Apush Review Pocket Recovered)

8/2/2019 Apush Review Pocket Recovered)

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Exploration and Colonization (1492-1763)

35,000 Years ago: First Americans migrated to North America through Bering isthmus,created by Ice Age that connected Asia and North America. For the next 250 centuries;

these people populated the Americas and set tribes: Incas in Peru, with elaborate network

of roads and bridges linking their empire; Mayans in Central America, with their steppyramids; and Aztecs in Mexico; with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered

peoples.

Three-sister crops: Corn was the main crop in Incas, Mayans, and Aztec. It eventuallyreached North American, around 1000 BC, thus made possible the three-sister farming

with bean and squash.

Native Americans: Overall living in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements.They were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line.

1000 AD: Vikings landed at a place near LAnse aux Meadows in present-dayNewfoundland. However, no nation-state was willing to support the Vikings and their

discovery was forgotten.

October 12, 1492: Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expeditionhoping to find a shorter route to Asia to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west.

When the crew sighted an island in the Bahamas, he assumed hed made it to the East

Indies and therefore mistook the people as Indians.

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494: Signed between Spain and Portugal, to decide howColumbuss discovery of the New World would be divided. The Pope drew this line as

he was respected by both. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast

of South America. Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under

Africa). Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, thoughthey didnt know it at the time).

Date Explorer Country Results

1487 Diaz Portugal Rounds southern tip of Africa

1492 Columbus Spain First to explore Western Hemisphere

1497 da Gama

Cabot

Portugal

England

Sea route to India by sailing around Africa

Explores Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

1499 Vespucci Spain Explores coast of South America

1500 Cabral Portugal Portugals claim on Brazil

1519 CortesMagellan SpainSpain Conquest of AztecCircumnavigates the world

1531 Pizarro Spain Conquest of Incas

1535 Cartier France Explores St. Lawrence River

1539 de Soto Spain Explores lower Mississippi River

1540 Coronado Spain Explores the Southwest


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Encomienda: Indians were commended or given to Spanish landlords. The idealistictheory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to

Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary

work.

Great Biological Exchange: From the New World (America) to the Old: corn, potatoes,tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, syphilis, etc. were

sent. From Old World to the New: cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples,

cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.

Black Legend: The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought badthings (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law

systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization, so that the Black Legend is

partly, but not entirely, accurate.

1517: Protestant Reformation: Roman Catholic Church experienced challenges to itspower after the German monk Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses, declaring that the

Bible alone was the source of Gods word. Calvinist: John Calvin elaborated on and differed with the teachings of Luther. His

theology was the concept of predestination, the idea that God knew before a person

was born whether or not he or she was chosen to enter the gates of Heaven or condemned

to eternal damnation. Could not go to Heaven with faith or good work alone; must be the

elect or Gods chosen people.

1534:Church of England: Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, but Pope ClementVII refused. Henry then break away from the Roman Catholic Church and created the

Church of England.

1585: Roanoke: First English settlement established by Sir Walter Raleigh. Itmysterious vanished without a trace.

1607: Virginia Company: Lead by Captain John Smith, the company created a colonyin Jamestown, looking to find gold, convert the natives to Christianity, and establish a

passage to India. The company also provided the settlers with a charter which guaranteed

them the same rights as the citizens of the Old World, establishing the foundation for the

American Revolution.

1607: Jamestown: Englands first permanent colony in North America, Jamestown wasestablished by the Virginia Company after receiving a charter from King James I. The

original settlers suffered from disease, internal strife, and starvation during the winter of

1609-1610. The colonys economy finally stabilized when tobacco was introduced. Puritans: A group of people in England who were encouraged by the teachings of John

Calvin and who sought to purify the Church of England by ridding it of the ceremony and

materialistic extravagance of the Catholic Church. They object to the similarities

between the Anglican and the Catholic Church.

Pilgrims/Separatists: Another name for Puritans who wanted to denounce the Churchof England and establish a new church which would be separate from the monarchy.


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1620: Plymouth: Whereas the settlers who established Jamestown did so forpredominantly economic reasons, Plymouth Colony was established by religious

separatists seeking the autonomy from the Church of England.

Mayflower Compact: Drafted and signed by Pilgrims, this document set the stage forthe concept of separation of church and state and the rule of majority.

1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony: Started as a commercial adventure, MBC becamehome to many Puritans, who left England because of the persecution they faced from the

Crown and the Anglican Church. Under Calvinist religious leaders such as John

Winthrop, the colony almost immediately developed into a theocracy in which the church

was paramount in all decisions, political as well as religious. Though far from

democratic, it became the first English colony to establish the basis of a representative

government when residents demanded representation if they were to be taxed.

1630s: Great Migration: Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans inMassachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.

1630: City Upon a Hill: Proclaimed by John Winthrop, governor of MBC, Bostonwould be a city upon a hill for the Christian world to see and emulate.

1630: Antinomianism: An interpretation of puritan beliefs that stressed Gods gift ofsalvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with

Anne Hutchinson.

1634: Maryland: First proprietary colony founded by Lord Baltimore. The colony wasto serve a safe haven for Catholics and turn a profit for the Crown. LB died leaving his

mission to his son LB II.

1636: Rhode Island: Founded by Roger William, an outcast from MBC, who believedthat the colonists had no right t live on land that had been unlawfully taken from the

Native Americans. That individuals conscience made the rule of civil government or

church leadership irrelevant. RW established the first Baptist church.

1636: Connecticut: Founded by Thomas Hooker; commerce would more important thantrade.

1638: Delaware: Once Swedens colony, Delaware was taken by the Dutch, and wasfinally lost to England; owned by Duke of York.

1639: Fundamental Orders: Drafted by the colonists of Connecticut, it was the firstAmerican constitution and called for the power of government to be derived from the

governed.

1643: New England Confederation: Under attacks from Native American, NEC wasestablished to provide for collective security.

Salutary neglect: A period in which England let the colonies to do whatever they want.This aided in the development of colonial self-leadership and widened the distance

between the ideologies of the Mother country and her colonial citizens.

1649:Act of Toleration: Felt threatened by the Protestant, LB II passed the Act ofToleration that would guarantee religious freedom to all Christians. It provided the death


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of any person who denied the divinity of Christ, meaning Jews atheist would not be

tolerated.

1662: Halfway Covenant: Because many young Puritans did not have a conversionexperience, they would not full member of Congregational Church and could be baptized,

Church was losing member. For that reason, New Englanders who did not wish to relate their

conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to

have the opportunity to be saints.

1663: Carolinas: Originally established to supply the sugar plantation of the WestIndies with food. But soon rice became the cash crop of the choice for the plantation

owners. It was to the Carolinas that the slave codes from Barbados were first imported,

thus institutionalizing black slavery in America for many generations.

1664: New York: Established by Dutch, but was lost to English after fighting. 1664: New Jersey: Originally belonged to the Duke of York, but was given to other

nobles.

1676: Bacons Rebellion: Lead by Nathaniel Bacon; frontier men rebels felt thegovernor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans.

1680: Pueblo Revolt: The most successful revolt against Spanish authority. Led byHopi, the NA was able to get control of the land for nearly 50 years.

1681: Pennsylvania: Founded by Quaker William Penn; Pennsylvania was the firstcolony to used advertisement. Quaker believed in the power of ones inner light.

1686: Dominion of New England: Established by King Charles I with the intention ofbring the colonies to stricter royal control.

1688: Glorious Revolution: William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiledinto France), allowed more power to the legislatures.

1732:Georgia: Founded and chartered by James Oglethorpe. Served as a point ofdeposit for thousands of debtors who would be sent from overcrowded jails in London,

and it served as a buffer state between Spain and South Carolina.

1734: First Great Awakening: Religious revival movement during the 1730s and1740s; its leaders were George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; religious pluralism

was promoted by the idea that all Protestant denominations were legitimate. First time

that all 13 colonies claimed a common experience. New sects and divisions were formed,

as well as the establishment of schools to educate young ministers.

New England

Province of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire Province of Massachusetts Bay, later Massachusetts and Maine Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, later Rhode Island Connecticut Colony, later Connecticut

Middle Colonies

Province of New York, later New Yorkand Vermont Province of New Jersey, later New Jersey
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Province of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on Delaware), later Delaware

Southern Colonies

Province of Maryland, later Maryland Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later Virginia, Kentucky, and West Virginia Province of North Carolina, later North Carolina and Tennessee Province of South Carolina, later South Carolina Province of Georgia, later Georgia, northern sections ofAlabama and Mississippi

Chesapeake Colonies

Province of Maryland, later Maryland Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later Virginia, Kentucky, and West Virginia Mercantilism: Economic policy that help that the strength of a nation is based on the

amount of golf and silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of tradeand that colonies exist for the good of the other country as a source of raw materials and a

market for manufactured goods.

Triangular Trade: New England colonies provided timber, fish, and manufacturedgoods to Caribbean islands in exchange for molasses, which would be used to make rumin New England. The rum would be taken to Africa in exchange for African slaves.

Slaves would eventually be taken to colonies, thus completing the triangle.

1754: Albany Plan of Union: Benjamin Fs plan to calls for a confederation of coloniesto provide for defense from attack by European and native foes. It was rejected because

colonies felt it was too restrictive and British felt that it gave too much independence.

1763: Peace of Paris: Ended the French and Indian War; where the British took controlof French Canada and Spanish Florida, effectively removing the French presence in

North America.

1763: Pontiacs Rebellion: NA refused to hand over lands won by British; ChiefPontiac led the rebellion and was finally won by British after 18 months of fighting.

1763: Proclamation of 1763: Set a line of demarcation that barred American colonistsfrom settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Resulted in tension between colonists

and British.

The American Revolution, 1763-1787

1764: Sugar Act: Expanded the list of enumerated articles; stricter enforcement of traderegulations.

1764: Currency Act: Colonies prohibited from issuing paper money. 1765: Stamp Act: Tax on printed materials and legal documents. 1765: Stamp Act Congress: Held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp

Act was repealed. Concept ofvirtual without representation was developed: all English subjects are

represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote. The Sons and Daughters of Liberty: Led by Samuel Adams, colonists intimidated tax

collectors by attacking their homes, burning them in effigy, and even tarring andfeathering them. Boycotting was used for the first time and hurt Britishs trade.

Declaratory Act: Maintained the right of the crown to tax the colonies in the future. 1765: Quartering Act: Colonies to provide British troops with housing and provisions. Boston Massacre: Colonists harassing soldiers in Boston by throwing rocks and frozen

oysters at the soldiers. Resulted in the killing of five and wounding of six colonists.
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1767: Townshend Acts: External Taxes on colonial imports. Writs of assistance: Allowing customs officials to search colonial homes, businesses,

and warehouses for smuggled goods without a warrant from a judge.

1772: Committees of Correspondence: First established in Boston by Samuel Adams,the committees became a way for the colonies to state and communicate their grievances

against Great Britain. 1773: Tea Act: Monopoly to East India Company for tea sold in colonies. 1774: Coercive Acts: British response to the Boston Tea Party, intended to punish

Boston.

Enlightenment: John Lockes theory of natural rights challenged the absolute anddivine rule of kings and queens by asserting that all men should be ruled by natural laws

that sovereignty was derived from the will of those governed. The governed have a

responsibility to rebel against a government that fails to protect the natural rights of life,liberty, and property. This had the justification for rebellion against a government, which

is the British.

1774: First Continental Congress: A response to the Coercive Acts; representativesfrom 12 out of 13 colonies meet up in Philadelphia to discuss acceptable forms of protestand reaction. They urged colonists to keep boycotting.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances: Congress sent this document to the king hopingthat he would correct the wrongs incurred by the colonists.

Association: Was created for boycott committees throughout the colonies. 1775: Second Continental Congress: Meet up to discuss what to do next. They

appointed GW as general.

Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms: Urged the king a secondtime to consider the colonial grievances and provided for the raising of a professional

colonial military.

Olive Branch Petition: Reasserted colonial loyalty to the crown and asked the king tointervene with Parliament on their behalf.

1783: Paris: A formal recognition of the US as an independence country, a boundarythat stretched west to Mississippi River and the retention of American fishing rights inNewfoundland. It also made US agreed to repay debts to GB merchants and to not

punish Loyalist who chose to remain in US.

The Constitution and the Federalists, 1787-1800

1777: Articles of Confederation: US temporary constitution; they provided fir acentral government with a unicameral legislative branch. The central governments havethe power to wage war, make treaties, and borrow money to pay debts, with no power to

levy taxes.

Weakness: Congress did not have the direct power to tax or to regulate interstate andforeign trade. It could only ask the states for money with no means to compel payment,

and the states had the right to impose their own duties on imports, which caused havocwith commerce. Congress had no authority to raise an army on its own and had to

requisition troops from the states. All major policy issueswar and peace, treaties, the

appropriation of fundsrequired the approval of nine states. The Articles reflected thenation's concern about executive power; however, the lack of an executive meant there


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was no effective leadership. A unanimous vote of the states, acting through their

legislatures, was necessary to amend the Articles.

1785: Land of Ordinance: Required new townships to set aside a parcel of land forpublic education ad stipulated that the sale of public lands would be used to pay off the

national debt.

1787: Northwest Ordinance: Set the rule for admitting in states; required a populationof at least 60,000 and forbade slavery in this area. 1787: Shays Rebellion: Daniel Shays rebellion in response to high tariff and high tax

on famers.

1786: Constitutional Convention: A meeting at Philadelphia with the hope of revisingthe AOC, but turn into a completely new constitution: Constitution.

1787: Virginia Plan: Edmund Randolphs plan of representation in both houses to bebased solely on population or proportional population.

1787: New Jersey Plan: Equal representation regardless of population. 1787: Great Compromise: Advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-

voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population.

Anti-Federalist and Federalist: Anti-Federalists wanted states rights, bill of rights,unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people;

Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation

of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights.

1st

President Year Party

George Washington 1789-1797 None

April 30, 1789: George Washington became the first president of the United States. Heestablished the cabinets that we came to known today: secretary of state, secretary of the

treasury, secretary of war, and attorney general.

1789: Judiciary Act:Establishing the Supreme Court consisting of one chief justice andfive associate judges.

1789: Tariff: Placed an 8 percent tariff on imports; established by Hamilton. 1790: Report on Public Credit: Hamiltons explanation of how monetary and fiscal

policy should favor the rich so that their good fortune would be spent within the economy

and, thus, stimulate domestic growth.

1790: Report on Manufactures: Promoted the industrialization of the United States andadvocated strong protective tariff to protect the infant industries.

Hamiltons Plan: Hamiltons financial plan was to set out the US on firm ground withregard to debt payment, a stable currency, and a strong federal banking system.

Composed of five components, the plan sought to boost national credit, create a

father/son relationship between the federal government and the states, earn revenue by

enacting heavy tariff on imported goods and passing excise taxes on whiskey, and ensure

stability by establishing a national bank.

Funding at Par: Argued that the government should pay all debts at face value plusinterest.


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Bank of the United States: Hamiltons plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highlycontroversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of

Constitution.

1793: Neutrality Proclamation: Declaring the US to stay out of the French Revolutionbecause of its infant economy and debts.

1793: Jays Treaty: Provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes. 1794: Whiskey Rebellion: Western Pennsylvanian farmers violent protest against

whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-

violent. 1795: Pinckney Treaty: US gained of the right of deposit at Port of New Orleans. 1796: Public Land Act: Set clear procedures for the settlement, sale, and distribution of

federal lands.

2nd


John Adams 1797-1801 Federalist 1797: XYZ Affair: Seeking to halt the incessant seizures of American vessels by the

French, JA sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate an agreement. As the delegation

arrived in France, they were approach by three agents: X, Y, Z, and demanded a large

sum of money as a loan and an additional bribe just for an opportunity to speak with

French Officials.

1798: Alien and Seditions Act: Meant to keep government unquestioned by critics,particularly of the Federalists. Resulted in weakening the Federalist.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution: Thomas and Madisonsargument of states had theright to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional in response to the Alien

and Seditions Act.

Convention of 1800: An agreement that ended the Quasi-War that took place in theWest Indies as a result of French seizing USs ships. The agreement ended the French-

American Alliance, US pay for damage inflicted to French, and the avoidance of an all-

out war with France.

Judiciary Act of 1801: In the last-minute piece of legislation before the Congress was tobe turned over to the Democratic-Republican, the Federalists appointed 16 midnight

judges who would serve during Jeffersons administration; got repealed by TJ.

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy, 1800-1840

3rd


Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Democratic-Republican

Election of 1800 12th Amendment: Required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential

candidates.

1801-1805: Tripolitan War


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1803: Louisiana Purchase 1803: Marbury v. Madison: The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme

Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice

of the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not subsequently

delivered. This landmark case formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review,

declaring that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional.

1803: Yazoo Land Controversy 1806: Berlin Decree: France 1806: Orders in Council: British 1806: Burr Conspiracy 1807: Milan Decree: France

4th


James Madison 1809-1817 Democratic-Republican

1809: Non-Intercourse Act: Trade with any other nations except France and England;sought to encourage American domestic manufacturing.

1810: Macons Bill 2: Lift France and Englands trade restriction only if they agree tohonor US neutrality.

War Hawks War of 1812: Resulted in respect by other nations for US; it emerged as one nation and

the feeling of nationalism.

1814: Treaty of Ghent: Ended war with a draw; both sides did not gained anyconcessions, restitutions, or apologies.

1814-1815: Hartford Convention: New England Federalist meet up and discuss waysto demand the federal government to pay them for the loss of trade due to the Embargo

Act, Macons Bill 2, and the War of 1812. Some even suggest secessions from US; but

all of these were for naught with the victory of Battler of New Orleans. This was also the

first sectional tension in the US and would continue until the Civil War.

5th


James Monroe 1817-1825 Democratic-Republican

1816: Era of Good Feeling: A misnomer term for Monroes administrations because theperiod was rife with tension regarding tariffs, slavery, and political power within the

Republican party.

1816: Tariff: The first protective tariff in the US with 20 percent duty on all importedgoods, but it did not go well.

Sectional crisis emerged, with three men leading the charge for their respective constituents.John Calhoun spoke for the South saying that tariff was an attempt to line the pocket of Northern

merchants at the expense of farmers and plantation owners in his region. Speaking for the North

was Daniel Webster, who complained that New England had not developed fully enough to
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withstand interruptions in her ability to trade feely with Britain. Lastly, Henry Clay of Kentucky

argued on behalf of American mill and iron industries that the tariff, along with his Americansystem would help establish manufacturing and bring in much needed revenue for internal

improvements to aid those in the South.

American System: Included the recharter of the Bank of US; tariffs like the one passedin 1816; and the building up of American infrastructure.

1817:Rush-Bagot Treaty Panic of 1819 1819: Tallmadge Amendment: Would not allowed any more slaves to be brought into

the state and would have provided for the freedom of the children of Missouri slaves at

the age of 25.

1819: Adams-Onis Treaty: Purchased of Florida from Spain. 1820:Missouri Compromise: Allowed Missouri as a free state and Maine as a free

state. Slavery would not be permitted in states above the 36 degree 30 degree line.

1823: Monroe Doctrine: Called for nonintervention in Latin America and the end toEuropean colonization.

1825: Erie Canal: Completed6

thPresident Year Party

John Q. Adams 1825-1829 Democratic-Republican

Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain Tariff of 1828: New England wanted to protect their industries from foreign

competitors; John Calhoun penned South Carolina Exposition, outlining the anger of the

South in the face of the Tariff of Abominations; expressing the Southern contention that

the tariff was unconstitutional and that it severely adversely altered trade with Europe

that the Southern farmers had become dependent on.

7th


Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Democratic

Rise of Common Man and Democracy Spoils System 1830: Indian Removal Act: Provided for the immediate resettlement of Native

Americans living in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and present-day Illinois.

1831: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Tariff of 1832 Force Bill BUS War

8th


Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 Democratic

Panic of 1837: Andrew Jackson, whom Van Buren had served as secretary of state, vice

president, and close adviser, hurt the federal Second Bank of the United States by moving federalfunds to smaller state banks. Jackson thought the Bank of the United States hurt ordinary citizens


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by exercising too much control over credit and economic opportunity, and he succeeded in

shutting it down. But the state banks' reckless credit policies led to massive speculation inWestern lands. By 1837, after Van Buren had become president, banks were clearly in trouble.

Some began to close, businesses began to fail, and thousands of people lost their land.

Sectionalism and Expansion (Antebellum Period), 1840-18609


William H. Harrison 1841 Whig

Shortest Term; Longest Speech: Die in Office.10


John Tyler 1841-1845 Whig

11th


James K. Polk 1845-1849 Democratic

12th President Year Party

Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 Whig

13th


Millar Fillmore 1850-1853 Whig

14th


Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 Democratic

15th


James Buchannan 1857-1861 Democratic

Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1877

16th


Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865 Republican

17th


Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 Democratic

18th

President Year PartyUlysses S. Grant 1869-1877 Republican

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Gilded Age 1877-1900

19th


Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881 Republican


12/14

20th


James Garfield 1881 Republican

21st


Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 Republican

22nd


Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 Democratic

23rd


Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 Republican

24th


Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 Democratic

25th


William McKinley 1897-1901 Republican

Progressive Age, 1900-1920

26th President Year PartyTheodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Republican

27th


William Taft 1909-1913 Republican

28th


Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Democratic

Soaring Twenties, Great Depression, and United States at World War, 1920-1945

29th


Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 Republican


13/14

30th


Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Republican

31st


Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 Republican

32nd


Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democratic

The Cold War, 1945-1991

33rd


Harry Truman 1945-1953 Democratic

34th


Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 Republican

35th


John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Democratic

36th President Year PartyLyndon B. Johnson 1963-1968 Democratic

37th


Richard Nixon 1968-1974 Republican

38th


Gerald Ford 1974-1976 Republican

39th


Jimmy Carter 1976-1981 Democratic

40th


Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 Republican


14/14

New World Order, 1991-present

41st


George H. W. Bush 1989-1993 Republican

42nd


Bill Clinton 1993-2001 Democratic

43rd


George Bush 2001-2009 Republican

44th


Barack Obama 2009-present Democratic

Documents

Apush Review Pocket Recovered)