Organization of the Human Body

Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy = Structure

Physiology = Function

How is the body organized?

Body Systems

Main Life ProcessesMetabolismSum of chemical

processes occurring in body

ResponsivenessDetect and respond to

changes in environment

GrowthAn increase in size or

number of cells

MovementMotion of whole body,

individual organs, single cells, etc

DifferentiationUnspecialized cells become specialized

ReproductionFormation of new

cells or production of new individual

Homeostasis

- Maintenance of relatively stable body conditions

- Internal environment remains constant despite changing external environment

- Homeostatic Mechanisms:- Nervous system nerve impulses- Endocrine system hormones

Feedback System

Negative Feedback System-Heart Rate

↑ Blood Pressure

About to give a presentation

Baroreceptors in blood vessels

↓ Heart Rate ↑ Heart Rate (Imbalance)

Heart Rate Normal ( In Homeostasis)

Positive Feedback System-Giving Birth

Cervix Dilated (Imbalance)

Cervix Opening Normal ( In Homeostasis)

Cervix Receptors Smooth Muscle

Receptors

Factors That Influence Homeostasis- Environment

- Toxic substances (ex: pollution, venomous bites, poisons, etc)- Temperature

- Behavior- Eating habits- Thoughts- Exercise

- Genetics- Hemophilia- Congenital heart defects

- Age- Decreased production of hormones- Decreases lung capacity- Decreased kidney and digestive function

Talking About the Body—Body Regions

1)Head2)Neck3)Trunk4)Upper Limb5)Lower Limb

*Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

Talking About the Body—Directional Terms

Talking About the Body—Planes and Sections

-Sagittal Plane: divides left and right-Frontal Plane: divides front and back

-Transverse Plane: divides upper and lower -Oblique Plane: divides at an angle

Body Cavities

1. Several body cavities & layers of membranes within cavities- Spaces within the body that surround organs

2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

Body Cavities

- Cranial Cavity- Vertebral Cavity

- Thoracic Cavity - Pleural Cavity - Pericardial Cavity - Mediastinum

- Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal Cavity - Pelvic Cavity