Granulated Foamed Glass for Civil Engineering Applications

Roald Aabøe, Norwegian Public Road Authorities.Even Øiseth, SINTEF Civil & Environmental Engineering.Jörgen HägglundHAS consult A/S, Norway

Kingston University, London

Light weight fills and insulation materials

Focused on:

Foamglass …shredded tires…

……flyash – small amountsin Norway

Application areas

Increase thestability againstfailures

Reducesettlements

Insulation

Insulation for roads, constructions, ditches, floor on ground etc

Traditonal light weight materials 60 og 70’s

Sawdust and bark: Waste from sawmillsDesign density γ = 10 kN/m3

Cellular concrete: Building blocks/slabsproduction waste

Design density:γ = 10 kN/m3

Materials seldom used today

Competitors in 2004 for lightweight fill and insulation materials.

Ekspanded polystyrene (EPS): Design density γ = 0,5 kN/m3

Includes recycling of blocks

Light Weight clay Aggregategrain size: 0 - 32 mm /10-20mmmonitoring programmeDesign density γ = 6 kN/m3.

Foamglass

• Low unit bulk density, the product is delivered in two qualities:180 kg/m3 and 225 kg/m3 (density at production plant)

• High thermal insulation qualities• High material strength, 60 – 120 kN/m2• Low moisture absorption• Chemically and thermally stable

Toxic components– below detecting level- According to SINTEF (Leachingtests) the product is

below the strictest requirements

Production process

Finely grinded glass powder + activator (e.g. silica) = glassfoamIn grinding process - heavy metals separated out melting plantsPowder run trough high temperature owen on steel belt conveyor- expands 4 times solid glass foam material

due to temperature shock - cracks into smaller unitsnormal grain size 10 – 60 mm

Light weight materials (EUR/m3)

Shreddedtires: No cost so far!

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Foamglass LWA EPS

Design density: 3,5-4 kN/m3 5,5 kN /m3 0,5 kN/m3

Consumption of foamglass in Norway and Sweden (1999 – 2004)Lightweight embankments:

Buildings Roads

Norway 13880 26590

Sweden 2405 90

Irland 770

Total 16950 26680

Insulation:

Norway 8070 16630

Sweden 1805 4986

Total 9975 21616

Annual consumption (m3) road construction

05 000

10 00015 00020 00025 00030 00035 00040 00045 00050 000

Foamglass EPS LWA

E 6 Main road through Norway2 foamglass projects presented

More than 25 road projects in Norway since 1999

E 6 Klemetsrud – Temporary and permanent roadconstruction with foamglass

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

0 5 10 15 20 25

Distance from tube end (m)

Def

orm

atio

n (c

m)

Måling 08.05.03Måling 22.05.03Måling 25.08.03Måling 19.09.03Måling 23.04.04

96

97

98

99

100

101

Hei

ght (

m) )

Foamglass

Deformations in cm measured overa period of 1 year

Light compaction

ÅDT: 30 000% Heavy traffic: High

E6, Klemetsrud

3 meter HASOPOR

580 mm Gravel20-120 mm + 0-60 mm

80 mm Ag16.

Geotextile.

45 mm Ab.

Leaching of RCA and foamglass – full scale test starting October 2004

Sieving tests performed on the material after 1 yearin the construction show no tendency of crushing.

E 6 Eggemarka :Use of foamglass for road constructions

Siltymaterials

Rock

LWA /Foamglass

Crushed rock

Insulation

E 6 EggemarkaUse of foamglass for road constructions

In addition:Foamglass as insulation material inside the tunnel.

Siltymaterials

Rock

LWA /FoamglassInsulation

Siltymaterials

Rock

LWA /FoamglassInsulation

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Distance from left (m)

Hei

ght (

m)

Slange 15.01.03Slange 15.01.03O.k. fyllingSlange 17.03.04Slange 17.03.04

-10

-9

-8-7

-6

-5

-4

-3-2

-1

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Distance from tube end (m)

Def

orm

atio

n (c

m)

Måling 15.01.03Måling 13.03.03Måling 21.05.03Måling 14.11.03Måling 17.03.04

Foamglass

E 6

E 6 EggemarkaUse of foam-glass for roadconstructions.

Deformations

CUAPCommon Understanding ofAssessment Procedurefor an European Technical ApprovalConstruction Products DirectiveFactory made cellular glass loose fillETA request N° 12.01/082nd Draft March 2004

CUAP / ETA

CUAP / ETACUAP clause for

Verification method Relevant limit

value or classification

4.1.1 Load bearing capacity 5.1.1 4.1.2 Crushing resistance 5.1.2 4.1.3 Behaviour under cyclic load 5.1.3 4.7.1 Resistance to freezing and thawing 5.5.1

4.3.1 Release of dangerous substances 5.3.1

4.6.4 Thermal conductivity 5.4.1 4.6.2 Capillary water suction height 5.4.2 4.6.3 Water absorption 5.4.3 4.6.5 Density 5.4.4 4.6.6 Particle size distribution 5.4.5 4.7.1 Resistance to freezing and thawing 5.5.1

4.6.2 Capillary water suction height 5.4.2 4.6.3 Water absorption 5.4.3 4.6.4 Thermal conductivity 5.4.1

Relevant characteristics

The initial type-testing conducted by Norwegian Building Research Institute (NBI) and SINTEF Technology and Society, Rock and Soil Mechanics. Initial type-tests are now finished in accordance with CUAP no. ETA request 12.01/08.

Laboratory testing, creep modelHasopor Light

Creep strain at 150 kPa(Hasopor Light)

1 14 days5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0,000001 0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Time [Years]

Stra

in [%

]

measurements Test #1creep model, Test #1measurements Test #2creep model, Test #2measurements Test #3creep model, Test #3

Creep model gives less than 0.6 % creep strain from day 1 to 50 years(at stress level 250 kPa)

Laboratory testing, static triaxial tests

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

Confining pressure (kPa)

Dev

iato

ric p

ress

ure

(kPa

)2 %

5 %

15 %15 %

2 %

π=44.5 π=36.7

8 %

3 %

Field test on frost insulation

• Comparing foam glass, Light weight clay aggregate and extruded polystyrene XPS plates with the uninsulated traditional road structure.

• Planned installation summer 2005 and running for 3 years.

• Measuring temperature/frostpenetrationgiving the resulting frost index when the frost penetrates into the subsoil.

Field section, 40 meters (4x10)

Traditional Blasted/crushedrock LWA Foam glass XPS

(20 mm)

40+40 mm30 mm370 mm

+130 mm

Subsoil

Monitoring field program

• Deformation – creep (settlement tubes)

• Deformation/crushing due to compaction

• Density – water content

• Sieving tests

• Bearing capacity (Plate bearing tests and falling weight measurements)

• Temperature

Density, watercontent, crushing (fines)

Roadproject

Quality Buildt Fieldtest

Volume[m3]

Watercont[weight%]

Density[kg/m3]

Fines < 8 mm [%]

Rv 17 Rosendal

HASOPOR std

1999 2002 310 18 530 30

G/S-veg Lodalen

HASOPOR std

2001 2001 1500 3-18 325

Rv 120Nannestad

HASOPOR light

2001 2001 2900 500 15-65

E6 Mulekrysset

HASOPOR llight

2002 2002 550 295 25-35

E6 Klemetsrud

HASOPOR light

2003 2003 1100 0,5 271 5-20

E6 Steinkjer HASOPOR std

2002 2003 1000 15-20 345 20

E6 Steinkjer ®HASOPOR std

2002 2004 1000 16-29 409 7-13

Compaction / crushing in the constructionperiod and long time performance.

Project Max heightlight weight fill.

[m]

Thickness ofcompactedlayer [m]

Compactionfactor

Def.Short term

[%]

Def.Long term

[%]

Def.in slopes

[%]

G/S-veg Lodalen 2 2 1,25 1,5 – 2,5 +0,5 – 1,0 4

Rv 120Nannestad

3 1 1,60 1 +0 – 0,5 2 – 3

E6 Klemetsrud 3 1,5 1,20 0,5 1 2

E6Steinkjer

4 1 - 1,5 - 2 +0,5 – 1,0 2 - 3

Conclusions

Foamglass granulate

• is technically and economically an interesting material for many civil engineering applications

• is fully resistant to possible chemical degrading agents in a road structure.

• has proved this in more than 25 road projects

Environmental policy

Pollution control authorities (SFT),

criteria for recycled materials:

• Material must have a function

• The material must satisfy specifications

• There must be a commercial interest

• The material must be clean

Be bright

Think light

And do it right !

Thank you for your attention !

VegdirektoratetVegteknisk avd.