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Version 7.0 and errata and all info on hydric soils can be downloaded from the NTCHS website at http://soils.usda.gov/use/hydric/.
Field Indicators
Field indicators are soil morphological features used to identify hydric soils
The features result from soil genesis in the presence of “anaerobic conditions”
They are used for on-site verification
Development of Field Indicators
Continuous process On-going since mid-80’s
Inter-agency Including universities, private sector,
federal, state, and local agencies Multi-disciplinary
Soil scientists, hydrologists, botonists
Hydromorphic Processes
Reduction, translocation, and precipitation of iron and manganese
Accumulation and differential translocation of organic matter
Reduction of sulfur
Hydric Soil Indicators Indicators are not
intended to replace or relieve the requirements contained in the Hydric Soil Definition
Indicators are used to identify the hydric soil component of wetlands; however, there are some hydric soils that lack one of the currently listed indicators
Carbon and Iron
Some indicators are based on carbon accumulation and differential decomposition and iron reduction, translocation, and differential accumulation.
Carbon and/or Iron
One indicator is based on carbon accumulation and differential decomposition and/or iron reduction, translocation, and differential accumulation: S6 Stripped Matrix.
Carbon and Iron/Manganese
One indicator is based on carbon accumulation and differential decomposition and iron/manganese reduction, translocation, and differential accumulation: F16 High Plains
Depression
Iron/Manganese
One indicator is based on iron/manganese reduction, transformation, and differential accumulation: F12 Iron-
Manganese Masses
Chroma 2 or less
Not all indicators require a chroma 2 or less F8 Redox
Depressions F19 Piedmont
Flood Plain Soils F20 Anomalous
Bright Loamy Soils
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States
Refinement of the 1987 indicators Low chroma colors, mottles Gleyed colors “High” organic matter content Organic streaking Histosol, histic epipedon Sulfidic material
Address problem soils and situations
Proof positive
If it meets a Field Indicator it is a hydric soil
If it does not meet a Field Indicator it may still be a hydric soil if it meets the definition of a hydric soil
Regional
Listed by Land Resource Region
Addresses “Problem” soils Mollisols and
vertisols Sandy soils Flooded and
ponded soils Red parent
material
Control Sections or Zones
Layers with: High value, low chroma or; Redoximorphic features or; Organic matter accumulations
At at depth Of a certain thickness
Field Indicators Glossary
An * indicates a definition in the glossary that is different from other references such as Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Manual, National Soils Handbook, and Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils.
Important Definition
Depleted matrix Gleyed matrix Organic soil material (muck, mucky
peat, and peat) Mucky mineral
Depleted Matrix
Value Chroma Redox concentrations
≥5 1 Not required
≥6 ≤2 Not required
4 or 5 2 Required
4 1 Required
Moist Color
All color requirements are for moist color.
Features are usually more readily identifiable in moist state; they may be hard to see or missing if the soil is too wet, or too dry.
Depleted Matrix
The range in colors for the depleted matrix is value 4 or more and chroma 1 or 2; however, colors of value 4 and chroma 1 or 2 and value 5 and chroma 2 must have redox concentrations.
A, E, and Calcic Horizons
A, E, and calcic horizons are excluded from the concept of a depleted matrix unless common or many, distinct or prominent redox concentrations as soft masses or pore linings are present.
Gleyed Matrix
All colors found on the gleyed pages with value ≥ 4.
The range of colors for the gleyed matrix is value 4 or more on either of the two color charts.
Reduced Matrix
Soils that have high value and low chroma in situ but color changes when exposed to air Reduced iron is
present Iron is oxidized
upon exposure
Organic Soil Material
Color of organic soil material may be important Muck – sapric
material Mucky peat –
hemic material Peat – fibric
material
Mucky Modified Textures
Mucky modified mineral soil has 0% clay and between 5 and 12% organic carbon, 60% clay and between 12% and 18% organic carbon, or intermediate amounts of clay and intermediate amounts of organic carbon.
Three Major Divisions
All soils Use regardless of texture Mostly organic based indicators
Sandy soils Loamy soils
Use sandy indicators in sandy layers, and loamy indicators in loamy layers
Indicators Format
1. Alpha numeric symbol2. Short name3. Applicable Land Resource Region4. Description of the indicator5. User notes
Rules for Field Indicator Use
A chroma of 2 or less means that the chroma cannot be higher than 2
Except for F8, F12, F19, F20, and F21 all mineral Field Indicators must have less then 15 cm (6 in) of a chroma > 2 above the indicator.
Soil Surface
The soil surface for Field Indicators A1, A2, A3, S2, and S3 begins at the actual surface.
In LRRs W, X and Y for all other Field Indicators measurements begin at the mineral soil surface.
For all other LRRs all other Field Indicators the measurements should start at the muck or mineral surface.
Combining Indicators
It is permissible to combine certain hydric soil indicators if all requirements of the indicators are met except thickness
The most restrictive requirements for thickness of layers in any indicators used must be met
Minimum Thickness Requirements for
Commonly Combined Indicators S5 – Sandy Redox 4 in. (10 cm) thick starting
within 6 in. (15 cm) of the soil surface S7 – Dark Surface 4 in. (10 cm) thick starting
within 6 in. (15 cm) of the soil surface F1 – Loamy Mucky Mineral 4 in. (10 cm) thick
starting within 6 in. (15 cm) of the soil surface F3 – Depleted Matrix 6 in. (15 cm) thick starting
within 10 in. (25 cm) of the soil surface F6 – Redox Dark Surface 4 in. (10 cm) thick
entirely within the upper 12 in. (30 cm) F7 – Depleted Dark Surface 4 in. (10 cm) thick
entirely within the upper 12 in. (30 cm)
Example of a Soil That is Hydric Based on a
Combination of Indicators
• 3-6 inches meets F6 Redox Dark Surface, but thickness requirement is 4 inches
• 6 to 10 inches meets F3 Depleted Matrix requirements, but thickness requirement is 6 inches
• Add the 3-6 inch and 6 to 10 inch layer thicknesses together to get 7 inches which is thicker than the most restrictive requirement of 6 inches
Example of a Soil That is Hydric Based on a
Combination of Indicators
• 0 to 3 inches meets F6 Redox Dark Surface, but thickness requirement is 4 inches
• 3 to 6 inches meets S5 Sandy Redox, but thickness requirement is also 4 inches
• Combine the thickness of the 2 layers to get 6 inches
Key to Soils that Lack Field Indicators
Dig a hole to 6 in. Do organic soil materials or mucky modified
layers exist? Does chroma ≤ 2 exist? Are there any distinct or prominent redox
concentrations as soft masses or pore linings? Is there a hydrogen sulfide odor? Do stripped zones in a sandy layer exist? Are you in red parent material, a depression,
on a floodplain, or within 200 m of an estuarine marsh and 1 m of mean high water?
If answer is no to all questions, the soil will not meet an indicator.