Double orreinforced insulation

Page 12: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – Power supply

Capacitor discharge

Page 13: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Capacitor discharge

13

Combination of voltage and capacitance

Page 14: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Review of standard requirements

14

137.35 V @ 1 sec. after unplug

50.53 V @ 2 sec. after unplug

Complied, but safe?

Page 15: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – Power supply (cont.)

Effectiveness of safeguard:• Construction, and/or• Performance

Insulation (sheet)

ES1 ES3

Insulation: tubing

Insulation: spacing

Components bridging insulation: transformers, Y‐cap, opto‐couplers

Identify the energy source

Design safeguards that prevents the transfer of energy (to a body part)

Evaluate itseffectiveness

Is the safeguardeffective?

YESNO

Is the energyhazardous?

Identify  transfer mechanism:

YES

Done

NO

accessibility

Interposed between energy sources and body

Page 16: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – Power supply (cont.)

Safeguard interposed between hazards and body: Earthed enclosure

Access to internal hazardous parts is not likely through openings

Page 17: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Clearances

External disturbance:• Transient overvoltage• Temp. overvoltage

Steady state, including:• (Internally‐generated) 

Working voltage• Mains supply voltage• High‐freq. working 

voltage

Page 18: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

1818

Page 19: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

19

PWB

Conductor

AC mains transient: 2,500 VpkWorking voltage: 420 VpkR/I: 4.0 mm

AC mains transient: 2,500 VpkWorking voltage: 640 VpkR/I: 4.6 mm

Can a shorter air insulation be used?

Page 20: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

High frequency voltage stress on insulation

• Affect clearances and solid insulation- Spacing: required clearance is longer

- Solid insulation: material deterioration

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

10 100 1,000 10,000

Redu

ction factor

Frequency (kHz)

Phenolic

Teflon

Mica

Polyethylene

Page 21: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Mechanically‐caused injury

Page 22: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – Server

22

Page 23: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – Server (DC fans)

Identify the energy source

Design safeguards that prevents the transfer of energy (to a body part)

Evaluate itseffectiveness

Is the safeguardeffective?

YESNO

Is the energyhazardous?

Identify  transfer mechanism:

YES

Done

NO

accessibility: persons, conditions

Physical safeguard or marking

MS1

MS3

MS class of moving fan blade is dominated by:• Mass of moving fan blade (rotor)• Dimension of fan blade• Fan speed• Material (under discussion)

Page 24: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Equipment stability – with presence of children

Page 25: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

Practical application – carts or stands

25

Identify the energy source

Design safeguards that prevents the transfer of energy (to a body part)

Evaluate itseffectiveness

Is the safeguardeffective?

YESNO

Is the energyhazardous?

Identify  transfer mechanism:

YES

Done

NO

physical contact with body

Robustness of casters, stability of equipment plus carts

Pull force testHorizontal forceRelocation stability

MS1: <= 7 kgMS2: 7 kg < mass <= 25 kgMS3: > 25 kg

(with “cargo”)

Page 26: IEC 62368 1: A hazard based IEC 62368 1: HBSE ......19 PWB Conductor AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage: 420 Vpk R/I: 4.0 mm AC mains transient: 2,500 Vpk Working voltage:

THANK YOU.