APUSH FALL FINAL OUTLINEChapter 1 Collision of CulturesOutline

America Before Columbuso Early Migrations

Came through Bering Strait Came from boats to Chile and Peru

o Civilizations in Americas Incas - Peru

Largest empire Mayans - Central America

Calendar Language Agricultural Advancements

Aztecs - Mexico Tenochtitlan

o Largest city at this point Southwestern US

Maize Cahokia Great Plains and Great Basin

Hunters, Nomad Northeastern

Clovis Peopleo Traveled across Berin Straito Brought toolso Established nomadic hunting groups

Iroquoiso Permanent villageso Hunted, gatheredo Many were religious - natureo Tribal Roles

Women cared for children, prepared meals Men hunted Women helped make tribal decisions in some cultures

Europe Looks Westwardo Vasco de Gama - went around tip of Africa 1497-1498o Vasco de Balboa - crossed isthmus of Panama 1513o Reasons for Exploration

Population growth made land more expensive Advances in technology - sextant Desire for new markets and products

o Spain increased interest in exploration because of Colombus 3 distinct periods Spain claimed most of the new world except for Brazil Conquistadors

Cortez (1518) devastated natives Justified this as “god’s work”

Spain built empire on finding gold and silver Ordinance of Discovery (1570s) banned harsh military conquests Spain required catholicism Set up missions (Southwest America) Many post conquistador spanish immigrants came to set up missions

o St Augustine Florida - First European settlemento Encomienda System

Individuals were given land Slavery of natives Expected to Christianize the natives

o Pueblo revolt (Pope’s Rebellion) Native American rebellion against Spanish in New Mexico 2,000 Spanish 30,000 Pueblos Spanish priest and government eliminated any Native practices and forced them into slavery Pope and his people kill hundreds of Spanish

Spanish leave for 12 years 1696 the Spanish return

Spain began to accept more of the Native’s practices Natives received more freedoms from the Spanish

o By the end of the 1500s the Spanish monarchy controlled virtually all local governments in its new world colonies More strict in economic policies

All trade must go through a few ports

o Britain, France, and Dutch focuses on population growtho Spain did not continue to send large numbers of immigrantso Columbian Exchange

Goods, diseases, and people are exchanged From America: potatoes, maize, and tomatoes From Europe: wheat, rice, chicken, horses, oxen

Impact of Exchange In Europe and Asia, massive population growth In Africa, Spanish and Portuguese enslave West Africa In America, the spread of disease, mestizos, horses that transform native life, encomienda system

o Spanish Hierarchy Spanish were on top, natives and Africans were on the bottom

Middle are mestizo/ zambo African societies

Matrilinealo Property inherited from mother’s familyo Women played large role in tradeo Slavery was not hereditary

Africans fought each other as enemies to sell as slaves Slave trade dominated by Spain and Portugal increased due to demand for sugar and tobacco

Arrival of Englisho Reasons for English Exploration

Rising population , lack of lando Joint stock companies

Group of people would pool money together and share profits and losseso Mercantilism

Goal to benefit mother country (england) Increased desire to gain wealth

o Religion Puritans wanted to purify Anglican church

Came to seek refuge Believed in predestination - John Calvin

Separatists Extreme puritans who wanted to break from the Anglican Church (pilgrims)

o English experiences in Ireland English view Catholic Irish as savages

Humphrey Gilberto Justified treatment of Irish

Believed they must be oppressedo Believed the same about the natives

o English with the French and Dutch Spain barely colonized North America French explored North American continent and created close relationship with the natives

Coureurs de Bois - French fur traders Alliance with algonquians

o Intermarried Dutch traded furs and established around New York

Had a smaller populationo Spanish Armada

Large fleet defeated by the English England emerged as world power

o English Roanoke - “lost colony”

1590, colony found deserted with “croatoan” Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in Americao King James I

Chapter 2 Early Chesapeake

o Virginia and Marylando Jamestown

Virginia Founded in 1607 First permanent English settlement Charter colony Winter 1609 - 1610 “starving time” fever, death John Smith saved colony from starvation

Encouraged work Discipline

o Tobacco Introduced by John Rolfe Hated by King James I

Made money Exhausted land Led to expansion Led to conflict with natives

o Expansion Headright system

50 acres of land If someone paid for the passage of an immigrant, he would receive 50 acres of land

o Encouraged indentured servantso 1619

House of Burgesses Elected representatives in Virginia

First group of Africans o Conflict with natives

Powhatan Confederacy No longer a threat by 1644

o Maryland Founded by second Lord Baltimore Fared better than early Virginians did Act of toleration - Freedom of worship to all Christians

o Bacon’s Rebellion Virginia 1676 Governor Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line In “west” many farmers were under represented by house of Burgesses Conflict between Natives and westerner’s - Nathaniel Bacon wanted to be protected by the Governor

Bacon almost took control, but died Movement towards slaves for labor

Most who rebelled were former indentured servants Sparked a shift towards slavery Shows tensions between rich and poor, east and west

Growth of New Englando Plymouth

Pilgrims were separatists - wanted to break away from Anglican Church Mayflower Compact

Government led by majority rule Relationship with natives

Had good relationship with Natives William Bradford - Governor of Plymouth

o Puritans Wanted to purify of English Church King Charles I began to target Puritans 1629

John Winthrop received a charter and settled in Chesapeake Bay Puritan beliefs

Believed in predestination focused on reading the Bible and led to schools “City upon a hill” - example for the rest of the world Church members were the only people allowed to vote or hold a political office Did not extend religious freedom to others

o Thomas Hooker Founded Connecticut, established a constitution, “Fundamental Orders”

o John Williams Extreme separatist, wanted the Massachusetts Bay Colony to break away from the church Advocated for separation of church and state and that Native Americans should receive money for their land Gets banished to Rhode Island

All religions could worship in RIo Anne Hutchinson

Challenged power of clergy and rights for women Banned to Rhode Island

Many churches restricted women’s rights further after her banishmento Native American conflicts

Pequot War Conflict of land and trade Pequots were decimated

King Philip's war Fought over land Lasted several years Colonists won and Native Americans were severely weakened and no longer a threat

The Restoration Colonieso Carolina

Similar to Maryland Headright system Religious toleration to all Christians

North Poor farmers More isolated

South Wealthy plantation Very aristocratic Traded with barbados and led to slavery

o New York Originally belonged to Dutch

Various different groups Some religious toleration and local governments

o New Jersey Proprietor colony

Becomes royal colony Most citizens were small farmers

o Quakers Believed in an “inner light”

Each person could have their own religious experience All could receive salvation

Did not believe in predestination Women had many rights in church

Could speak publicly and become preachers Pacifists, no paid clergy William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvaniao “Holy experiment” - tolerated religion and made money

Paid Native Americans for their land Borderlands and Middle Grounds

o Caribbean islands Sugar cane became most important crop

Needed slave laboro Harsh slave code

Important trading partner with British and North Americao Spanish in North America

Favored converting Natives to Christianity Enlisted them as trading partners Intermarried

o Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe

Founded to be a border against Spanish Colony for debtors Originally excluded Africans, slavery, and Catholics Later, Georgia began to develop when slavery was introduced Instituted plantations modeled after those in South Carolina

o French settled interior of North America Beneficial relationship with natives

Built on trade The Evolution of the British Empire

o Mercantilism Colonies exist for the benefit and wealth of the mother country

o Navigation Acts Stated colonists could only trade to England Colonists could only ship “enumerated articles” to England - tobacco Benefits

Shipbuilding increased Lumber and iron industries increased

o Dominion of England Created by James II

Combined several colonies under Sir Edmund Andros Andros strictly enforced Navigation Acts

o Glorious Revolution James II is overthrown

William and Mary are installed as joint rulers Andros and Dominion of England are overthrown Maryland and Plymouth joined as a royal colony

Jacob Leisler Overthrew New York Leader Francis Nicholson Demonstrated tensions between lower class and wealthy

Impacts Colonies successfully resisted some English policies Strengthened belief that England should consider their views

Chapter 3 The Colonial Population

o Indentured servants ¾ of of Chesapeake immigrants in 17th century Served 4 - 5 years of labor

o Factors that promoted indentured servants Natives did not make good laborers

In some cultures up to 90% died Knew the land and could run away

Headright systemo Decline of Indentured Servants

Bacon’s Rebellion Indentured servants would become free

o Women and Families in the Colonies Chesapeake

High mortality rate affected traditional families High birth rate for mothers (every 2 years)

New England More stable family Mortality rates were lower Close-knit families were common Puritanism played a large role in daily life

Similarities Women had fewer rights than men Had many children

o Beginnings of Slavery 11 million Africans were forced to come to america as slaves Came through the “middle passage” Mid 1690s - royal African Company of England lost their monopoly on the slave trade Slave Codes - laws that regulated behavior of slaves

Marriage, readingo Changing Sources of European Immigration

French, German, Irish, and Scottish began to immigrate in large numbers Edict of Nantes

o Allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) to practice their religion Germans settled in Pennsylvania Scotts Irish settled in North Carolina, especially on the frontier

o Largest group in 18th centuryo Came from Province of Ulster

o Similarities between Regions Farming Trade with Natives

o Southern colonies Dominated by plantations

Tobacco in the Chesapeakeo More tobacco - more land - more expansion - more conflict

Georgia and South Carolina grow rice Slaves treated very harshly Harsh conditions White refused to do work

South Carolina Indigo

Farms and plantations dominated the south Not many cities

o Northern economic and technological life Dominated by lack of large scale farming

Colder climate Rocky terrain

New York and Pennsylvania produced wheat Commercial economy was important New industries by 1650

Domestic Economy Lumbering, mining, fishing, ship building

o The Rise of Money Most colonists did not have specie Commerce based on barter Triangular Trade

Americas, Europe, and Africa British Navigation Acts allowed colonies to only trade with Britain

o Colonists got around these by smuggling Patterns of Society

o In England, most people did not own property Not the case in the colonies

o The Plantation

Started in Chesapeake for tobacco Far from towns Different governments than in New England Large plantations had schools and chapels

o Plantation Slavery Most slaves lived on large plantations Slaves developed a unique culture, religion, and family structure Stono Rebellion

South Carolina 1739 100 slaves revolted, stole weapons, killed many whites Tried to flee to Florida As a result, slaves laws became more strict

Most slaves resisted slavery by running awayo The Puritan Community

Town played a huge role in daily life Divided up land and provided fields Town meeting - yearly elections (male, land owning, church members)

Halfway Covenant Increased church membership, but sacrificed religious purity

o Salem Witch Trials Hysteria throughout Massachusetts Accused were wealthy, widowed, and middle aged women Accusers tended to be less wealthy Reflected religious and social tensions

Most the accused were independent which challenged Puritan societyo Cities

New York and Philadelphia Had 25,000 by late 1700s Emerged as huge trading centers Established government New ideas emerged and spread

o Inequality Wealthy had increased power in churches and society Men had more power than women

Awakenings and Enlightenments o Tensions between Protestants and Catholicso Rhode Island

Jews could worship freelyo Westward expansion led to a decrease in power of churcho Great Awakening

1730s to 1740s Everyone can develop their own relationship with God George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards had a sermon called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God New Lights vs Old Lights New branches of Christianity begin to emerge

Less unity within the churcho The Enlightenment

17 to 18 century Movement away from religion Reason, not faith, could find knowledge Helped undermine the power of traditional authority

o Education Massachusetts law required each town to have a public school

1647 Influence of proximity and religion

Literacy rates were very high among whites Slaves were usually prohibited from reading Prior to 1763, 4 out of 6 colleges were founded for preachers

o The Spread of Science Lightningrod Inoculation of smallpox

o Concepts of Law and Politics John Peter Zenger trial

Criticizes British official    Decision was that criticism of government officials was legal if it was true

Colonial governments enjoyed self government Result of salutary neglect Colonial legislatures were very powerful

Chapter 4    Loosening Ties

o Salutary Neglect

Prime minister Robert Walpole did not enforce Navigation Actso Many colonists saw each other as foreigners

Lack of colonial unityo Albany Congress

Purpose was to create treaty with iroquoiso Albany Plan of Union

Approved by delegates, rejected by colonies Join together to keep respective constitutions

Feared tax powers Too much power to colonists “Join or Die”

o Jefferson encouraged colonies to unite The Struggle for Continent

o French and English compete for Native loyalties France was more tolerant, English had more goods

o French and Indian War 1754 Started at Fort Necessity

Near Pittsburg Both colonists and British fought the French

Colonists were not respected Peace of Paris

1763 France is removed from North America

Effects of French and Indian War Britain is in a lot of debt Needs money Illegitimacy of British affairs with colonists

o Only for mercantilism The New Imperialism

o End of salutary neglect 1763 Britain begins to tax the colonies

o George Grenville New prime minister, felt that colonists should help pay for the cost of the war

o Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 Conflict in Northwest territory Leads to Proclamation Line of 1763

Forbade colonial expansion beyond Appalchianso Sugar Act

1764 Tax on sugar to reduce illegal trade Vice admirality courts

Courts set up for smugglers Guilty until proven innocent

o Currency Act 1764 Colonists could no longer use paper money   

Colonists did not have silver or gold Reinforce mercantilist ideals Shut down economy

o Stamp Act Tax on 50 paper documents Colonists were upset without consent of colonial assemblies

Stirrings of Revolto The Stamp Act Congress

First attempt at colonial unity against the British o Patrick Henry and Virginia resolves

Belief that Americans had the same rights as English Virginians should only pay taxes passed by the Virginia assembly

o James Otis Called for an “intercolonial” congress to take action against the Stamp Act

o Sons of Liberty Terrorized stamp collectors

o Declaratory Act Passed after repeal of Stamp Act Stated Parliament could pass any laws whatsoever

o Charles Townshend British secretary of treasury

o Quartering Act 1765 Colonists must provide quarters and supplies for British troops

New York assembly disbanded for not complyingo Townshend Duties

New tax on imports Lead, paint, paper, and tea

o Nonimportation Agreements Boycotts of British goods Growth of american homespun movements Industries grew

o In 1770 all Townshend duties were repealed except for teao Boston Massacre

1770 Conflict between redcoats and colonists Killed 5 colonists Paul Revere’s engraving

Propagandao Samuel Adams

Lead revolutionary Proposed Committees of Correspondence in 1772

Example of colonial unityo The Tax Issue

Americans believed they should only be taxed with their consent “No taxation without representation”

England believed in “virtual representation”o The Tea Issue

British East India Company On the verge of Bankruptcy Tea Act of 1773

o Lowered cost of teao Designed to bail out British East India Companyo Angered colonists because they were against all British taxeso Continued to buy smuggled tea

o Boston Tea Party 1773 Dump tea in Boston Harbor In response, Britain passes Intolerable Acts

Closes port of Boston until tea is paid Extraterritoriality for British officers accused of crimes Reduced colonial government power

o Quebec Act Extended boundaries of Quebec Americans thought it was encroachment of their land Majority of people in Quebec were Catholic

Led to religious tensions Cooperation and War

o Intolerable Acts helped lead to the 1st Continental Congress All colonies except Georgia meet in Philadelphia Made a list of grievances Wanted to repeal most acts of 1763

Go back to salutary neglect Called for military preparations against British Called for non importation and non consumption of all trade with Britain Would meet again in one year They did not want independence

Wanted to go back to Salutary Neglecto Lord Chatham

Urge withdrawl of British troops from Americao Edmund Burke

Repealed Coercive Actso Lord North

Colonists could tax themselves at the Parliament’s demando Battle of Lexington

British are seeking to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock William Dawes and Paul Revere warned of the British 8 minutemen were killed

o Concord British moved there to find ammunition Americans fought British back to Boston with guerilla warfare

Chapter 5 The States United

o Olive Branch Petition Written after Lexington and Bunker Hill Appeal to the King to stop the conflict

King George III rejected this Most Americans of 1775 did not want independence

o British recruitment to fight North Americans Native Americans Southern slaves Hessians

o Common Sense Thomas Paine Purpose was to urge Americans to want independence Audience was those on the fence

o 2nd Continental Congress Urged trading with all countries but England July 1776 issues Declaration of Independence

o Loyalists People that remained loyal to England

o Patriots Favored independence

o Articles of Confederation First government of the United States Weak central government No executive branch Couldn’t tax

o The War France aided the colonists

Military Financial As a result of battle of Saratoga

The Creation of State Governmentso Republicanism

All power comes from the peopleo Equality for all?

No Slaves still existed Women had few rights

o State constitutions Governors could not hold seats in legislatures Property requirements for voting

Limited the amount of people that could voteo Religious Toleration

Statute of religious freedom Written by Thomas Jefferson

o Slavery Outlawed in Northern states Exists in Southern and border states

The Search for a National Governmento The Articles

Very small legislative brancho Powers under the Articles

Conduct foreign relations Borrow money

o Powers not given under the Articles Could not regulate trade Could not collect taxes

o Problems with the Articles 13 states required approval to amend the Articles Representation was equal

o Foreign Policy Problems Britain is not following Treaty of Paris 1783

o Land Ordinance of 1785 Congress could survey and sell western lands 36 sections: sale from one section led to public schools

o Northwest Land Ordinance 1787 Once a territory reached 60,000 people, it could apply for statehood Allowed the country to expand and for the admittance of new states Slavery was not allowed in northwest territory

o Treaty of Greenville Treaty with Native Americans, many moved out of Ohio and Indiana territories

o Post-war Depression 1784 - 1787 Country is in debt

Not a source of revenue from taxeso Farmers

Many farmers were in debt Favored increasing money supply Farmers VS wealthy

o Shay’s Rebellion Former revolutionary war veteran

Called for paper money Tax relief Elimination of imprisonment for debt End of foreclosures

Significance Shows Articles were weak Many advocated for a strong central government

Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic Framing a New Government

o Many Americans championed a new, strong central governmento Newburgh conspiracy

Military members were upset about not receiving pension Washington helped prevent the rebellion

o Major Weakness Lack of ability to tax

o Annapolis Convention 1786 5 states comes to discuss commerce Alexander Hamilton gains promise to meet next year in Philadelphia

o Shay’s Rebellion helped demand a stronger central governmento Constitutional Convention

55 delegates from 12 states (not Rhode Island)o Key Players

George Washington President

Edmund Randolph Promoted 3 branches of government

o Issue of Representation Virginia Plan (Madison)

2 houses Based on population Popular with big states

New Jersey Plan (William Paterson) 1 house Each state to have equal representation Popular with small states

Connecticut Compromise (Roger Sherman) 2 houses

o One based on populationo One with equal representation

o Compromises Compromise⅗

Slaves would count as of a person when determining population in the south⅗ Slave Trade Compromise

Effort to remove the slave trade Slave importation could not be stopped prior to 1808

Commerce Compromise What would be taxed Congress can tax imports but not exports

o Sovereignty Where does the power lie?

The people (James Madison)o Supremacy Clause

Constitution would be the supreme law of the lando Necessary and Proper

Congress to make laws that are “necessary and proper”o Federalists

Those who favored a strong central government Favor of Constitution

o Anti-Federalists Favored Articles Afraid of Constitution Feared power in central Government

o The Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay

Purpose was to gain support of the Constitutiono Bill of Rights

1791 After Constitution was ratified Promised in order to gain support of Anti-Federalists

o George Washington becomes president April 30, 1789o Judiciary Act

1789 Created Supreme Court

5 associate justices and 1 chief justiceo Created Executive Departments

State, treasury, and waro The Cabinet

Part of unwritten constitution Heads are appointed by president but approved by the senate

State (Jefferson) Treasury (Hamilton) War (Knox)

Throughout his first term, Jefferson and Hamilton battled over government role and philosophy Federalists and Republicans

o Federalists (Political Party) Led by Hamilton Favored strong central government Supported by the wealthy Believed merchants were the backbone of the economy

o Hamilton’s Financial Plan Federal government would assume all state debts Federal government would pay off debt at full face value Creation of the Bank of the United States

Hamilton referred to elastic clause to form the Bank Excise tax

Tax on manufactured goods Tax on imports

o Jefferson and his supporters (Republicans) agreed to the plan when the capital was moved to the Southo Republican Party (Jeffersonians, Democratic Republicans)

Led by Jefferson and Madison Madison was a Republican despite writing the Federalist papers

Believed farmers were the backbone of the economy Pro-French

o French Revolution Republicans supported the revolution Federalists hated the revolution

Establishing National Sovereigntyo Whiskey Rebellion

1794 In response to the excise tax on Whiskey Washington summoned state militias Rebellion was quickly stopped Demonstrated power of new government

o Native Americans Were not granted citizenship Not considered “foreign nations” as European countries were No direct representation

o US Neutrality Washington urged neutrality in war between France and Britain

o Citizen Ganet French diplomat urged Americans to go war with Britain

o Jay’s Treaty Treaty with Britain US received compensation for damaged ships

Upset south Promise from Britain to leave posts (forts)

Same as treaty of 1783o Pinckney’s Treaty

Treaty with SPain Granted US rights to navigate along the Mississippi River in New Orleans

Store goods in New Orleans The Downfall of Federalists

o Election of 1796 Between Jefferson and Adams

Adams becomes president, Jefferson the vice presidento Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against foreign allianceso XYZ Affair

3 US diplomats go to France Demanded a bribe War hysteria ensues

Want to go to war with Franceo Quasi War

Undeclared naval war between US and France Ends with Napoleon’s reign

o Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Purpose

Punish opposition to Federalist party and Adams’s administration Silencing critics of the federalist

Alien Act    Increased residency requirement for foreigners to become citizens President could deport foreigners

Sedition Act Made it illegal to criticize the government 10 republican newspaper editors were convicted under the law

Virginia and Kentucky Revolution Kentucky Revolution (Jefferson) Virginia Revolution (Madison) Urged states to nullify Alien and Sedition Acts More symbolic at the time

o The Revolution of 1800 Jefferson & Adams Jefferson and Burr tie for presidency, goes to House of Representative

Jefferson wins, Burr becomes vice president Hamilton encourage those in the house to vote for Jefferson Why is it called a revolution

Peaceful transition of power between parties One political party left and one came into power

o Judiciary Act of 1801 Passed by Federalist Congress while Adams is still president Created by many new federal judgeships Adams appointed many judges in his last days of office

Midnight judgeso John Marshall

Chapter 7 The Rise of Cultural Nationalism

o Republicans favored education Educate future voters (electorate)

Just white men Not all states had public education

Many private institutions especially in the southo Women and education

Republican Motherhood Women should raise good citizens

o Slave owners did not want slaves to be educated Fear that knowledge would instill rebellion

o University of Pennsylvania First medical school

o Medical Treatment was primitive “Bleeding”

o Midwives Common occupation of women Helped with delivery of babies Decreased due to physicians

o Noah Webster Helped standardize English language

American Spelling Booko 1783

o Key Religious Beliefs Deism

God existed but created the world and then stepped back Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine

Unitarianism Did not believe in pre-destination Anyone could go to heaven Rejected idea of trinity

o Jesus was a person, not the son of God

o Religion in the 18th century 10% of white Americans were a former member of the church Attempt to bring them back

Second Great Awakening o Cane Ridge Kentucky

1801 1st camp meeting- 25,000 people

o “Burned over” district Western NY Many conversions

o Message of 2nd Great Awakening Individuals must reconnect with God Increase in separate religious denominations Increase in involvement of women Helps inspire reform movements in 1830s and 1840s

Stirrings of Industrialismo Samuel Slater

“Father of my factory system”o Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin    Reduced time needed to separate cotton from seeds Led to explosion of slavery Helped connect the agricultural south with the textile north

Interchangeable parts Produced identical parts for weapons Applied to other industries

o Robert Fulton Pioneered steam engine on a boat Clearmont - sailed up the Hudson River Helped promote transportation

o Turnpikes Lancaster Turnpike

60 mile toll road from Philadelphia to Lancaster Helped spur the growth of other turnpikes

o State governments had to finance turnpikes into less populated areas Jefferson the President

o “We are all republicans, we are all federalists”o Revolution of 1800

Not a huge change, many Federalist policies remained intact Except for excise tax

o Implemented under Hamilton’s financial plano Patronage

Providing government jobs to party members and supporters Jefferson widely used patronage in second term

o Reducing the Federal Government Cut back on the military - fear of large standing armies

Problems with Barbary stateso Marbury VS Madison

Jefferson refused to allow Marbury (a midnight judge) to serve Supreme Court states Marbury was entitled to be a job, but they could not enforce it Supreme Court deemed part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional Established principle of Judicial Review

Supreme court can declare federal laws unconstitutional Judicial Branch gains power

o Two Key Judges John Marshall

Chief Justice of Supreme Court Helps increase power of the central government

Samuel Chase Justice on Supreme Court Impeached

o He was a Federalist Not removed from office

Lesson of Impeachment Impeachment would not be used regularly

Doubling the National Domaino Treaty of San Ildefonso

1800 Gives territory of Louisiana back to France

o US wants New Orleans Right of Deposit

Ability to store goods in New Orleans

o Livingston and Monroe buy Louisiana Purchase for 15 million o Purchase Constitutional?

Under Jefferson’s strict interpretation, no Jefferson argued his treaty-making power allowed him to do so The Louisiana Purchase caused Jefferson to switch from a strict interpretation to a loose interpretation

o Federalists against this loose interpretation Ironic

o Essex Junto New England Federalists wanted to secede Attempted to lure Aaron Burr

o Aaron Burr Challenges and kill Hamilton in a duel

Hamilton helped prevent Burr from becoming Governor of New York Travels to Southwest and wants to take land from the Spanish

Expansion and Waro Berlin Decree

France forbade European trade with Great Britain France captured any US ship trading with Great Britain

o Orders in Council All goods being traded with Europe must stop at Great Britain first

o Both violated US rights and neutralityo Impressment

British policy of searching US ships of deserters and forcing men into the navyo Chesapeake Leopard Affair

1807 Deals with impressment British, in attempting to impress a ship, kill 3 and wound 18 Leads to Embargo Act of 1807

o Embargo Act of 1807 Doesn’t allow Americans to trade to any foreign country Forces America to be more self sufficient Huge disaster Hurts economy, especially New England

o Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Re-opens trade except with France and Britain Still a disaster

o Macon’s Bill 2 Promised to end embargo against the country that would repect American’s rights France agrees, Britain does not

o General William Henry Harrison Serves 30 days Governor of Indiana Territory

o Tecumseh Native American leader Sought to unite all Native Americans Able to unite many native americans

o Battle of Tippecanoe Harrison defeats native americans Rumors British aided and encouraged the uprising of Native Americans Resulted in increased American expansion

War of 1812o War Hawks

Young congressmen that favored war with Great Britain Henry Clay John C Calhoun Mostly democratic republicans

o Battle of New Orleans Jackson becomes a hero

Occurs after war endso Treaty of Ghent

Ends the War of 1812 Neither side gained or lost anything

o Hartford Convention End of 1817 New England federalists had many grievances Wanted to add an amendment for more than 50% of congress to agree to declare war President term to one term

All presidents were from Virginia Urged succession Drastically hurt Federalists since country was experiencing a sense of nationalism

United country

Chapter 8 Building a National Market

o 1st Bank of United States expired in 1811 Originally chartered by Hamilton 5 year period where there is no Bank of United States

o State banks issued noteso 2nd Bank of United States

Chartered for 20 years Ends in 1836

o Francis Cabot Lowell 1st mill for spinning and weaving in America

o Post War of 1812 Economic Problems Britain flooded the US market with goods

Hurts American industries, US economy Need for tariffs

o Tariff of 1816 Designed to protect American industries Intended on protecting American industries, not just raising revenue

o Transportation improvements Building of roads, canals, turnpikes, etc Who should fund - federal or state government National road

Federal government funded Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia

o Calhoun’s internal improvements Bill Huge nationalist Proposed federal government to finance internal improvements Vetoed by Madison

Believed congress did not have authority to fund the project Expanding Westward

o After War of 1812 many Americans moved westward Fewer Native Americans, less threat Huge increase in population Need for more farmland out west

Cotton exhausted land Huge cash crop

Building of fortson Mississippi and Great Lakes Done by federal government to protect Americans

Erie Canal 1825 Built from Buffalo Connected Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes

o Mexixo gains independence 1821 Trades more with US

Era of Good Feelingso Huge increase in nationalismo 1 political party rule (democratic republicans)

Federalists are not around because of Hartford Conventiono Attributed to Monroe’s presidency (1817-1825)o Election of 1816

James Monroe is elected Continuation of Virginia Dynasty

presidents were from Virginia⅘ Rufus King

Federalist Received 34 electoral votes

o Monroe chooses John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State Goodwill tour of US Successor for Adams

o Florida Seminol War

Invasion of Florida by Andrew Jackson Pushed Native Americans back to Florida

Adams Onis Treaty 1819 US gained all of florida

o Gave up Texaso Spain gave up its claim to the pacific Northwest

o Financial Panic When in doubt, panics are caused by speculation

Buying of a good in hopes of selling it of a higher price in the futureo Panic of 1819

Overspeculation of Land The 2nd Bank of United States

Tightened its credit and called in loans Many state banks begin to fail As a result, many Americans blamed the Bank of United States

Sectionalism and Nationalismo Missouri Compromise/ Compromise of 1820

Missouri a part of the Louisiana Purchase applies for statehood as a slave state Would make 12 slave states

o Tallmadge Amendment Proposed for gradual emancipation of slave in Missouri South hated it and saw it as a step against all slavery

o Solution Missouri was added as a slave state Maine was added as a free state 12 free, 12 slave Slavery prohibited above 36 30 line in the future

o Impact of Missouri Compromise Slavery number 1 issue of politics until Civil War Helped lead to an increase in sectionalism Movement away from nationalism (Era of Good Feelings)

o John Marshall 4th chief justice During reign, national government became more powerful at the expense of states Helps improve economy Dartmouth College VS Woodward

New Hampshire tried to change the charter Tried to change from private to state university Daniel Webster argues the case on behalf of Dartmouth Marshall said charter is a contract that could not be changed

o Government cannot interfere with contracts Cohens VS Virginia

Supreme Court can review state court decisions Federal government gains more power at states’ expense

Mcculloch VS Maryland (1819) Maryland hated the Bank of United States and taxed it Marshall says states cannot tax a federal agency

o “Power to tax is the power to destroy” Supreme Court states that the Bank of United States is constitutional Federal government is supreme over states

Gibbons VS Ogden (1824) Interstate trade Stated only congress could regulate interstate trade

Worcester VS Georgia (1832) Stated Georgia could not interfere Native land Not enforced, Natives forced to leave

o Monroe Doctrine (1823) Written by Adams Warned Europe to stay out of Latin America

US would consider any challege unfriendly Most of Latin America is gaining independence from Spain

In return, US would stay out of European affairs Impacts

Long termo US would be dominant in Western Hemisphereo US would stay out of European affairs

The Revival Oppositiono The corrupt bargain

4 candidates running for election of 1824 Andrew Jackson has most electoral and popular votes

o According to 12th amendment, house would then decide on top 3 candidates Henry Clay (speaker of the house) comes in fourth

Supported Adamso Adams becomes president

Henry Clay becomes secretary of state Stepping stone to president

o Never becomes president Clay’s American System

o Protective tariffso Internal Improvements

o Bank of the United States Jackson and supporters are outraged at the “Corrupt Bargain”

The Revival Oppositiono Tariff of Abominations

1828 Raised tariffs drastically Hated by South and West

Received no tariff protection Favored by New England manufacturers

o Election of 1828 Jackson VS Adams Jackson destroys Adams (178 - 83) Problems await Jackson

Chapter 9 The Rise of Mass Politics

o Age of Jackson More Americans participated in politics Property requirements and taxpaying requirements dissapeared in many states Increase in white male suffrage

Voting did not extend to women or African American Did not have to be rich or own property

Western states gain more prominenceo Dorr Rebellion

Rhode Island Forced conservatives to adopt a new constitution that expanded suffrage for adult white males

Getting rid of property requirements or paying taxeso Presidential electors

Traditionally chosen by state legislatures In 1828 all states but south carolina allow for popular vote of electors

o Presidential election trends In 1824 27% of adult white males voted In 1828 58% of adult white males voted In 1840 80% of adult white males voted

Trend skyrocketed during the Age of Jacksono Democracy in America

de Tocqueville Argued America lacked typically aristocracy

People could rise and fall as they choose Piece of writing that expressed the ability to rise in society

o Second Party System Many people believed parties were essential to democracy Loyalty to the party was more important than ideology People had to be loyal to a party

Spoils systemo Patronage, rewarding supporters with government jobs

o Two Party System at the National Level 1830s Democrats (Jackson) Whigs (Clay)

o The Common Man President (Jackson) 1st president from the west (Tennessee) Equality for all white males Against wealthy, eastern establishments

Hated Bank of United Stateso National Party Convention

Renominated Jackson in 1832 Replaced the congressional caucus A way for more people to be involved in party politics More power to the people

Our Federal Uniono John C Calhoun   

Vice President under Adams and Jackson (1st term) Wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest

1828 Urged states to nullify the tariff of Abomination Argued that since states created the federal government, they had the ability to nullify federal laws

o Kitchen Cabinet Group of informal advisors for Jackson

o Webster Hayne Debate States rights - Hayne VS National power - Webster Hayne advocated nullification

Second Reply to Hayne Webster advocated national power Union is the most important thing

o “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”o Nullification Crisis

John C Calhoun resigns from vice presidency and becomes Senator of South Carolina South Carolina nullifies tariff of 1828 and 1832 Made Jackson know that if he tried to collect tariffs they would secede and be prepared to fight

Country on the brink of waro Compromise Tariff of 1833 (Henry Clay)

Reduced tariff rates by 10% per year for 8 years South is happy because they would get lower tariffs

o Force Bill President could use the military in the future to collect tariffs

The Removal of Indianso Jackson advocated removal of natives west of Mississippi River

Beginning of idea of Manifest Destinyo “5 civilized tribes”

Located in south Mostly Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida

The tribes Jackson wanted moved to the Westo Indian Removal Act

1830 Aimed to remove southern tribes to the west of the Mississippi River

o Worcester VS Georgia 1832 Supreme Court stated that Natives could not be forced to move west Andrew Jackson says John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it

Court ruled one thing and Jackson does not follow up on the court’s decision Shows supreme court is dependent on the executive branch to uphold and enforce its decisions

o Trail of tears Winter of 1838 Forced removal of thousands of natives ⅛ died during or shortly after arriving west

Jackson and the Bank Waro Maysville Road Veto

Jackson vetoed the bill that was a part of intrastate commerce Federal government does not spend much money on projects that only benefitted one state

o Nicholas Biddle President of the Bank of United States since 1823

o Hard Money Advocates Favored payment with gold and silver Wealthy favored Jackson supported them

o Soft Money Advocates Favored paper money Believed in rapid economic growth Poor favored, especially farmers

Led to inflationo 1832 Veto

Jackson vetoes the recharter of the Bank of the United States First time a president vetoes a bill because he doesn’t like it rather than because it is unconstitutional

o Removal of Bank Deposits Jackson removed all government money out of the bank of the United States and put then in state (pet) banks Biddle calls for loans and causes a huge economic crisis

o Roger B Taney Jackson’s Secretary of Treasury Replaces John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1835

o Charles River Bridge VS Warren Bridge 1837 Issue within monopoly of a contract Contracts can be breached if it benefitted the community Reversed Dartmouth VS Woodward

The Changing Faces of American Politicso Whigs

Formed in response to “King Andrew I” by Henry Clay Led by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun Revolutionary War, Whigs were favorable to Americans and against Britain Favored a strong central government Promoted industry and internal improvements especially in the West American System Usually wealthy and aristocratic

o Anti-Mason Party 1832 1st 3rd party Anti-secret society

o Irish and German immigrants tended to be democratso Specie Circular (1836)

All payments for land must be gold or silver Helped contribute to Panic of 1837

o Panic of 1837 At that point worst depression in American history Causes

Overspeculation Crop failures Panics in Europe

Effects Hundreds of banks fail Unemployment grows Prices of land dropped

o Independent Treasury Establish under Van Buren Government money would no longer be held in private banks

o Election of 1840 Van Buren VS “Tippecanoe (William Henry Harrison) and Tyler Too”

“Log Cabins and Hard Cider” “Get the Ball Rolling”

o William Henry Harrison dies 30 days into his presidency John Tyler becomes President

“His ascendency” Democrat at heart, but hated Jackson

o Caroline British attack on a ship that killed an American

o Aroostook War Conflict between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled boundary dispute in Maine

o Creole 100 slaves took over ship and fled to Bahamas Fear that slaves would start stealing ships

o Webster-Ashburton Treaty Resolved a boundary dispute between Maine and Canada Result of Aroostook War

o Treaty of Wang Hya 1844 Caleb Cushing Americans received trading rights in China Extraterritoriality

If an American committed a felony he would be trialed by Americans Angers China

Chapter 10 The Changing American Population

o Between 1820 and 1840 the population drastically increases Faster rate than in Europe

o Immigration skyrockets during and after 1830s Time period of “Old immigration” Most settled in urban areas of Northeast Highest number of immgrants came from Germany and Ireland

o Germans Tended to move to Northwest Farmers on the frontier Most settled in Cincinnati

o Irish Came because of potato famine in 1830s - 1850s Moved to cities

o Nativism Distrust and dislike of foreigners

Favoring “Native born” Americans Wanted to stop the influx of immigrants

o Reasons for Nativism Immigrants would work for lower wages

Take jobs Belief that immigrants would destroy America and its culture Fear of Catholic Church and Pope

Religious tension

“Stealing” votes Voting for democrats

o Examples of Nativism Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner

“Know nothing” party or American party Based around reducing immigration

NINA No Irish Need Apply

Transportations, Communications, and Technologyo 1820s increase in canals

Erie Canal 363 miles, Albany to Buffalo

“Clinton’s Big Ditch” Governor of New York 7 years to build Built by Irish immigrants “paddies” Gave NYC access to Chicago and goods along the way

o Canals also stimulate settlement in the Northwesto Railroads

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1830 First railroad company 13 miles long

o Problems with Early Railroads Different gauges on tracks

Certain trains could only go on certain tracks Frequent accidents and erratic schedules

o In the 1850s, US sees a huge increase in railroad development “Trunk lines”

Shorter lines consolidated into longer lines Decreased importance of canals As railroads become more popular, need for canals decreases

o Funding for railroads State, local, and federal governments

State and local supported through money Federal supported through land grants

o Most railroads were located in the Northeast Creates greater disconnect between North and South

o Morse Code First message from Baltimore to Washington was James K Polk’s nomination for Democratic Party in 1844

Commerce and Industryo Growth of corporations

In 1830s growth of corporations because state legislatures passed laws that required corporations to pay a filing feeo Limited Liability

Stockholders would only lose value of stock if the corporation failed Personally could not lose your money Encouraged people to invest in corporations

o Technological Advances Interchangeable parts Cotton Gin Charles Goodyear

Pioneered rubber industry Isaac Singer

Helped create the sewing machineo Use of coal

Allowed factories to move away from water Cities began to grow to mine coal (Pittsburgh)

Men and Women at Worko Advancements in transportation allowed farmers to ship goods to all regions of the country

Leads to an increase in specialization of industryo Lowell System

Young single factory women (farmers’ daughters) would work in a factory Boarding houses for workers and churches Paid well

o Lowell System declined    Declined in 1837 Panic of 1837 hurt wages Increase in immigrants worked for less

o Construction gangs of immigrants helped build the infrastructureo Immigration helped lead to a decrease in working conditions

Huge sense of nativism Many Americans were not concerned for the conditions for immigrants

o Early Unions Skilled craftsmen unions Common law viewed most early unions as an illegal conspiracy Didn’t grow until after Civil War

o Commonwealth VS Hunt (1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court case stated unions were legal Other states soon agreed Unions did not gain more power until late 1800s

o Women, free blacks were not included in unionso “Free labor”

Northern workers viewed freedom as an absence of slaveryo Northern workers disliked slavery

Lack of freedom Slavery took away jobs

o Free African Americans had little freedom as well Not considered legal citizens

Patterns of industrial Societyo Economic growth not shared equally

Slaves, Native Americans, and unskilled workers were left outo Urban areas saw high poverty rates

Many were immigrants and often homelesso Free blacks in the North faced severe difficulties

Could not Vote Attend public schools Use public services

o Geographic Mobility “Safety Valve” theory - Frederick Jackson Turner

In times of economic trouble, people could move from cities to the west Hope of optimism despite not actually happening often

o Men and women had increasingly different social roles Women could almost never obtain a divorce Cult of Domesticity

Women and men had “separate spheres” Women were encouraged to stay home and raise children and instill moral values

Single women did not have many occupational choices Teachers, nurses, domestic servants

The Agricultural Northo Old Northwest (Ohio, Illinois) specialized in meatpacking

Cincinnati  (Porkopolis) Chicago

o Specialization in Agriculture West

Livestock and dairy South

Cash cropso Cotton

North and Mid Atlantic Wheat, fruit, and vegetables

o Agricultural Inventions John Deere

Steel plowo Huge boost for breaking up soil

Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper

o Rural Life Church plays a big role and helps bring the community together

Chapter 11 The Cotton Economy

o Why was cotton so popular Tobacco exhausted land and fluctuated in price Sugar and rice cultivation was difficult Industrial Revolution created a new, large demand for textile factories

o Spread of cotton    By 1850, cotton became the dominant crop of the South Deep South saw most production

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisianao Southern Industry

Mostly agriculture Some commerce developed, but it served the “plantation economy”

o Why did the South not industrially develop Lots of money could be made in agriculture

Land was very favorable to farming Capital was tied up in farming Lack of adequate infrastructure (railroads, canals, etc)

o James B DeBow Warned of the dependence on the North Favored economic independence for the South

White Society in the Southo 1 out of 4 whites owned slaves

An even smaller portion owned plantations Those that did had tremendous power and influence

Most only owned 1 or 2 slaveso George Fitzhugh

Social theorist in the South Writer, defended slavery and subordination of women

o Women had few opportunities at education Those that did focused on being “good wives”

o The Plain Folk Individuals in the south that focused mostly on subsistence farming and some cash crop farming

Growing enough just to live off themselveso Few educational opportunities in the Southo Hill People

Lived in the Appalachian Mountain region Opposed planter elite Resisted secession leading to the Civil War During war West Virginia would be a Union state

o Why were plantation owners so influential Outnumbered They controlled markets, credit, machines They often had many relative in town  

Slavery: “The Peculiar Institution”o Mid 18 century Slavery was labeled peculiar as American South was the only place with slaves

Big distinction- protect the institutiono Varieties of Slavery

Slave codes passed (harsh laws) Could not own property, marry, receive an education Punishments varied

Whippingso Overseers on plantations

In charge of slaves on fields Did not own slaves Extremely cruel to make them work as hard as possible

o Slave life Women worked in the fields with men and then did housework Had it harder than men

o House Slaves Less physical work Closer proximity to owners

Led to more punishment Often isolated from other slaves Female slaves were harshly treated by wives because of jealousy

o Slaves in Cities Less slaves in cities

Due to fear of insurrectionso Slave Trade

International slave trade was outlawed in 1808 Slaves could no longer be imported

Domestic slave trade continued Humiliating experience Family members were split up

Amistad Ship Slaves revolted and wanted to go back to Africa but were caught Adams wants them to be freed

o Goes to Supreme Court and they eventually agree with himo Resisting Slavery

Passive Resistance Sickness, working slowly, running away, breaking tools

Slave revolts happened, but were rare Gabriel Prosser (1800)

o Him and 35 others were hanged Denmark Vesey (1822)

o Planned a rebellion, but never happened

Nat Turner (1831)o Killed 60 people in Virginia

All revolts led to restricting rights of slaves The Culture of Slavery

o New culture developed because lifestyles were very separate New language

Combined African and English language Music

Helped slaves pass the time on the fields Religion

All slaves were Christian by 1800 Often emotional Often discussed being delivered to freedom

Family life Could not legally marry Had their own ceremonies ⅓ of all families were broken up by slave trade Frequent cause of running away was to reach family members that were sold to other plantations

Chapter 12 The Romantic Impulse

o “Who reads an American book?” No one Not many well known American writers

o Painting Focused on landscape Hudson River School

o James Fenimore Cooper Wrote about frontier experience with the natives “Last of the Mohicans”

o Walt Whitman Celebrated democracy

o Moby Dick “Human spirit was a troubled, often self-destructive force

o Southern Literature Tended to romanticize the plantation system

o Transcendentalism Movement stating every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the truth and put him in direct touch with God Similar to Great Awakening

o Ralph Waldo Emerson “Self Reliance”

o Henry David Thoreau “Walden” lived alone in nature for 2 years “Civil Disobedience” - personal morality had the first claim on his or her actions, that a government which required violation of that

morality had no legitimate authority Wrote after refused to pay war tax Went on to inspire Martin Luther King and Ghandi

Utopian Societies Brook Farm (Massachusetts) New Harmony - residents worked and lived in equality Oneida “Free love” sought to achieve perfection All focused on a community effort

o Religions Unitarianism

Belief that Jesus is not divine Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1800so Murdered in jail

Led to Utah by Brigham Young Utah is not admitted as a state until much later due to polygamy issues

Shakers Founded by Ann Lee Advocated celibacy and equal rights for women Had to choose to a Shaker

Remaking Societyo 2nd Great Awakening

Unlike 1st Great Awakening, it inspired societal reforms Charles Grandison Finney

Helped convert many individuals in the “Burned Over District”o Buffalo NY

All individuals could achieve salvation by just convertingo Temperance

Push to limit hard alcohol or abstain altogether

Led by women Allegations that men would waste family money on alcohol and face spouse abuse

Maine passed a “dry” law in 1851 Neil Dow (Mayor)

o Medicine and Science Very primitive Lack of knowledge was biggest obstacle Cholera killed half of those infected

o Education Horace Mann

“Father of Education” “The only way to protect democracy was to create an educated electorate.” In order for me to vote, they should be educated

Tax supported elementary schools Schools in the South and WEst were inferior to the North

o Prison and Mental Health Reform Debtors could face prison time, “holes in the ground” Solitary confinement - penitentiaries Dorothea Dix

Advocate of mental health reformo Women’s Rights

Seneca Fall (1848) Many women’s rights advocates were abolitionists Declaration of Sentiments

Stated all men and women were created equal The Crusade Against Slavery

o American Colonization Society (1817) Goal was to have owners paid for freeing slaves and send them to Africa to Liberia Not successful, former slaves wanted to stay in America

o William Lloyd Garrison Radical Abolitionist Published a weekly newspaper “The Liberator” - immediate and uncompensated end to slavery, slaveowners should not be paid to have

slaveso David Walker

Advocated violence to end slaveryo Frederick Douglas

Former slave, great orator, women’s rights advocateo Anti Abolitionism

Abolitionist in the North were in the minorityo Elijah Lovejoy

Murdered in Illinois, outspoken abolitionist and editor of newspapero Abolitionist movement splits over the role of womeno Prigg VS Pennsylvania

Stated Northern states do not need to aid in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 South stated north needed to help capture runaway slaves

o Free Soil Party “Free soil, free labor, free men” Against spread of slavery everywhere Started by Samuel P Chase

Becomes Lincoln’s chief secretary Claimed slavery hurt white workers

o Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe

Shows the Evil of Slavery ---

o Gag Resolution (1836 - 1844) House resolution that tabled (did not allow the presentation or discussion of) ANY bill that went against slavery Eventually overturned by Adams Violation of 1st ammendment

o Amos Kendall Postmaster General under Jackson Forbid the delivery of abolitionist material in the South

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis Looking Westward

o Manifest Destiny Painting with angel in center God given right to expand from coast to coast Coined by John O'Sullivan

o Opponents to expansion Henry Clay and Whigs

Feared tensions over slaveryo Texas

Declared independence in 1836 Battle of San Jacinto - Santa Anna signed treaty recognizing Texas Jackson and Van Buren hesitated to annex Texas

Fear of war with Mexico and exacerbating sectional strife o Oregon

Joint occupation with Britain “54 40 or fight”

US wanted to claim all of 54 50 Eventually US and Britain settle on 49th parallel

o Who Migrated West Prosperous young people

Needed money to move westo Oregon Trail

Native Americans played a huge role in guiding individuals Most individuals walked on the trail

o Annexation of Texas Key issue in the election of 1844 Polk fully supports annexation Texas is annexed through a joint resolution in February 1845 Admitted into the country in December

o Boundary Issue Texas claimed the Rio Grande and Mexico claimed the Nueces River

o Polk sought to buy California from Mexico but they refusedo Santa Anna

Becomes leader of Mexico again during Mexican American  Waro “Spot Resolutions” - “Spotty Lincoln”

Territory dispute of where the blood was shedo Thoreau

“Civil Disobedience” Urged people to break laws they feel are unjust Written as a response to Mexican American War

o Nicholas Trist Negotiated treaty with Mexico - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

o Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US pays Mexico 15 million dollars Gains Mexican Cession

Includes California The Sectional Debate

o Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot Introduced an amendment to a bill stating slavery would not exist in any land gained from Mexico Example of Westward expansion and issue of slavery Passed the House (because there was more population in the north) but not the Senate (south rejects it)

o Free Soil Party Samuel P Chase

Became 6th chief justice of the United States Were against the extension of slavery into territories “Free labor, free soil, free men”

o Gold Rush John Sutter’s mills 49ers Mostly men - population increased from 14,000 to 220,000 in 4 years

o The fate of the newly acquired land As long as they were territories, the federal government would decide the fate of slavery

o Personal Liberty Laws Laws passed by Northern states that barred involvement in returning runaway slaves Passed in response to Compromise of 1850

o Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay 5 parts

Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cessiono People in territory could decide to be free or slave

California is admitted as a free state o Free states have an advantage in the Senate

More strict fugitive slave law o Leads to more personal liberty laws in the north

Slave trade is outlawed in DCo Many people did not want the dignitaries to see the slave trade

Texas paid money to relinquish some land in dispute End of “Great Triumvirate”

Calhoun, Webster, Clay Daniel Webster’s 7th of March Speech

Urged Congress to support Fugitive Slave Act to avoid conflict Northern abolitionists don’t like this

Emergence of Stephen Douglas as a national leader Omnibus vs individual bills

Crises of the 1850so North opposes Fugitive Slave Act

Personal Liberty Laws Tensions between the north and south

o Franklin Pierce “Young America” expansion of US democracy Ostend Manifesto

Plan to buy Cuba from Spain, if they refused, US would take it by force Fear of making Cuba a slave state

o Gadsden Purchase Continental expansion are settled with Gadsden Purchase Wanted to build a continental railroad US secretary of War Jefferson Davis buys land from Mexico from Transcontinental Railroad

o Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854) Response to Gadsden Purchase, North wanted the railroad Proposed popular sovereignty in Nebraska Territory Overturn the Missouri Compromise Presumably, Kansas would become slave and Nebraska would be free

o “Bleeding Kansas” Pro and anti slavery people show up in large numbers to vote Burning of Lawrence, Kansas “Caning of Charles Sumner”

Beaten at his desk Pottawatomie Creek

Response to “Caning”o Free Soilers

Anti slavery and extension of slavery Believed slavery took away jobs from whites Helps morph into the newly formed republican party

o Slave Power Conspiracy South sought to expand slavery and must be destroyed Thought it was evil and taking over the government

o Pro slavery arguments Caused by rebellions and writings (Uncle Tom’s Cabin) John C Calhoun “A positive good”

Slaves were better off than factory workers in the North Religious Justification Racial Superiority

o Buchanan Elected in 1856 Not associated with Kansas Nebraska Act whatsoever “Kansas-less”

o Panic of 1857 King Cotton was not hit hard at all

Gives South false hopeo Dred Scott VS Sandford (1857)

Slave that lives in Illinois and Wisconsin, sued for freedom Courts Ruling

Could not sue because he was not a citizen Slaves were property, could not be taken away without “due process” (5th amendment) Congress could not eliminate slavery in the territories

o Lincoln Lincoln-Douglas Debates

7 debates for Senate in Illinois Douglas wins, but alienate the South in the process

o Does so by 3 part doctrine Line emerges on a national level

John Brown and Harpers Ferry Noped to incite a slave rebellion

o Set up arsenal Many southerners felt that North and Republican Party was filled with “John Browns”

o John Brown wa a radical at his time that did not have much support Election of 1860

Lincoln wins without receiving a single electoral vote from the southo Causes south to secede from the Union

---o “The Impending Crisis of the South”

Hinton Helper Anti Slavery

Argued non slave owning whites were most hurt in the southo “Fire eaters”

Southerners that threatened secessionChapter 14 The Civil War

The Secession Crisiso December 20, 1860

South Carolina convention voted to secede 6 others followed by March 4, 1861 Buchanan did little to stop secession in his lame-duck period

o Crittenden Compromise Proposed new Constitutional Amendments

Guarantee slavery where it was, re-establish Missouri compromise in all US territory (where it was in 1860 and the future) Lincoln did not support the plan

A key part of their platform was the non-extension of slavery Never added

o Fort Sumter Confederate leaders ordered the capture of the fort (South Carolina) Firing began on April 12 and on April 14th the fort surrendered

o As Lincoln mobilized for war, 4 more southern states withdrew 4 states remained in the Union Border States)

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delawareo At the beginning of the war, Lincoln fought to preserve the Union, not to end slavery  o Northern Advantages

Larger population 2x as much as in the south

More industry and war production Advanced transportation system

o Southern Advantages Fighting a defensive war (knew land better) Most of white population was united Better military leadership

o Bother the North and South mobilized their economies to fight the war The Mobilization of the North

o Economics during the War Homestead Act

1862 Provided 160 acres of land for settlers to move west for a small fee after 5 years

Morrill Land Grant 1862 Federal land was given to states to use for financial education

o Led to new colleges and universities (Cornell) Tariffs were raised to highest level in history to that point

Republicans dominated Congress, wanted to raise tariff rates Railroad subsidies for transcontinental railroad

Completed in 1869 Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in 1869

National Bank Acts Banks could join and issue treasury notes

o How did the country finance the war Taxes Borrowed money in form of bonds

o Conscription Congress instituted a draft Wealthy individuals could hire substitutes for $300 Teddy Roosevelt's father hired a substitute

Roosevelt became very pro war The Civil War was seen as “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”

o NYC Draft Riots 100+ deaths over 4 days Over drafts and racial issues

o Executive power during the war increased drastically Lincoln sent troops into battle and increased military size without Congressional approval Suspended habeas corpus (only Congress can) and shut down newspapers in Maryland that were critical of the war effort

o Election of 1864 Lincoln VS former Union general George Mcclellan Lincoln won electoral vote in landslide, despite close popular vote

o Early Emancipation Confiscation Act

1861 Slaves used in Southern military effort would be considered free

1862 law abolished slavery in DC Confiscation Act

1862 President could use freed slaves as soldiers

o Emancipation Proclamation Executive order to free all slaves in areas of the Confederacy that were in rebellion

Did not include areas under Union control nor the border states Changed war effort to end slavery in addition to preserving the Union Helped keep Europeans from siding on behalf of the South

o African Americans During the War Escaped slaves were considered “Contraband” and would not be returned Black enlistment increased post Emancipation Proclamation 54th infantry

Black soldiers that fought for the North Black soldiers were paid less than their white counterparts

Often did arduous manual laboro Women and the War

Most women entered nursing National Women’s Loyal League

1863 Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony Hope to eliminate slavery and gain women’s suffrage

The Mobilization of the Southo Government and the Confederacy

Most power resided in states President - Jefferson Davis Vice President - Alexander Stephens

o Confederate Economics No uniform currency system led to high inflation 9000% during the war

o The confederate government authorized the impressment of slaves and a “food draft”o The role of Southern women changed drastically

Wives were put in charge of farming as husbands fought Widowed women had to find jobs to support themselves and families

Strategy and Diplomacyo The south had better military leadership than the North

Ulysses S Grant was not in charge of the war effort until March 1864o Northern Navy was vastly superior to the Southern Navy

North blockaded the South - like a snake Navy aided in transportation of supplies and troops

The Course of Battleo 618,000 Americans died in the waro Key Battles

Antietam Bloodiest day of the war, led to Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 led to Gettysburg Address

o Gettysburg Address Issued on November 19, 1863 Dedicated the battlefield as a cemetery

o Sherman’s March to the Sea General Destroyed land and supplies of the South “War is Hell”

o Appomattox Courthouse Surrender of General Lee on April 9, 1865