15
3/1/2019 1 Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils – Introduction The definition of a hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part Anaerobic conditions – the absence of oxygen, preventing normal life for organisms that depend on oxygen Leads to hypoxia (reduction in dissolved oxygen) Hydrophytic vegetation – plants capable of growing in soils with high water content (or submersed under water)

Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

1

Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands

Hydric Soils – Introduction

• The definition of a hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part

– Anaerobic conditions – the absence of oxygen, preventing normal life for organisms that depend on oxygen• Leads to hypoxia (reduction in dissolved oxygen)

– Hydrophytic vegetation – plants capable of growing in soils with high water content (or submersed under water)

Page 2: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

2

Hydric Soils – Concept

• The concept of hydric soils includes soils developed under sufficiently wet conditions to support the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation

• Soils that are sufficiently wet because of artificial measuresare included in the concept of hydric soils

• Also, soils in which the hydrology has been artificially modified are hydric if the soil, in an unaltered state, was hydric

• Some series, designated as hydric, have phases that are not hydric depending on water table, flooding, and pondingcharacteristics

Hydric Soils – Field Indicators

• Field indicators are soil characteristics which are documented to be strictly associated only with hydric soils

• Field indicators are an efficient on‐site means to confirm the presence of hydric soil

• Field indicators are designed to identify soils which meet the hydric soil definition without further data collection

• Some hydric soils exist for which no field indicators have yet been recorded and documented, and to identify these soils as hydric, evidence must be gathered to demonstrate that the definition is met

• Additional Field Indicators are being developed and tested

Page 3: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

3

Hydric Soils – Soil Lists• Hydric soils lists are found in the National Soil Information System (NASIS) database

– selection criteria that were developed by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils

• Hydric soil lists have a number of agricultural and nonagricultural applications

– Including land‐use planning, conservation planning, and assessment of potential wildlife habitat

• A wetland is defined by a combination of:

– hydric soil, 

– hydrophytic vegetation, and 

– hydrology properties 

– This is described in:

• The National Food Security Act Manual (Soil Conservation Service, 1994) and 

• The Corps of Engineers (COE) Wetlands Delineation Manual (Environmental Laboratory, 1987)

Therefore, an area that meets the hydric soil definition must also meet the hydrophytic vegetation and wetland hydrology definitions in order for it to be correctly classified as a jurisdictional wetland

Hydric Soils – Soil Lists

• The national list of hydric soils is updated annually by the USDA/NRCS

• The most current national electronic list of hydric soils may be obtained directly from http://soils.usda.gov/use/hydric/

• These detailed lists are available by contacting the NRCS and are recommended only for preliminary use in making wetland determinations

• Field indicators must be used for all on‐site determinations of hydric soils

Page 4: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

4

area symbol area namemap unit

seqmap unit symbol

map unit namecomponent name and

phase

percent composition

RVlandforms hydric rating

hydriccriteria

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 3 ArA Armagh silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Armagh 90

Depressions, Hills Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 4 ArB2

Armagh silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Armagh 90

Depressions, Hills Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 5 At Atkins silt loam Atkins 85 Flood plains Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 5 At Atkins silt loam Elkins 5 Flood plains Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 6 BkA Brinkerton silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Brinkerton 85 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 7 BkB2

Brinkerton silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Brinkerton 80 Hillslopes Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 8 BnA Brinkerton silt loam, very wet, 0 to 3 percent slopes Brinkerton 90 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 9 BnB Brinkerton silt loam, very wet, 3 to 8 percent slopes Brinkerton 90 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 10 BsB

Brinkerton very stony silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Brinkerton 85 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 10 BsB

Brinkerton very stony silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Markes 5 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 11 BtB

Brinkerton very stony silt loam, very wet, 0 to 8 percent slopes Brinkerton 90 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 12 CaA Cavode silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Brinkerton 5 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 13 CaB2

Cavode silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Brinkerton 5 Hillslopes Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 14 CaC2

Cavode silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Brinkerton 5 Hillslopes Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 16 CcC3

Cavode silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Armagh 1

Depressions, Hills Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 16 CcC3

Cavode silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Brinkerton 1 Depressions Yes 2B3

PA063Indiana County, Pennsylvania 17 CdB Cavode very stony silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Brinkerton 5 Hills Yes 2B3

Wetlands – Wetland Hydrology

• An area that is characterized as having wetland hydrology is a land surface that is either inundated or the upper portion of the soil is saturated at a sufficient frequency and duration to create anaerobic conditions

• The presence or absence of wetland hydrology may be determined through the on‐site identification of established field indicators

Page 5: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

5

Wetlands – what are they?

• A wetland is an area of land where the soil is saturated with water moisture permanently or seasonally

• Wetlands vary in size and kind:– Palustrine (Latin for ‘marsh’) wetlands are in‐land, non‐tidal wetlands

• Usually dominated by trees, shrubs, persistent emergent plants, mosses or lichens

– Lacustrine (Latin for ‘lake’) wetlands are deep‐water habitats which are depressional or dammed water bodies• Usually differentiated by size – Laustrine are greater than 20 acres in size

– Riverine (‘river’) wetlands are wetlands and deep‐water habitats within a geomorphic river channel

Wetlands – what are they good for?

• Economically regarded as ‘waste’ lands, wetlands are being recognized for their ecological and potentially environmental positives

• Some ecological positives:– Water Storage – working like a sponge or a tub, wetlands retain water and slowly release it 

into ground or surface waters.  This reduces:

• velocity

• erosion potential

• flood potential and flood heights

– An acre of wetland can store 1 – 1.5 million gallons of floodwater (USEPA)

– Water filtration – after slowing velocity, wetland water moves slowly with plants, allowing suspended sediment to drop and settle

– Biological productivity – Comparable to tropical rainforests and coral reefs, wetlands are some of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the world

• Provides habitats for plants, fish and other wildlife

• Production and storage for energy that is consumed in the food chain

– Up to ½ of all North American birds species nest or feed in wetlands

Page 6: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

6

Wetland Delineation

• There will be many opportunities and obligations that involve wetland delineation

• How do you determine what a wetland is, or is not?– In reality, there is no natural boundary between the classes that humans 

define on these gradients (wetland/upland)

– The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's definition from Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, which defines wetlands as "lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems.“

• Determining if and what constitutes a wetland is a scientific exercise and a matter of policy

Wetland DelineationThe ‘bible’ of wetland delineation is the 143 

page U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), “Wetlands Delineation Manual”

http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/wlman87.pdf

Page 7: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

7

Wetland DelineationWetland delineation – Involves the 

identification of and spatial distribution of;

Anaerobic conditions – the absence of oxygen, preventing normal life for organisms that depend on oxygen

– Hydrophytic vegetation – plants capable of growing in soils with high water content

– Hydric soil ‐ a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.

http://w

ww.schmidco.com/m

itigate.htm

l

Wetlands Regulation ‐ Federal

• Federal Wetland Regulation Legislation:

– Clean Water Act – Section 404

• http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/regs/

– The CWA Sec. 404 Part 230 defines wetlands as;– “those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.  Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas”

Page 8: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

8

Wetlands Regulation ‐ Federal

• Federal Wetland Regulation Legislation:

– Rivers and Harbors Act – Section 10

Rivers and Harbors Act – Section 10Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act requires authorization from the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (Army Corps) for the construction of any structure in or over any navigable water of the United States, the excavation/dredging or deposition of material in these water or any obstruction or alteration in a "navigable water“

Structure or work outside the limits defined for navigable waters of the U.S. require a §10 permit if the structure or work affects the course, location, condition, or capacity of the water body

• "Navigable waters" of the U.S. are those subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the mean high water mark and/or presently used, or have been used in the past, or are susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce

– The term includes coastal and inland waters, lakes, rivers and streams that are navigable, and the territorial seas

– Susceptible ‐ capable of submitting to an action, process, or operation 

• Section 10 and CWA §404 do overlap in some activities involving wetlands. Permits for activities regulated under both are processed simultaneously by the Army Corps

Page 9: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

9

Rivers and Harbors Act – Section 10

Activities not requiring a §10 permit:

• Bridges or causeways ‐ includes highway, railroad, and foot bridges as well as aqueducts, aerial tramways, conveyers, and overhead pipelines. It does not include power transmission lines, communication cables, submerged pipelines or tunnels. Bridges do, however, require authorization for discharges or fill material under Clean Water Act (CWA) §404

• Wharves and piers ‐must be located on water wholly within a single state and determined navigable, and not have an unacceptable impact on navigation

• Hydropower facilities licensed by the Department of Energy. Discharges of dredged or fill material associated with these facilities still require a CWA §404 permit

• Floating recreational facilities at Army Corps owned reservoirs

• Army Corps civil works projects

• CERCLA (Superfund) cleanup actions

Rapanos v. United States

• Tested the authority and ‘range’ that the USACE could apply to ‘navigable waters’

• Developer filled in 50 acres of wetlands (some say it was wetlands, some say it was a series of ditches) and was found guilty of violating the Clean Water Act (CWA)

• Justice Scalia accused the USACE of “stretching the term [navigable] beyond parody”

• Rather than clarifying as to what ‘navigable’ is, the Rapanos decision made the definition murkier 

Page 10: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

10

Rapanos v. United States

• Under the Rapanos decision, CWA jurisdiction did not change for TNW (traditionally navigable waters), but did create conditions for waters that are not TNW

• CWA jurisdiction can be extended to non‐TNW if one of the two are met:1. Non‐navigable tributaries of TNWs that are relatively permanent

1. Year‐round flow, or

2. Seasonal flow extending at least 3 months

2. Is a case‐by‐case provision that requires that a ‘significant nexus’ is established for non‐relatively permanent tributaries and adjacent wetlands that have characteristics that may significantly affect TNWs

Rapanos v. United States• With the Rapanos ruling, the following waters of the United States are 

jurisdictional under Section 404 of the CWA: – TNWs, including territorial seas

– Wetlands adjacent to TNWs 

– Relatively permanent waters that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs 

– Wetlands directly abutting relatively permanent waters that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs

– Impoundments of jurisdictional waters 

• Where there is a significant nexus, CWA jurisdiction may extend to the following waters: – Non‐relatively permanent waters that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs

– Wetlands adjacent to but not directly abutting relatively permanent waters that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs

– Wetlands adjacent to non‐relatively permanent waters that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs

– Isolated (interstate or intrastate) waters, including isolated wetlands

Page 11: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

11

Wetlands Regulation ‐ State

• State (Pennsylvania) Wetland Regulation

– PA Code Chapter 105 – Dam Safety and Waterway Mgt.

• § 105.1  defines "Wetlands“, under the Act, at, as follows: 

• "Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions, including swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas." 

Wetlands Regulation ‐ State• State (Pennsylvania) Wetland Regulation– PA Code Chapter 105 – Dam Safety and Waterway Mgt.

• § 105.451. Identification and delineation of wetlands—statement of policy

• (a) This section sets forth the policy of the Department as to the methodology to be used for the identification and delineation of wetlands. 

• (b) The use of some delineation method is necessary in order to administer, implement, enforce and determine compliance with the act, – The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—691.1001), 

– the Solid Waste Management Act (35 P. S. § § 6018.101—6018.1003), 

– the Surface Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act (52 P. S. § § 1396.1—1396.31), 

– the Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act (35 P. S. § § 750.1—750.20), 

– the Oil and Gas Act (58 P. S. § § 601.101—601.605) and,

– other applicable statutes

• (c) The Department adopts and incorporates by reference the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual (Technical Report Y‐87‐1)

Page 12: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

12

Wetland MitigationWetlands Protection and Mitigation Hierarchy

A. Avoid ImpactB. Minimize ImpactC. Mitigate or Compensate for Unavoidable Impact

a) Restore Damaged Wetlandsb) Enhance Existing Wetlandsc) Create New Wetlands

• Mitigation – means to lessen the impact of an action; to lessen

• In PA, wetland mitigation involves creating new wetlands at a ratio of at least 1:1 (one acre created for every one destroyed) 

http://w

ww.schmidco.com/m

itigate.htm

l

Increasing Cost$

Page 13: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

13

Wetlands Conservation

• Wetlands are protected by several pieces of Federal and State Legislation

– Federal Wetland Regulation Legislation:

• Clean Water Act – Section 404– http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/regs/

• Rivers and Harbors Act – Section 10

– State (Pennsylvania) Wetland Regulation:

Page 14: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

14

Wetland Permitting

Wetland Mitigation Banking

Page 15: Hydric Soils and Introduction to - Indiana University of ......Hydric Soils and Introduction to Wetlands Hydric Soils –Introduction • The definition of a hydric soil is a soil

3/1/2019

15