Comun Functions

8/2/2019 Comun Functions

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COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION

It refers to the purpose the speaker or writer gives to aspecific discourse. The constituents of the discourse are

organized and sequenced following a specific rhetorical

structure, according to the communicative purpose we

have in mind when producing the discourse.

Conversation Description Definition

The most common are:


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Instruction

Procedure

Narration Argumentation

Classification Exposition


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Conversation is a type of communicative functionthrough which two participants take turns to expresstheir ideas, ask for information, respond others questionsmake comments, request, etc.

greeting

Turns in theconversation

closure

Rhetorical

Organization

Introduction

Conclusion

Development

Aspect commonly found inconversations

Incomplete sentences (I dont know where doyou know where my glasses are?Mispronunciations (I gotta go)

Slips of the tongue (dont brother sorry dontbother)

General or referential words (stuff, things, here,there,, etc.)


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Marco: hi Peter what happened to you?

Peter: hi Marco I got an injured playing football last week

Marco: oh manhow come?

Peter: I was playing forward and a player from the other team gave mea big kick It was terrible I mean, I almost cry the pain wasunbearableI had to leave the match that day the doctor says I cannot playfor three moths.

Marco: uff!... Too bad man hope you feel better

Peter: yeah hopefully

A bad dayTwo friends meet at a supermarket.. One of them is using

crutches


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Description is a type of textual sequenceused to express details about a specific topic

Physical D. Function or process D. Emotional D.

CLASSIFICATION

Physical descriptionof an object, animal,

person, etc.in terms of shape,weight, height,

Volume, texture, etc.

Description of differentdevices in terms of

the function of its partsand as a whole

Provides details ofpeople in

terms of theirpersonality: feelings,attitudes, preferences

Pp phrase, adv of place,N, Adj.

Modals, imperatives,Comparatives,

Causality, time &

order

N, Adj, Sense V.


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There are different hotels that offer the most amazing services aroundthe world. One of them is the well known The Ritz

With more than 200 bedrooms, this hotel is one of the fanciest placesin the whole Europe. Each room has been decorated with great style; their

comfort lies on the different services each one of them has: when you book aroom, you will have access to a living room which can be decorated according todifferent styles (Greek, Colonial, York, etc.), a small but well equiped kitchen, aking size bed and a balcony which leads you to the most amazing view to theGreen Park.

The staff is composed of more than 500 people who are willing to helpyou with any request. Some of the facilities this hotel offers to people whodecide visiting them are an Olympic size pool, which can be temperedaccording to the degrees you prefer; a spa, which offers facial treatments,chocolate showers and body massages, and more than 50 shops, where you canfind anything: clothing stores, drugstores, supermarkets, etc.

The Ritz


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Definition is a type of textual sequence used toprovide information of a specific terminology

Formal Definition Semi formal D. Non formal D.

Classification

Complete definitionIn terms of:

The term being definedClass to which it belongsDifferences between theterm being defined and

the other members ofthe same class

They provide lessInformation than aFormal definition.

They only contain two ofThe three elements F.D.

transmit

They do not providePrecise informationabout the term beingdefined. Referentialwords are used to

induce

previous knowledge


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There are different places where people can live,alone or with their family. Some of these places arehouses. A house is the building, the infrastructure wherepeople live. Some of us can live in big house, havingdifferent rooms such as the living room, the kitchen,

more than two bathrooms, a backyard, a garage andeven an attic.

Some of the advantages from living in houses are

that people can have more space since houses can bevery big. Their disadvantage relies on their price: thebigger the house is, the most expensive it becomes. Insuch cases, people can look for another alternative: theapartment. it is not so spacious as the house, but it canprovide the same facilities since it is composed of

bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen and living room. In any

Places to live in


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ORIENTATION THE PROBLEM

THE CLIMAX THE CODA

Hatch (1992)

THE ACTIONS

Narrative texts are constructed to narrate actions andevents that happened in a sequential order

Time,settingplace,

characters

It introducesthe

situation

It explainsthe actions

the

characterspermorm

It explainsthe

resolutionof the story

It introducesthe

possiblemoral

at the end of

the story

Yesterdayafternoon,I was at homewhen

My brother came yellingHe was so angry I gotscared. My mom asked him what the problem wasand he said

After he spoke to us, he began felling very relaxed. He had let all the

problems to stress him thats not good.People should be aware of hesituation and how to deal with it. Its best to relax and think than toet stressed out and not think at all


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VERB TENSE

COMMON WORDS

Hatch (1992)

CONNECTIVESAND DISCOURSE

MARKERS

Narrative texts are constructed to narrate actions andevents that happened in a sequential order

Mostly inpast tense

Adjectives(to describe

thesituations)

Order: first,second, finally

Time: A long timeago,

Last year, lastweek


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Alyssa first met Josh at work. He was giving a talk at a meeting when

Alyssa walked in, twenty minutes late. He was a little annoyed at her lateness.However, after that first meeting, they started to work on projects together.

Alyssa says, we were a wonderful team. We respected and learnt fromeach other. When we had to stay late, we began having dinners together. We

became good friends . Soon we hated being apart. After a year, Josh proposed.Alyssa and Josh are celebrating their second anniversary next Monday.

Today, 46 percent of the workforce in the united states is female. Moreand more women are becoming top executives, both in the united States and

around the world. In many offices, men and women work side by side as equals.In many ways, the workplace is becoming a community whose members sharework projects and interests. And love grows naturally in places where peopleshare interests and work.

Alyssa and Josh are an example of why an office romance can be avery good thing. Their love and their interest in each other increased theirinterest in their work. Their romance ended u bein ood for the com an and

Love at the office


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INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

Hatch (1992)

THE ARGUMENTS

Argumentation is the action of weakening orsupporting a statement

It gives a briefidea about the

topic

They introduces thethesis to bedeveloped

It introduces thedifferentin favor or

against reasons

It sums up all thestatements.

Sometimes it makes clearthe authors positions about

the topic

Being healthy is something everybodydreams of

THE PREMISESExercising isone of the best ways to be healthy

because

It helps your body burn all the extra caloriesand it makes your muscles strength. Another

wayto keep healthy is by eating balanced foodbecause

So, if you want to reach this level inyour life,

you should consider seriously theseactivities


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COMMON WORDS

CONNECTIVES

Mostly inpresent tense

Adjectives(to describe

the arguments)Synonyms,

references,generalizations

Order: first, second, finallyComparative: like, as,

similarContrastive: but, otherwise,

unlike,on the other hand etc.

VERB TENSE


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If you consider life as a precious treasure, you would consider thefollowing information as important: passengers should refuse to ride any vehicledriven by someone who has been drinking. First and most important, such arefusal could save lives. The National Council on Alcoholism reports that drunkdriving causes 25,000 deaths and 50 percent of all traffic accidents each year.Not only the drivers but also the passengers who agree to travel with them areresponsible.

Second, riders might tell themselves that some people drive well evenafter a few drinks, but it is not true. Dr. Burton Belloc of the local Alcoholism Treatment Center explains that, even one drink can lengthen the reflex timeand weaken the judgment needed for driving. Other riders might feel foolish toruin a social occasion or inconvenience themselves or others by speaking up;but risking their lives is even more foolish.

Finally, by refusing to ride with a drinker, one passenger couldinfluence other passengers or the rider. Marie smith is an example. When threefriends who had been obviously drinking offered her a ride home from schoolrecently, she refused, despite the drivers teasing. Hearing Maries refusal, two

of her friends got out of the car.

Refusing Death


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Alyssa first met Josh at work. He was giving a talk at a meeting when

Alyssa walked in, twenty minutes late. He was a little annoyed at her lateness.However, after that first meeting, they started to work on projects together.

Alyssa says, we were a wonderful team. We respected and learnt fromeach other. When we had to stay late, we began having dinners together. We

became good friends . Soon we hated being apart. After a year, Josh proposed.Alyssa and Josh are celebrating their second anniversary next Monday.

Today, 46 percent of the workforce in the united states is female. Moreand more women are becoming top executives, both in the united States and

around the world. In many offices, men and women work side by side as equals.In many ways, the workplace is becoming a community whose members sharework projects and interests. And love grows naturally in places where peopleshare interests and work.

Alyssa and josh are an example of why an office romance can be avery good thing. Their love and their interest in each other increased theirinterest in their work. Their romance ended u bein ood for the com an and

Love at the office


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To instruct means to give a series of commands with someaccuracy in order to reach a goal

VERB TENSECONNECTIVES AND

DISCOURSE MARKERS

Imperativeand

impersonalstructures

Chronological andOrder:

first, second,finally

Good morning. Can you help me?

Yes

Im looking for a supermarket. Do you know where I can find one? Yes, first, walk straight ahead until Los Medanos Avenue and then turn left.

You will find one in there.

Great! And one more thing. Do you know where I can find a nice restaurant?I want to have a fancy dinner tonight.

Well, theres an expensive restaurant on Independence Avenue. When youfinish at the supermarket, go back to the corner of Los Medanos Av. andthen, turn right to Independence Av. Go ahead for 6 blocks. The restaurant is

A tourist, who is in El indio Manaure asks you to help him findsome places:


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1. Make sure you are in an area where the signal can be received. Open theflip and look for the signal symbol on the home screen

note: the more bars you see in the symbol, the clearer the reception will be.If there are no bars, try to move to where the reception is better: in some cases,this can be as simple as turning to face a different direction

2. Fully extend the antenna

3. Enter the phone number

4. Press the call button

Note: if your phone cannot locate a signal for 15 minutes, it changes topower-save mode. If you see the message power save mode and no signal on

the screen, press any key to return to normal operating mode and try your callagain

5. when you are done, close the flip or press the end button

Making a call


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Procedure sequence is used to express a series of steps orstages in a sequential order in order to describe and explain

the different steps (we do not give orders. We explain the process)

VERB TENSE

CONNECTIVES ANDDISCOURSE MARKERS

Mostly inpresent

Chronologicaland Order:first, second,

finally

VOICE SYSTEM

Passivevoice

The water cycle is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky

and back

again. First, the energy is provided by the Sun's heat in order to evaporate

water from the

Earth's surface. As this process begins, the water vapor eventually condenses,

forming tinydroplets in clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation is

The watercycle


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The basic idea of a clothes washer is simple: this machine is

composed of a drum that fills in with water. When clothe is inside, and

the machine is on, it starts to wash the clothe by adding some water

and putting it in soap suds for a while. This can be done thanks to the

drum has lots of small holes to let water in and out. After this first

cycle, more water fills in the drum, which begins to shake from side to

side. After the water rinses all the soap, the washing machine spins

very fast to remove the water afterward. This cycle is called The spin

cycle.

When the machine has rinsed all the water from the pieces, the

Washingmachine


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Classification is a type of textual sequence very related todefinition. With it, we can explain a specific topic

Complete C. Partial C. Implicit C.

Classification

It provides informationIn terms of:The members of a classThe class to which they

belongThe criteria for the

classification

Extensive details arenot provided.Some criteria are used.

Classification is madewithout any explicitWords; so, it must be

inferred

Consonants: voiced /voiceless

Voiced: vibration of V.C.

Voiceless: non vibration

Consonants can beclassified in:

Voiced or voiceless

Synonyms, antonymsand general words arelexical cohesive devices


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Individual paragraphs, the building blocks of essays,articles, chapters, and other longer papers may be classifiedin a variety of ways. At the essay level, paragraphs may besorted into functional groups such as introductory,developmental, transitional, summarizing and the like.Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer,particular paragraphs may be thought of as aiming topersuade, inform, argue or entertain.

Paragraphs may also be classified according to such

techniques of development as comparison, contrast anddefinition. Another development device might also be theclassification paragraph, which organizes item or ideas to bediscussed into relatively homogeneous groups. Suchclassifications make it possible to talk about a large numberof paragraphs by grouping them into a small number of

classes

Classification of theparagraphs


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Exposition is a type of communicative functionwhich main goal is to inform and transmit basically new information

to the reader, in order to increase their knowledge in relation to sspecific topic

Expository text Unfamiliar,

new

topics

Modify thereadersstate of

knowledge

Introducti

on

Developm

ent

Conclusio

n

It presents abrief

descriptionof the topicsoon to beexplained

It representsthe body of

the textthrough

which thetopic isdefined,

explained,

exemplified,

It presents asummary to

emphasize themost important

aspects of the topicexplained in the

developmentsection


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COMMON WORDS

CONNECTIVES

Mostly inpresent tense Grammatical cohesion

(pronouns)Lexical C.: Synonyms,

references,generalizations

Cause and Result: because, as aconsequence, etc

Contrastive: but, otherwise, unlike,Additive: moreover, besides,

furthermorePunctuation marks: comma semi colon

VERB TENSE


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Perhaps the primary difficulty for most people can be

captured in terms of a distinction between acquisition and

learning. The term acquisition, when used of language,

refers to the gradual development of ability in a language

by using it naturally in communicative situations. The termlearning, however, applies to a conscious process of

accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of

a language.Even in ideal acquisition situations, very few adults

seem to reach native-like proficiency in using a second

language sincethere are individuals who can achieve great

expertise in writing, but not in speaking. One example is

the author Joseph Conrad, whose novels have becomeclassics of English literature, but whose English speech is

reported to have retained the strong Polish accent of his

first language.

This, therefore, might suggest that some features of a

second language are easier to acquire than others.

Although it continues to be a matter of some debate, this

type of observation is sometimes taken as evidence that,

after puberty, it becomes very difficult to acquire another

language fully.

Against this view, it has been demonstrated that

students in their early teens are quicker and more

effective L2 learners than, for example, seven years old: It

may be that the acquisition of a L2 requires a combination

of factors.The optimum age may be during the years from ten to

sixteen, thanks to the flexibility of the language

acquisition on the language faculty has not been

completely lost; hence, the maturation of cognitive skills

allows a more effective working out of the regularfeatures of the L2 encountered

Teaching and Learning aL2

Is grammar,for

example,easier

to acquire thanphonology?

Is Mathematicslearned oracquired?

The termpubertyrefers tothebiologicalchangesthat occurduring

adolescence

What factorsdo you

consider areinvolved In L2acquisition?

L2

Acquisition

Learning

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Comun Functions