ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 241

Study of the Human Body

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

• ANATOMY– structure– how form & structure relate to each other

• PHYSIOLOGY– how anatomy functions

• Structure determines Function– complementarity of structure & function

WAYS TO STUDY ANATOMY

• Microscopic– Cytology

– Study of cells

– Histology– Study of tissues

• Gross– Surface– Regional– Systemic– Developmental

Levels of Organization

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Chemical or Molecular

Atomsmolecules• Cellular

basic unit of structure and function in living thingsmakes up organelles

• Tissue Level cells of similar structure & function working together to perform a specific activity4 basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ Level

tissues working together to perform a specific activity Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.

• Organ Systems Level groups of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, urinary, immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory & skeletal

• Organism Levelentire living things that can carry out all basic life processes-usually made up of organ systems– An organism may be made of one cell

Basic Life Processes• Organisms share 6 basic life

processes

• 1. Metabolism

• 2. Responsiveness

• 3. Movement

• 4. Differentiation

• 5. Growth

• 6. Reproduction

Metabolism• sum of all chemical

processes that take place in the body

• Catabolism – larger macromolecules

are broken down into smaller subunits or monomers

• Anabolism – larger macromolecules

are formed from smaller submits.

Responsiveness

• ability to detect & respond to changes

Movement

Differentiation• ability of cells to

develop from an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell

Growth

• a way to increase in size

Reproduction• making a whole new

organism• Cells able to divide

and make new cells for

• Growth• replacement

Homeostasis• organ systems are interdependent

• share same environment

• composition effects all inhabitants

• internal environment must be kept stable

• maintaining stable internal environments-homeostasis

–dynamic equilibrium

Homeostasis• varies around a Set Point

–average value for a variable• specific for each individual

–determined by genetics• normal ranges for a species

–temperature 36.7 – 37.2

HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION• Autoregulation

– cells, tissues, organs adjust automatically to environmental changes

• Extrinsic Regulation– Nervous System

• Fast• Short lasting• Crisis management

– Endocrine System• Longer to react• Longer lasting

Parts of Homeostatic Regulation• Receptor

– sensitive to environmental change or stimuli

• Control or Integration Center– receives & processes information

supplied by receptor– determines set point

• Effector– cell or organ which responds to

commands of control center

HOMEOSTASIS

FEEDBACK LOOPS• Negative Feedback

– output of system shuts off or reduces intensity of initiating stimulus

– most often seen in the body

• Positive Feedback– initial stimulus produces a response that

exaggerates or enhances its effect– blood clotting & child birth

Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback Loop