APA Writing and Citing 2010 Disclaimer: This presentation is based on the APA Manual of Style (6 th ed.). The content has been wholly or partially stolen,

APA Writing and Citing 2010 Disclaimer: This presentation is based on the APA Manual of Style (6 th ed.). The content has been wholly or partially stolen, plagiarized, or borrowed from the manual as well as numerous other sources.

Welcome to the UNC School of Social Work Program! By the way, your first paper is due in 2 days.

Most Frequent Faculty Complaints About Student Writing Doesnt show synthesis of ideas Doesnt show critical thinking Doesnt include all elements of assignment Doesnt follow the assignment (!) Poorly organized Poorly proofread Over use of quotations Doesnt follow APA rules Mistakes in basic grammar verb tense shifts no number agreement Poorly supported argument Plagiarism

Scientific writing = To persuade the reader to accept the validity of your claim or position to communicate complex ideas or data in an objective way, providing the reader with sufficient information to evaluate the validity of the writers results, claims, actions, or conclusions. Persuasion (argument) must be based on evidence, not emotion or opinion. = argumentative writing Goal: Purpose:

Ex. Assignment for Human Behavior in the Social Environment -- 60% of class grade The purpose of this assignment is to encourage you to apply theories of human behavior to a particular social problem or client group. This paper should be 10-12 pages, double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, 12 pt font in Times New Roman. Use a cover page and a reference page. Papers will be evaluated for content (appropriate application of theory and well developed and substantiated ideas), good writing (clear, well organized, edited and in final draft form), appropriate use of citations and references and adherence to APA writing style. The writer should use guidelines provided by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Use headings to help with clarity. For this assignment, you will choose a social problem, challenge, or obstacle (a mental illness, homelessness, domestic violence, substance abuse, child abuse and neglect, poverty, issues related to aging, discrimination, etc.) experienced by a client or client group (sexual minority, ethnic minority, women, men, youth, children, older adults, etc). Using a person-focused approach (see p. 426 in Robbins), you will examine how two theories differentially explain the problem. The approaches/theories that you should select from are: psychodynamic theories, social learning theory and social cognition, cognitive development theory, moral development theory, and life-span development theories (chapter 7 Robbins).

Ex. Assignment for Human Behavior in the Social Environment -- 60% of class grade The purpose of this assignment is to encourage you to apply theories of human behavior to a particular social problem or client group. This paper should be 10-12 pages, double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, 12 pt font in Times New Roman. Use a cover page and a reference page. Papers will be evaluated for content (appropriate application of theory and well developed and substantiated ideas), good writing (clear, well organized, edited and in final draft form), appropriate use of citations and references and adherence to APA writing style. The writer should use guidelines provided by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Use headings to help with clarity. For this assignment, you will choose a social problem, challenge, or obstacle (a mental illness, homelessness, domestic violence, substance abuse, child abuse and neglect, poverty, issues related to aging, discrimination, etc.) experienced by a client or client group (sexual minority, ethnic minority, women, men, youth, children, older adults, etc). Using a person-focused approach (see p. 426 in Robbins), you will examine how two theories differentially explain the problem. The approaches/theories that you should select from are: psychodynamic theories, social learning theory and social cognition, cognitive development theory, moral development theory, and life-span development theories (chapter 7 Robbins).

Outline the assignment Task Examine how two theories differentially explain a particular social problem experienced by a client or client group Identify social problem Identify client group Required Elements Use person-centered approach Use two theories from those listed Show differences in theories Citations Format Requirements 10-12 pages Times New Roman Font, 12 pt 1 margins, all sides Headings APA style Cover sheet and Reference page Questions for Instructor: 1.Name or PID on cover sheet? 2. Hard copy or electronic submission? ( what elec. format ?) 3. Does reference page count in page limit?

Questions to ask yourself to prepare for writing the paper: Why did instructor make this assignment? Class objectives: By end of course student will be able to 1. Evaluate theories of human behavior in the social environment for their adequacy in representing and dealing with issues of diversity. 2. Describe the utility of theory to social work understanding of human development and persistent social conditions and problems. 3. Critique theories for their consistency with social work values and ethics, status of empirical support, and application to social work practice. 5. Analyze selected theories used in the study of infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood 6. Understand the interaction of biology, psychology, and social processes as catalysts for development from infancy through late adulthood. 8. Discuss the major sources of risk and resiliency that affect bio-psycho-social development 9. Analyze the role of cultural strengths and group membership in addressing oppression. 10. Apply developmental theories in the analysis of individuals and families.

Other prep questions Who is the audience? Who would benefit from receiving this information? Dont write the paper for your instructor ! If instructor is your audience, youll tend to gloss over details, assume the reader is familiar with the subject, and omit critical foundation concepts? Better approach Assume your audience is an agency colleague or a peer who has not taken the course. Safe to assume shared concepts of social work, social work ethics Dont assume your reader know anything about your topic, theories, or current status of the problem

Number 1 source NOT to use

Reading to Write I want to be a sponge and absorb every bit of the wealth of knowledge that I encounter.

Limit note taking to info that answers research questions or provides examples Brief notes = useful notes Memory prompts not long paraphrases Keywords Wide margins for your reactions, challenges, questions - These are the seeds of a good paper

Writing the first draft Dont try to make your first draft your only draft Plan on revising your outline as you write/research/write Flesh out points on outline string together to make first draft Plan on multiple revisions & editing for drafts Final draft has good flow of information, addresses all the required elements, has a strong & persuasive argument Polish the final draft for APA Style, word choice, transitions Final paper has to be linear, but not the writing process Start with sections that are readiest to be written Dont omit citations in your draft At a minimum insert (cite) where needed (shaky advice)

How to Write an A+ Paper Embrace Outlines Identify assignment components Serve to guide your reading, research Help to narrow your focus, keep paper on track Physical structure helps you organize and subordinate information An outline helps you see the scope of a 12-page paper in a single page Holes in outline indicate holes in your argument These holes are your next areas to research, fill in Outline headers = headers for paper = reveal organization to the reader REVERSE outline near-final draft to make sure youve covered all topics Use instructors rubric as checklist for paper

Why is organization important in building an argument? Structure guides your reader through your reasoning process (i.e., reader has only the information you provide, in the order you provide it) Offers a clear explanation of each argued point Demonstrates your credibility as a critical thinker

For More Tips See the complete Writing Tips for the Social Work Program PowerPoint posted on the Schools Writing Resources Web page.

= The APA Manual of Style

Why APA? Predominant style for social and behavioral sciences Style reader process the information Establishes common use and forms across the profession The great thing about APA is that theres a rule for everything! The bad thing about APA is that theres a rule for everything!

More than just citations Comprehensive set of guidelines ranging from procedures to protect the rights of research participants to rules for use of precise language Topics include How to cite sources and prepare a Reference section capitalization, grammar, use of numbers, abbreviations, hyphenation, page formats, headings, how to write statistical copy and equations, reducing bias in language, precise language, and of course

Academic/Formal Tone Formal, objective tone - places emphasis on the research and the findings Most academic writing uses 3 rd person Its okay to use 1 st person sparingly Dont use 2 nd person You can see from the results.... Ones judgment may be No contractions (e.g., arent, didnt, isnt) No slang or informal language (e.g., teens) Doesnt mean using obtuse or esoteric language Doesnt mean using obtuse or esoteric language

Formal Language = More Precise Definition Informal Hand in Look into Put off Run across Formal Submit Investigate Delay Encounter Avoid the jargon pitfall !!

Use Clear, Simple Language Jargon Utilize Incentivize Conceptualize as Cognitive representations Operationalized Wrap-around services Plain Speak Use Motivate Thought of as Thoughts & beliefs Defined ? Okay to use IF you define

Dont hyper-hyphenate Which hyphenated forms are correct? anti-social post-treatment meta-index socio-demographic counter-balance self-image pro-war non-profit well-being non-Latino mid-term sub-group re-evaluate pre-experimental multi-phase over-eager semi-darkness non-significant

Only three! Remember: APA is stingy with hyphens >Ignore Words hyphenation suggestions!< antisocial posttreatment metaindex sociodemographic counterbalance self-image prowar nonprofit well-being non-Latino midterm subgroup reevaluate preexperimental multiphase overeager semidarkness nonsignificant SEE Table 4.2 APA Manual of Style, p.99 Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary is ultimate authority on hyphenation

Acronyms & Abbreviations First use: Spell out & put abbreviation in parentheses Ex: referred to Child Welfare Services (CSW). Only 7 acronyms accepted as words: IQ, AIDS, HIV, ESP, REM, NADP, ACTH No flip-flopping! Once an abbreviation is defined, you must use the abbreviation Use sparingly! Overuse turns your paper into alphabet soup. Try to limit use of abbre. to 4-5 in a paper.

Abbreviations and acronyms Abbreviations Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text) Use Latin Use English (e.g., ) for example - indicates a few of many examples (i.e., ) that is specific reference that is another way of stating previous phrase (etc., ) and so forth When tempted to use etc. insert blah, blah, blah-- it gives your reader the same information!

Racial / Ethnic Groups There are no hyphenated people African American, not African-American Capitalize all racial or ethnic groups Black, Whites, Latinos, non-Hispanic Note: Hispanic, Latino, Chicano are not inclusive Try to be specific: Cuban American, Central American, Mexican, Brazilian Both American Indian & Native American are acceptable Native American is broader designation and includes Hawaiians and Samoans Note most Hawaiians and Samoans prefer Pacific Islanders over Native Americans

Language: Hedging and Strength of Claim Social work research rarely produces incontrovertible results. Therefore, an important feature of academic writing is conveying the strength of claim of your findings or your stance on a topic. This use of cautious language is called hedging.

Introductory verbs seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest, feel Certain lexical verbs believe, assume, suggest, appear Certain modal verbs will, must, would, may, might, could Adverbs of frequency often, sometimes, usually, generally Hedge Words Retrieved from http://www.uefap.com/writing/feature/hedge.htm

Modal adverbscertainly, definitely, clearly, probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, Modal adjectives certain, definite, clear, probable, possible Modal nounsassumption, possibility, probability That clauses It could be the case that It might be suggested that There is every hope that To-clause + adjective It might be possible to obtain It is important to develop It is useful to study Hedge Words Retrieved from http://www.uefap.com/writing/feature/hedge.htm

Precise Language = Clear Communication APA has specific rules for signal words: While vs. Although, Whereas Since vs. Because, Given that That vs. Which Between vs. Among See chapters 3 & 4 of APA Manual for Capitalization Parallel construction Using past tense verbs & tense agreement Active vs. Passive voice Numbers vs. numerals

APA Format Rules Margins - 1 top, bottom, sides (minimum) Double-spaced throughout including references Font: Times New Roman for text (serif) Sans serif font (e.g.,Arial) for tables and figures Paragraphs: Indent inch; Avoid one sentence paragraphs One space after any punctuation mark References: Start on separate page & use hanging indent (1/2 inch). Check out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY&fea ture=related

Format of Title Page Not Bold, no italics, no illustrations Centered on page Running Head: ALL CAPS

Headings = Road Signs for the Reader

Why Cite? Cite: to refer to for illustration or proof; to point to the evidence. Citing the evidence supports the claim you are making in your paper. Shows youve done your research, and that youve established a foundation for your work.

Purposes of Citation 1. To give credit for the work, words, thoughts of others. All works (books, articles, Web pages, blogs, tweats) are automatically covered by U.S. copyright laws. Omitting a citation (i.e., plagiarism) violates copyright law and the UNC Honor Code. 2. To establish validity of your information base. 3. To allow the reader to identify and retrieve the original source materials. Note that the U.S. academic system requires more extensive citation than many international universities. So, if its not yours, cite it!

Plagiarism From the Latin, plagiarius, plagiarius, meaning kidnapper. Whether Whether intentional or unintentional, plagiarism is a serious violation of the UNC Honor Code, to which both students and faculty are bound to uphold. (Reitz, 2004)

TurnItIn The School of Social Work subscribes to the TurnItIn software service that searches for originality of content in research papers. The extent to which it is used is determined by each instructor.

Avoid Unintentional Plagiarism Through Better Note Taking Record citation info in your notes for every work Author(s) Publication Date Full Title Publication information City, Publisher, Journal name, vol. & issue no., page range) In your notes - Use quote marks to enclose phrases or unique words copied from a source (e.g., Bronfenbrenners term human ecosystem

SSW Plagiarism Tutorial (i.e., how to avoid it) http://ssw.unc.edu/ Under Current Students tab, on Writing Resources page WriteCheck is a fee-based student version of TurnItIn. Charge is about $5 for 5,000 word paper. Check it out at plagiarism. org

APA Citation Style In-text format uses parenthetical author-date Basic format: (Last name, Publication Year) Usually placed at end of sentence A recent study examined stress levels among graduate students (Slacker, 2004). BUT, keep author and date together The recent work of Slacker (2004) examined stress levels among graduate students.

Citations Follow the Evidence ~ Multiple Citations in One Sentence~ Although a recent study reported a negative association between stress and academic achievement among graduate students (Slacker, 2004), other research has shown a positive association between academic stress and later professional development (Mao & Plant, 2003; Summer, 2001, 2002). 2 Author Format Multiple citations are alphabetized by 1st author within a set of parentheses

In-text Citation Format Summary One author Every citation: (last name, publication year) (Gambrill, 2001) 2 authors Every citation: (Author 1 & Author 2, year) use & within parentheses, and in text. (Peacock & Slocum, 2004) 3-5 authors First use: List all authors (separate names with commas) and publication date (Ivy, Dees, & Coe, 1999) Subsequent citations: first author + et al. and date (Ivy et al., 1999) 6 or more authors First citation: first author et al. and date (Bucket et al., 2003)

Six or More Authors Use 1st author + et al. for all citations Day, Richman, Galinsky, Fraser, Guo, & Kupper, 2006 1st use : (Day et al., 2006) Signal phrase : Day et al. (2006) showed or Day and his colleagues (2006) showed

Citing a Quote Citations for direct quotations must include the page number. Quotes of 39 words or fewer are run in-line with the text and use double quote marks. Quotes of 40 words or more are placed in a block quote (all lines indented 5 spaces) and do not use quote marks. Warning: Use quotes sparingly !

Simple, In-line Quote One research team argued that professor stress is the worse kind of academic stress (Holmes & Rahe, 1999, p. 33). Holmes and Rahe (1999) argued that professor stress is the worse kind of academic stress (p. 33).

Block Quote (40 words or more) Holmes and Rahe (1999) contributed the following observation on academic stress: So-called professor stress is the worse kind of academic stress because it is so unnecessary. When professors fail to stipulate the criteria for achieving classroom success, students are left to founder for weeks trying to gain footing in a new academic arena. However, this is unnecessary. In such a case, it is the students responsibility to seek out the professor and ask for information. (pp. 33-34) 5 space indent

Which brings us to APA Reference Style

References Kostoff, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., Garca, E. O., & Ramrez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156. Kushkowski, J. D. (1985, May). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2005, from WilsonWeb Education Full Text database. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag. Page title: References Hanging indent (0.5) Double spaced; no extra line between items Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order Do not include personal communication or secondary citations 32 Reference Section Sorry Example based on APA 5 th ed.

1 Putting the Pieces of the Citation Puzzle Together Author Title Doc Type Retrieved

Elements of a reference entry for journal article Authors Year of publication Title Publication info URL or DOI Each element is closed with a period EXCEPT the URL or DOI

Journal Citations Include issue number ONLY for journals restarting each issue with page 1). Do not include issue number for journals using continuous pagination throughout the volume (e.g., issue 1 includes pages 1- 97, issue 2 has pages 99-136) Kupper, L., & Weiss, M. (2007). Assets for community growth. American Communities, 22(3),22-33. Weiss, M., & Kupper, L. D. (2007). Gaining a future perspective. Journal of Economic Development & Social Advancement, 24, 2-3. Last name, I. I. (Pub Date). Article title with sentence style caps. Journal Name Upper & Lower Italics, vol(issue*), page-range. *special rules apply Page numbers separated with a hyphen - No p. or pp.

Book Format: Hacker, D., & Stout, R. H. (1992). A writers desk reference (5th ed.). Washington DC: Bedford/St. Martin. Fraser, M., Guo, S., Little, M., Cart, G., Gaffe, K., Sales, T., Day, S. (2005). Community practice in emerging nations: A skill book for world workers. New York, NY: Avatar Press. New to 6 th edition: For works with more than 7 authors : List first 6 authors, add an ellipsis, and then add last author. Author Surname, I. (Year). Book title in italics: Sentence style caps. City, ST: Publisher.

Chapter In An Edited Book: Author, 1., & Author, 2. (Year). Chapter title. In I. M. Word & M. T. Nerd (Eds.), Book title (pp. 3- 15). Altoona: University of Pennsylvania Press. Richman, J., & Bowen, G. L. (1997). School failure: An ecological-interactional developmental perspective. ecological-interactional developmental perspective. In M. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood: In M. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective (pp. 95-116). Washington, An ecological perspective (pp. 95-116). Washington, DC: NASW Press. DC: NASW Press.

New Rules for Citing Journal Articles From Electronic Sources DOI (digital object identifier) doi replaces retrieval info NO DOI Open access journal? Give exact URL Article from database or subscription? Give URL to journals home page

Citing Electronic Sources Journal articles DOIs digital object identifier URL- uniform resource locator a.k.a. Web address Accessed through a database? Free, open access database? Okay to use database URL with Retrieved from Subscription database (e.g., PsychInfo, EBSCO) Give URL of journals home page Accessed through UNC library database (libproxy.unc)? Give URL of journals home page UNLESS your instructor gives alternate directions!

Digital object identifier doi string: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482 Crossref.org is a currently free DOI look-up service that uses the article title and first authors name A doi is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link on the Web. Adapted from slide created by Alvin Sherman Library, Research, and Information Technology Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL crossref.org

Fig. 1: The role of the DOI System as a persistent identifier. A DOI name (10.1000/123) has been assigned to a content entity; the DOI system provides resolution from that name to a current URL. When the content, previously at URL xyz.com, is moved to a new URL, newco.com, a single change in the DOI directory is made: all instances of the DOI name identifying that content (even if already recorded in print, as bookmarks, etc.) will resolve to the new URL, without the user having to take any action or be aware of the change. Note that the DOI name is persistent, i.e. remains unchanged. (International DOI Foundation.)

How it really works

DOIs can be found in a variety of places

DOI in ERIC

Example of PDF document Article actually retrieved from PsycARTICLE PsycARTICLE article available in PDF format

Citing Journal Article with DOI Macy, R. J., Giattina, M., Parish, S. L., & Crosby, C. (2010). Domestic violence and sexual assault services challenges. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 3- 32. doi: 10.1177/0886260508329128 doi:10.1177/0886260508329128 doi:10.1177/0886260508329128 No retrieval date is needed because the final version of the article is being referenced. No database or URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a unique identifier of the content and a link to the content

Formatting a DOI: Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449. doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482 In the retrieval statement, doi: is lower case and followed by a colon. No space between colon and number Break the number before most punctuation Do not include a period after the DOI number.

Preprint Version of Article Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides sound it out? Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading Teacher, 57, 440-449. Advanced online publication. Retrieved July 1, 2008. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7 Preprints are articles published online before they appear in print. The retrieval date is included because the version used at the time of research was not the archival copy. The DOI will direct people to the most recent version of the document.

If no DOI, but open access database Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap /article/view/71/100* Technically, n o date is needed because the final version of the article is referenced. However, URL content can change, so Id include date! Use exact URL if the content is open access Use the URL of the journal home page if accessed by subscription Remove hyperlink formatting

Example of Open Access Database: ERIC Documents : You have to mine the ERIC database page for elements that will help the reader retrieve the information ERIC document number Publishing org. document number

ERIC data base page

Pulling it together Mead, J. V. (1992) Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI. National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (Accession No. ED346082). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery /servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED346082

Citing a Web page: NASW Code of Ethics In-Text: Social work professionals are held to a constellation of core values (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008, Preamble). Reference entry: National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Preamble to the code of ethics. Retrieved May 4, 2008, from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/ Code/code.asp No period after the URL

Citation of a secondary source Seidenberg and McClellands study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. Text citation: Reference list entry for only the source you used:

SSW Writing Support [email protected] Bryson works w/ DE programsSusan WhiteDiane Wyant

Other Writing Resources Drop-in hours (phone, e-mail, or in-person): Tuesdays noon-2 p.m. Diane Wyant, Office 548e, phone 919-843-5575 [email protected] UNC Writing Center handouts -Link on Writing Resources page The Portable Editor e-newsletter of APA and writing tips. To subscribe, e-mail [email protected]@email.unc.edu APA Quick Reference Guide on Writing Resource Web Page Writing Resources page on SSW Web site under Current Students tab

A final tip to help you get the best grades possible on your papers

PRUfREED Ur Werk

Thank You for Your Attention!