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APUSH Content Review #1Unit 1 (Colonies)Unit 2 (American Revolution-Constitution)1Colonial History ReviewJamestown survived as the first permanent British settlement in America because of the emergence of tobacco as a cash crop the mild climate of Virginia its use of Indian slaves as a labor force the religious convictions of its first settlers The Pilgrims were also known as Separatists because they: wanted to separate Plymouth from the Massachusetts Bay colonybelieved in the complete separation of church and state broke all ties with the Church of England tried to isolate the Native Americans from white settlers In founding the colony of Georgia, James Oglethorpe's primary purpose was to provide a refuge for persecuted English Quakers gain a base for launching English expeditions against Spanish Florida provide a refuge for persecuted Christians from all parts of Europe provide a refuge for English debtors The Mayflower Compact could best be described as a detailed frame of government a complete constitution a foundation for self-government an list of the causes for leaving England and coming to AmericaWhat was a proprietary colony?a colony like Virginia that was run like a business a colony like Pennsylvania that was sponsored by a religious groupa colony like Massachusetts that was forced to acknowledge the kinga colony like New Jersey that was run as a privately owned estateIn the 17c, the Great Migration refers to thesettlement of the Puritans in Massachusetts and other coloniesimmigration of Irish to the coloniesexpansion of white settlement across the Appalachian Mountains trade in slaves between West Africa and the West Indies The Virginia House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings were similar in that theyoriginated in a New England colony were completely independent of colonial governors were both responsible to the established church of the colony represented colonial participation in government In the early 1600s, migrants to New England differed from those in the Chesapeake because New England settlement was sponsored by individual proprietors New Englanders immigrated in family groups in the harsher climate of New England led to higher death tollsNew England immigrants tended to be motivated by a desire for wealth The headright system adopted in Virginiadetermined the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office toughened the laws applying to indentured servants prohibited the settlement of single men and women in the colony gave 50 acres to anyone who would transport an indentured servant to the colony Which of the following was NOT involved in the colonial Triangular Trade network?rum slaves cotton tobacco The theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which statements?: economies prosper most when trade is restricted as little as possiblecolonies are of little economic importance to the mother country it is vital that a country imports more than it exports a government should direct the economy so as to maximize exports The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threatpropose independence of the colonies from Britain declare war on the Iroquois nation prohibit New England and New York from trading with the West Indies Prior to 1763, the British policy of "salutary neglect:allowed royal colonies to elect their own governors did not enforce the Navigation Acts encouraged colonists to establish their own parliament withdrew British soldiers from North America Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly bythe planter class of Virginia young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land those protesting the increased importation of African slaves people from Jamestown only What did the Great Awakening and inter-colonial trade have in common they created disdain for England they contributed to a growing sense of shared American identity they created a rebellious spirit in America they helped create imperial rivalry between England and FranceVoyages of European Exploration

1817171704/06/9816

Voyages of European Exploration

2017171704/06/9816ChesapeakeNew EnglandMiddleSouthernIdentify the ColoniesVirginia (Jamestown)Maryland Plymouth MassachusettsRhode IslandConnecticutOthers New YorkNew JerseyPennsylvaniaDelaware North CarolinaSouth CarolinaGeorgiaInitial PurposeJoint-Stock Co to gain wealth for settlers & investorsReligious communities for persecuted Pilgrims & PuritansHoly Experiment, QuakersProprietary (PA, NY) Buffer between Spain & English colonies (GA)Gain wealthEconomies & Labor SystemsTobacco Lots of yeoman farmers, Indentured servants, & slavesFishing, rum, shipsYeoman farming villages with few slaves or servantsIntermediary shippingGrain production Yeoman farmersPlantations (rice, indigo)Lots of yeomen servants, & slaves ReligionMostly Anglican settlersCatholics (MD) Puritans (Mass Bay)Pilgrims (Plymouth) Great diversity of religions Quakers (NJ, PA)Mostly Anglican settlersSocietyShort life expectancy IndividualisticFew women House of BurgessesCongregationalistSelf-sacrificed Families & schools GrandparentsTown hall meetingsVery diverseHoly Experiment (PA) failedRoyal governors Diverse societyBarbados Slave CodeRoyal governorsImportant PeopleJohn SmithJohn Rolfe Bacon & BerkeleyJohn Winthrop Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson William PennJames of York James Oglethorpe (GA) Immigration PatternsHeadright systemYoung single malesAfrican slavesGreat Puritan MigrationFamiliesDiverse: Recruited from England, Ireland, Germany English settlersAfrican slavesImprisoned debtors

North America after 1763

America in 1750America in 1763Salutary Neglect ? Parliamentary Sovereignty ? Virtual Representation ? American Revolution ReviewWhich was NOT a result of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)?France lost Canada England incurred high war costs England gained Louisiana England made a decision to reinvigorate the mercantile system According to the Proclamation of 1763 colonial militiamen were required to put down Pontiac's Rebellion contact between colonials and Indians was strictly forbidden settlers were prohibited from crossing the Appalachians speculators could purchase land from trans-Appalachian tribes England passed the Stamp Act in 1765 to punish Americans for protests to the Sugar Act raise money to reduce England's national debt allow for illegal search-and-seizure of smugglers allow Americans to settle the Ohio River Valley Thomas Paine's Common Sense:urged Americans to declare their independence was a call for the abolition of slavery insisted that colonists be allowed to elect representatives to Parliament criticized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation The most important consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the repeal of the tax on tea failure of other colonies to support Boston's action opening of negotiations between Britain and Massachusetts enactment by Parliament of the Coercive (Intolerable) ActsThe British response to the American claim of no taxation without representation was colonial assemblies would be permitted to vote on all new taxes taxes were used for internal improvements in the colonies members of Parliament represented the interests of all British citizens Parliament ended the majority of its taxes on the colonies During the 1760s and 1770s the most effective tactic in gaining the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts was tarring & feathering British tax agents sending petitions to the king and Parliament boycotting British goods destroying private property, such as tea, on which a tax to be levied Which of the following contributed most to the American victory in the Revolution? French military and financial assistance after Saratoga the failure of Loyalists to participate in military action a major American military victory at Valley Forgethe British failure to capture Philadelphia What was the role of African-Americans in the American Revolution? as the war dragged on, southern blacks were welcomed to enlistAmericans generally avoided arming blacks, but the British recruited slaves though slaves, they rallied around the revolutionary ideas of freedomMany slaves escaped and were welcomed in the North and CanadaBritain enjoyed all of the following advantages in the Revolution EXCEPT the greatest navy and best-equipped army in the world superior industrial resources greater commitment to the conflict a coherent structure of command The Treaty of Paris in 1783 stipulated all of the following EXCEPT:British recognition of American independence boundaries of the USA to the Mississippi River Americans allow British collection of prewar debts from colonists Americans gained Florida from Spain

North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783Critical Period & Early National Period ReviewWomen emerged from the American Revolution with the new responsibility of:012345678910111213141516171819202122232425enjoying the vote serving in local political office becoming public school teachers raising sons and daughters as good republican citizens The Land Ordinance of 1785 established what precedent for new territories ?012345678910111213141516171819202122232425town hall meetings fair treatment of Indians popular sovereignty public funds for education The Judiciary Act of 1789 created0a system of lower federal courts elections for federal judges the possibility of impeachment of federal officials state courts 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Which best reflects the economic hardships of the "Critical Period"?0the Stamp Act Congress the Northwest Ordinance the Embargo Act of 1807 Shay's Rebellion 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425During the 1790s, Federalists and Republicans disagreed over all of the following EXCEPT 012345678910111213141516171819202122232425the Bank of the United States foreign policy toward England and France Hamiltons funding & assumption plan democracy versus republicanism

Three Branches of Government

The supremacy clause establishes the Constitution (not the states) as the "the supreme law of the land" Federalismstate govts & the national govt both have powerA state law cannot contradict a national lawColonial Governments1607-1781Articles of Confederation1781-1789Constitution1789-presentTaxesTaxes imposed by British crown & enforced by royal governors & tax collectors; County-courts could determine local tax ratesLeft up to the individual states; central govt did not have power to tax but can request funds from statesBoth the federal govt and the states have the power to tax (Federalism!)Legislative AuthoritySalutary neglect led to formation of colonial assemblies; Real authority rested with governor & kingUnicameral legislature; Each state has one vote in Congress but Congress is intentionally weak to leave most legislative decisions to the statesBicameral legislature with House & Senate; States make laws too (Federalism!)Executive AuthorityRoyal governors & king enforced laws; Governors councils advised the governorNo president; no authority has veto power over the states; State governors are powerless as wellPresident determined by Electoral College; Has veto power over Congress; Can make judicial appointmentsJudicial AuthorityRoyal courts & county-courts; Judges chosen by royal governorJudicial authority left up to state courts; Central govt has authority to handle disputes between statesSupreme Court established; Federal Courts given power to enforce federal law; State courts still in placeAdvantagesProvided for regional differencesSovereign states; no tyrannical oppression More powerful central govt and sovereign states; Federalism!DisadvantagesColonies gradually lost ability to make local decisions (Parliamentary Sovereignty)No power to tax, no national leadership, Difficult to amend constitution or pass lawsStates cannot act in ways that conflict with national lawsWashingtons Cabinet

Henry Knox, Secretary of War Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State George Washington, PresidentEdmund Randolph, Attorney General Hamilton (Federalist)Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)Role of GovernmentA strong national govt is necessary; the elite should rule over the massesThe states should have power to protect the yeoman farmers from potential tyrants Payment of National & State DebtsThe national govt should assume all state debts & should fund debts at full value; States like Virginia who paid off their debts should not have to help more negligible states pay off their debts TariffsThe U.S. govt should tax imported goods to generate revenue to pay off debtsThe states should not be subject to national taxes; Import taxes hurt yeoman farmers by making products more expensiveThe U.S. EconomyU.S. govt should support build infrastructure to support manufacturing U.S. is a land dominated by yeoman farmers whose interests need to be protectedCreating a National BankAmerica needs a BUS to regulate currency & interest ratesThe BUS is unconstitutional & places too much power in the hands of the eliteInterpretation of the ConstitutionThe elastic clause allows for a loose interpretation of the Constitution to fit the needs of the nation The national govt can only operate under the powers clearly expressed in the Constitution Whiskey RebellionThe national govt can issue taxes to raise revenue; The Whiskey Rebellion is a Republican plot to promote states rightsThe national govt should npt taxes the states; The govt used the army to stifle legitimate opposition to an unfair tax.French RevolutionThe U.S. should support England, not France, due to Englands superior economic systemThe U.S. should support France due to its conviction to liberty & assistance during the American Revolution

ConstitutionReviewThe group most likely to approve of the Articles of Confederation would be 0former Continental army officersthose who feared strong central government bankers, merchants, and financiers those who feared the dangers of unrestrained democracy 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425In order to become a law, a bill in Congress must 0receive a 2/3 majority of the votes in Congress receive a 3/4 majority of the votes in each house of Congress receive a 2/3 majority of votes in each house of Congress pass both houses of Congress in identical form 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Which amendment was NOT part of the Bill of Rights?: 0freedoms of speech, press, religiontrial by jury protection against illegal search direct election of senators 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Under the Constitution, the status of the Indian tribes in the west was 0not clearly defined that of conquered nations that of independent nations the same as states 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425All were weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation government EXCEPT 0it lacked the power to levy taxes it lacked the power to regulate trade it lacked the power to borrow money it lacked a strong executive 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425The central compromise of the Constitutional Convention involved the0balance of powers among the 3 branches of the federal government relationship of state & federal powers abandonment of the Articles of Confederation representation of large & small states 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425The first amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, were added to protect 0the states from the power of the federal government individual citizens from the power of the federal and state governments minorities from the majority individual citizens from the power of the federal government 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425The fact that the Constitution provided for federalism and checks and balances suggests 0the original thirteen states sought to dominate the national government the writers desired the national government to rule over the states the American people at that time supported a military government its writers feared a concentration of political power 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Both the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution provided for 0a Congress with legislative powers a Supreme Court with judicial powerpresident with executive powers local governments with veto powers 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425According to the U. S. Constitution, revenue bills must originate with 0the House of Representatives the Senate either house of Congress the president 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425In Constitution, each may be accomplished by a simple majority vote EXCEPT 0Congress declares war Congress passes a law the Senate ratifies a treaty the electoral college must select a president 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425The father of the Constitution drafted the plan to replace the Articles of Confederation and developed the Great Compromise 0Alexander HamiltonThomas JeffersonJames MadisonJames Monroe 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425This part of the Constitution gives Congress the power to pass laws that are "necessary and proper"0Habeas Corpus Elastic Clause Federalism Due Process 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425A Constitutional guarantee that persons under legal investigation receive fair treatment from government officials Double Jeopardy Self IncriminationDue Process of LawHabeas CorpusThe belief that the national government can exercise only those powers that are specifically stated by the Constitution 0Elastic ClauseStrict ConstructionLoose ConstructionOriginal Jurisdiction 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425A form of government in which power is shared by different political levels, as between states and the national government0Separation of PowersDemocracy Republicanism Federalism 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425This plan called for a national government with a bicameral legislature with members proportional to each states population0Virginia PlanNew Jersey PlanAlbany PlanCrittenden Plan 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Any power given to the national government based on the "elastic clause" and is not directly stated in the Constitution is called a0Delegated powerImplied PowerReserved PowerEnumerated Power12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Which of the following best describes the impact of Shays Rebellion?0Revision of the Articles of ConfederationA call for stronger central authorityThe movement toward states rights The Tories still in America to strengthen their position 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425SpanishFrenchEnglish

Purpose of Colonies/

ExplorationState Directed:

Find W route to Asia

Wealth (gold & silver)

Religious conversion

Expand the Spanish EmpireState Directed:

Find NW passage to Asia

Establish wealth (fur trade)

Expand the French EmpireIndividually Directed:

Religious tolerance; Religious purity

Establish wealth (cash crops); Avoid poverty

Escape turmoil or jail

Geographic Region Colonized/ ExploredCentral America, South America, present-day Mexico, Florida, SW North AmericaCanada, New Orleans, Haiti, northern Mississippi River region Eastern coast of North America along Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, & the Caribbean

Contacts & Interactions with Native Americans

Some trade; mostly conquest:

Taino, Aztecs, Incas, SE & SW Indians

Disease spread

IntermarriageSignificant trade partners with Eastern Woodlands IndiansFrontier of exclusion

Clash with Eastern Woodlands Indians (Powhattan)Assisted whites:

Squanto in NE

Pocahontas in Jamestown

Labor Systems

Native slave labor

African slave labor in South America & Caribbean Islands

Encomienda (Plantations) Settlers did the work of hunting for pelts (coureur des bois) Slave labor used in HaitiChesapeake:

Yeoman farmers

Indentured Servitude

African Slavery

New England:

Families/Yeoman

Loose or Strict Control by Mother CountryStrict control Strict controlLoose control

(Salutary Neglect)

Degree of Success of Colonization/ ExplorationGained great wealth from exploration, but failed to establish lasting colonies (which was never the goal)Gained some wealth from Canada but never control a continuous colony down the Mississippi river; New Orleans excellent trade portSome wealth from tobacco plantations; Success lies in permanence of colonies in America