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BDA 10803Materials ScienceSession 2015/2016Semester II
P M D R . H A M I M A H B I N T I A B D. R A H M A ND e p t . o f M a t e r i a l s a n d D e s i g n E n g i n e e r i n g
F K M P, U T H M
C h a p te r O n e :
I N T RO D U C T I O N TO M AT E R I A L S S C I E N C E
Tanyakanlah lagi: "Siapakah
Tuhan yang memiliki dan
mentadbirkan langit yang tujuh,
dan Tuhan yang mempunyai
Arasy yang besar?"
(Al-Mu’minuun 23:86)
Maka sesiapa berbuat
kebajikan seberat zarah,
nescaya akan dilihatnya
(dalam surat amalnya)!
(Az-Zalzalah 99:7)
2
MATERIALS and ENGINEERING
3
Early History
• Paleolithic; approx. 2.5 million BC
• Flint: cutting edge easily formed by chippingSTONE Age
• Approx. 8000 – 5000 BC
• Pottery kilns hot enough to melt copper from ore. (Cu: Tm = 1085◦C, σy = 70 MPa or 10,000 lb/in2)
COPPER Age
• Approx. 3500 BC
• Alloying: add tin (Sn) into copper. (Sn: Tm = 232°C, σy = 125 MPa or 18,000 lb/in2) BRONZE Age
• Approx. 1500 BC
• Reduce Fe ore at high T with charcoal to capture O2, release Fe metal (Fe: Tm = 1538°C, σy = 275 MPa or 40,000 lb/in2. Add carbon to Fe → Steel! σy → > 1500 MPa (200,000 lb/in2)
IRON Age
Improved material properties,
Increase design flexibility!
4
S T O N E Ag e C O P P E R Ag e
B R O N Z E Ag e I R O N Ag e 5
The Evolution Of Materials
6
The Evolution Of Materials
7
The Evolution Of Materials
8
9
M A T E R I A L S S C I E N C E a n d
E N G I N E E R I N G
10
W h a t A r e
M a t e r i a l s . . ?
11
W h a t A r e M a t e r i a l s … ?
• Materials are all around us, from the clothes we
wear to the cars we drive, to airplanes,
computers, refrigerators, microwave ovens, TV,
dishes, silverware, athletic equipment, and
replacement joints and limbs.
• Materials make up all matter in the universe.
• The world we live in is both dependent on and
limited by the materials we HAVE.
12
W hy S t u d y
M a t e r i a l
S c i e n c e . . ?
13
Why Study Material Science?
To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations
of cast and performance.
To understand the limits of materials and the change of their
properties with use.
To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable
properties.
Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties,
processing and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new
materials.
14
Basic knowledge of materials
Applied knowledge of materials
Materials Science
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Engineering
Resultant knowledge of the structure, processing,
and performance of engineering materials
15
The essence ofMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
S T R U C T U R E
M AT E R I A L S
P R O C E S S I N GP R O P E R t I E S
16
17
18
19
The Essence of Materials Science & Engineering:
Another Opinion On The Essence
20
21
• To study about types of materials• To know the process of metals, ceramics,
polymer and composite To understand the subject To use the materials science knowledge
for future career (able to apply knowledge)
To score this subject To get an ‘A’ for this subject To pass this subject It will be an interesting subject One of the challenging subject Questions in test & final exam are easy
and simple, not tricky Study relax without pressure To build good relationship between
student and lecturer Dapat belajar dengan ikhlas Berjaya dalam subjek Menjadi mahasiswa yang berjaya Dapat belajar dengan lebih faham
berbanding semasa diploma
• Pensyarah mengajar dengan cara yang paling ringkas di mana membantu kami score dlm peperiksaan
• Menyampaikan dengan cara yang paling mudah difahami
• Menekankan pada topik utama yang masuk peperiksaan (Give hint before test & final)
• Slides and materials for this course is provided
• Kalau boleh slide jangan banyak sangat• Mengajar dalam dwibahasa (dual
language)• Lecturer can make sure that we can
apply all the knowledge obtained in this class in the real world
• Hope the class will be more lively, the lecturer will teach us until we are fully understand
• More exercise will be given• Less explaination, more exercise• Spend more time for tutorial instead of
lecture• Give us freedom to study or learn by
our own style
FACTORS INVOLVED IN MATERIALS SELECTION
Mechanical Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Shape Of Materials
Production Properties
Reliability & Availability
Cost & Materials Processing
Appearance, Life Time & Recycle
22
PROPERTIES• Properties are the way the
material responds to the environment and external forces.
• Physical Properties:– characteristics of materials with
other forms of matter (jirim) and energy
• Mechanical properties:– describes how material responds
to applied forces; strength, ductility etc.
23
PROPERTIES
• Electrical and magnetic properties:
– response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.
• Thermal properties:
– related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.
24
PROPERTIES
• Optical properties:
– include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light.
• Chemical stability
– in contact with the environment -corrosion resistance.
25
T Y P E S o f M AT E R I A L S
26
C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s :
Modern Classification
MATERIALS
METALS
POLYMERS
ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
SEMI-
CONDUCTORCOMPOSITES
CERAMICS
BIO-
MATERIALS
NANO-
MATERIALS
27
C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s :
Tr a d i t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
M E TA L
C E R A M I CP O LY M E R
C O M P O S I T E
28
C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s :
Traditional Classification
29
MA
TE
RIA
LS
M E TA L SF e r r o u s
N o n - F e r r o u s
C E R A M I C ST r a d i t i o n a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
P O Y M E R S
T h e r m o p l a s t i c
T h e r m o s e t
E l a s t o m e r
C O M P O S I T E S
M e t a l M a t r i x
C e r a m i c M a t r i x
P o l y m e r M a t r i x
C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s :
C AT E G O R I E S & E X A M P L E
• Metals– Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Zinc, Nickel,
Titanium, Silver, Gold, etc. and their alloys Steel, Brass, Bronze,etc.
• Ceramics– Porcelain China, Glass, Silicon
Carbide, Boron Nitride, Aluminum Oxide, etc.
• Polymers – Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Nylon,
Plexiglas, Bakelite, Epoxy, Polyesters, Melamine, Neoprene, Silicone,
• Composites– Concrete, MMC, CMC, Asphalt, Wood
30
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
M E TA L S
• Example:– Iron, Copper,
Aluminium, Zinc, Magnesium, Nickel, Titanium, Silver, Lead, Platinum, Gold, etc.
• And their alloys: – Steel, Brass, Bronze,
Cupronickel etc.
31
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
C E R A M I C S
• Porcelain China, Glass,
Silicon Carbide,
Silicone Nitride, Boron
Nitride, Titanium
Oxide, Aluminum
Oxide, etc.
32
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
P O LY M E R S
• Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Nylon, Plexiglas, Bakelite, Epoxy, Polyesters, Melamine, Neoprene, Silicone, etc.
33
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
C O M P O S I T E S
• MMC, PMC, CMC, Concrete, Wood, Asphalt, etc.
34
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
A D VA N C E D M AT E R I A L S
Materials that are utilized in high-technology.
Traditional materials – whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed, high-performance materials.
Device or product – operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles.
Examples : VCRs, computers, fiber optic systems, spacecraft etc.
May be of all materials types –relatively expensive.
35
Class Of Materials: Categories & Example
S M A R T M AT E R I A L S
• Group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed.
• Smart – able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners
• Two components :1. Sensors – detect an input signal2. Actuator (Penggerak) – performs a
responsive & adaptive function
• examples : shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials
36
S M A R T M AT E R I A L S
• NITINOL
– Nickel titanium, also
known as nitinol, is a
metal alloy of nickel and
titanium, where the two
elements are present in
roughly equal amounts
Example: Nitinol Paperclip
37
Comparison of Materials
BONDING MICRO-STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
METALS &
ALLOY
Metallic Crystal grains -strong, stiff
-ductile
-conductive
-fracture
-fatigue
POLYMERS Covalent & Secondary
Chain molecules -low cost
-light weight
-resist corrosion
-low strength
-low stiffness
-creep
CERAMICS & GLASS
Ionic-Covalent Crystal grains amorphous
-strong, stiff, hard
-resist temp.
-resist corrosion
-brittleness
COMPOSITE Various Matrix & fibers, etc.
-strong, stiff
-light weight
-high cost,
delaminating38
Case Study:
THE MODERN KITCHEN
39
Case Study: The Modern Kitchen
WITHOUT METALS
40
Case Study: The Modern Kitchen
WITHOUT METALS & CERAMICS
41
Case Study: The Modern Kitchen
WITHOUT METALS, CERAMICS & POLYMERS
42
Case Study: The Modern Kitchen
WITHOUT MATERIALS
43
F U T U R E A P P L I C AT I O N S O F M AT E R I A L S
44
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
A U TO M O T I V E
45
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
A I R C R A F T
46
47
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
A I R C R A F T
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
M E D I C A L / B I O - E N G I N E E R I N G
48
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
S PA C E S H U T T L E
49
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS:
E L E C T R I C & E L E C T R O N I C S
50
Summary
• Materials Science involves the study of the
relationships between the synthesis, processing,
structure, properties, and performance of
materials that enable an engineering function.
• The properties of interest can be mechanical,
electrical, magnetic or optical; the engineering
function can impact industries involved in
electronics, communications, medicine,
transportation, manufacturing, recreation,
energy, and the environment.
51
• While the field has evolved from
materials formed from metals, ceramics,
polymers and their various composites,
in recent years there has been increasing
focus on creating novel metastable
nanostructured materials using, for
example, routes inspired by nature.
• The new fields of nanotechnology and
biomaterials are providing the materials
scientist with an entirely new palette of
molecular, organic, biological and
inorganic building blocks to design and
assemble nano-engineered materials
with unique functionalities. 52
SHORT DISCUSSION1. What does it means by
‘materials’?
2. List out five (5) main classes of materials according to modern classification.
3. Give two (2) main types of polymer.
4. Give two (2) products which are made from ceramic.
5. One of the advantages of composite materials is lightweight. True or false? Why?
53
A n y Q u e s t i o n … ?
54
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