Citing References Citing References APA StyleAPA Style

Wallace LibraryWallace Library

Copyright Copyright ©2002©2002 Rochester Institute of Technology, Wallace Library Rochester Institute of Technology, Wallace Library

Reasons for CitingReasons for Citing

To give credit to originator of text To give credit to originator of text or idea.or idea.

To provide source information, so To provide source information, so reader can follow-up, if desired.reader can follow-up, if desired.

DefinitionsDefinitions

In-text Citation – a brief parenthetical In-text Citation – a brief parenthetical acknowledgement within the paper wherever acknowledgement within the paper wherever another’s words, facts, or ideas have been another’s words, facts, or ideas have been incorporated.incorporated.

Citation or Reference - information needed Citation or Reference - information needed to properly give credit to an author and to properly give credit to an author and direct the reader to its location.direct the reader to its location.

““Works Cited” – the list of citations that Works Cited” – the list of citations that appears at the end of the paper. The citations appears at the end of the paper. The citations listed are only those referred to in the paper, listed are only those referred to in the paper, not everything that was reviewed.not everything that was reviewed.

Information Needed for All Information Needed for All Citation StylesCitation Styles Author or Authoring BodyAuthor or Authoring Body Date of publicationDate of publication Title of the workTitle of the work Publisher of the work & place of publicationPublisher of the work & place of publication Title of the Source, if work is part of Title of the Source, if work is part of

something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia, something else, i.e.. journal, encyclopedia, websitewebsite

Location information within the Source, i.e.. Location information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page or paragraph numbersVolume, issue #, page or paragraph numbers

Retrieval date, if electronic formatRetrieval date, if electronic format

Accrediting InformationAccrediting Information APA citation format was developed by the APA citation format was developed by the

American Psychological Association.American Psychological Association. The Publication Manual of the American The Publication Manual of the American

Psychological AssociationPsychological Association is the basis for all of is the basis for all of the rules and examples used in this presentation. the rules and examples used in this presentation.

Copies of the Manual are available at Copies of the Manual are available at RESERVE, in the REFERENCE collection, and RESERVE, in the REFERENCE collection, and on the 4on the 4thth floor for checkout BF76.7.P82 2001 floor for checkout BF76.7.P82 2001

Short guides derived from the Manual are Short guides derived from the Manual are available in the guide rack in the Reference area available in the guide rack in the Reference area of the Library and on the web at of the Library and on the web at http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html

In-text CitationsIn-text Citations

Consist of an author’s last name, Consist of an author’s last name, publication date, and a page or paragraph publication date, and a page or paragraph number (if the reference is to a quote or number (if the reference is to a quote or specific part of a work) separated by specific part of a work) separated by commas.commas.

Must be located in parentheses at the end Must be located in parentheses at the end of the quoted or borrowed information.of the quoted or borrowed information.

Must refer to a specific work listed on the Must refer to a specific work listed on the “Works Cited” page at the end of the “Works Cited” page at the end of the paper.paper.

In-text Citation ExamplesIn-text Citation Examples

Work cited has one authorWork cited has one authorIn a recent study of reaction time (Rogers, 1994)…In a recent study of reaction time (Rogers, 1994)…

Authors of the work cited are already Authors of the work cited are already mentioned in the narrativementioned in the narrativeCoppola and Naturale (2001) found that…Coppola and Naturale (2001) found that…

Part of the work is quotedPart of the work is quoted““A lack of career success may lower men’s value A lack of career success may lower men’s value

in the marketplace of relationships” (Reinking & in the marketplace of relationships” (Reinking & Bell, 1991, p.368)Bell, 1991, p.368)

In-text Citations Which Need No In-text Citations Which Need No “Works Cited” Entry“Works Cited” Entry

Work cited is an entire web siteWork cited is an entire web siteDouglass (Douglass (http://douglass.speech.nwu.edu/) is a

well organized site for locating American speeches.

Work cited is a personal communication: Work cited is a personal communication: e-mail, oral interview, conversation, etc.e-mail, oral interview, conversation, etc.Koren verified this (personal communication, Koren verified this (personal communication,

January 9, 2002).January 9, 2002).

APA Formatting Rules for APA Formatting Rules for “Works Cited” List“Works Cited” List

Double space each entry.Double space each entry. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the

surname of the first author.surname of the first author. Entries by same author are arranged by Entries by same author are arranged by

publication date, earliest first. publication date, earliest first. If no author, the title moves to the author If no author, the title moves to the author

position and the entry is alphabetized by the position and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title.first significant word of the title.

APA Formatting Rules for APA Formatting Rules for “Works Cited” Entries“Works Cited” Entries

First line of each entry is flush to left margin and First line of each entry is flush to left margin and all succeeding lines are indented. This is known as all succeeding lines are indented. This is known as a hanging indent. a hanging indent.

Titles of books and journals should be italicized.Titles of books and journals should be italicized. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first

word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns in word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns in titles of books, articles, films and broadcasts.titles of books, articles, films and broadcasts.

Capitalize all major words and all words of four Capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more in periodical titles.letters or more in periodical titles.

APA Formatting Rules for APA Formatting Rules for “Works Cited” Entries“Works Cited” Entries

Use author initials only.Use author initials only. Vol. # is italicized; issue # is not.Vol. # is italicized; issue # is not. There is no period at the end of a URL in a There is no period at the end of a URL in a

citation. If you do not have a URL at the end, put a citation. If you do not have a URL at the end, put a period there.period there.

Put the date you retrieved the article in month day, Put the date you retrieved the article in month day, year order followed by a comma, i.e. July 7, 2001,year order followed by a comma, i.e. July 7, 2001,

Entries retrieved from RIT licensed research Entries retrieved from RIT licensed research databases do not require a URL; use database databases do not require a URL; use database name only.name only.

General Format for Print General Format for Print Magazine/Journal ArticleMagazine/Journal Article

Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of

article: Subtitle of article. article: Subtitle of article.

Magazine/Journal Title, Volume numberMagazine/Journal Title, Volume number, ,

(issue number only if each issue begins on (issue number only if each issue begins on

page 1), pages. page 1), pages.

Example of Cite for Print Example of Cite for Print Magazine/Journal ArticleMagazine/Journal Article

Stacks, D. W., & Hickson, M. (1991). The Stacks, D. W., & Hickson, M. (1991). The

communication investigator: Teaching communication investigator: Teaching

research methods to undergraduates. research methods to undergraduates.

Communication Quarterly, 39Communication Quarterly, 39, 351-357. , 351-357.

General Format for Book or General Format for Book or Edited BookEdited Book

Author/Editor. (Date of Publication). Author/Editor. (Date of Publication). Title: Title:

SubtitleSubtitle. (Edition). Place of Publication: . (Edition). Place of Publication:

Publisher. Publisher.

Example of Cite for Book or Example of Cite for Book or Edited BookEdited Book

Chickering, A. W., & Smith, L. E. (Eds.). Chickering, A. W., & Smith, L. E. (Eds.).

(1981). (1981). The modern American college: The modern American college:

Responding to the new realities of diverse Responding to the new realities of diverse

students and a changing societystudents and a changing society . San . San

Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

General Format for an Article in General Format for an Article in an Edited Bookan Edited Book

Author. (Date of Publication). Article title. In Author. (Date of Publication). Article title. In

Book Editor (Ed.), Book Editor (Ed.), Title: SubtitleTitle: Subtitle. (Edition, . (Edition,

pages). Place of Publication: Publisher.pages). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example of Cite for Article in an Example of Cite for Article in an Edited BookEdited Book

Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (1986). School Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (1986). School

effects. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), effects. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook Handbook

of research on teachingof research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 570- (3rd ed., pp. 570-

602). New York: Macmillan. 602). New York: Macmillan.

General Format for Internet General Format for Internet DocumentDocumentCircles represent pieces of info that need to Circles represent pieces of info that need to

be located on the electronic document be located on the electronic document

Author/editor. (Year/Date). Author/editor. (Year/Date). Title. Title. Retrieved Retrieved

Date, from URLDate, from URL

Example of Cite for Internet Example of Cite for Internet DocumentDocument

Bryant, P. (2001). Bryant, P. (2001). Biodiversity and Biodiversity and

conservationconservation. Retrieved November 26, . Retrieved November 26,

2001, from http://darwin.bio.uci. 2001, from http://darwin.bio.uci.

edu/~sustain/ bio65/Titlpage.htmedu/~sustain/ bio65/Titlpage.htm

General Format for an Internet General Format for an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet ResourceResource

Author/editor. (Year). Author/editor. (Year). TitleTitle. Retrieved date, . Retrieved date,

from web site name: URLfrom web site name: URL

Example of a CiteExample of a Cite for an Internet for an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet ResourceResource

Pellegrino, J. (n.d.). Pellegrino, J. (n.d.). Seamus HeaneySeamus Heaney..

Retrieved October 4, 1999, from the Internet Retrieved October 4, 1999, from the Internet

Poetry Archive web site: Poetry Archive web site:

http://www.ibiblio.org/dykki/poetry/http://www.ibiblio.org/dykki/poetry/

heaney/heaney.bio.htmlheaney/heaney.bio.html

General Format for an Article From an General Format for an Article From an Internet JournalInternet Journal

Author. (Year). Title of article. Author. (Year). Title of article. Source, Source,

vol. #,vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately (issue # if each issue is separately

numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from

URLURL

Example of a CiteExample of a Cite for an Article From an for an Article From an Internet JournalInternet Journal

Fine, M.A., & Kurdek, L.A. (1993). Reflections on Fine, M.A., & Kurdek, L.A. (1993). Reflections on

determining authorship credit and authorship determining authorship credit and authorship

order on faculty-student collaborations. order on faculty-student collaborations.

American Psychologist, 48American Psychologist, 48, 1141-47. Retrieved , 1141-47. Retrieved

June 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/ June 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/

journals/amp/kurdek.htmljournals/amp/kurdek.html

General Format for an Article From an General Format for an Article From an Electronic DatabaseElectronic Database

Author. (Year). Title of article. Author. (Year). Title of article. Source, Source,

vol. #,vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately (issue # if each issue is separately

numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from

Database.Database.

Author. (Year). Title of article. Author. (Year). Title of article. Source, Source,

vol. #,vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately (issue # if each issue is separately

numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from

Database.Database.

Example of a CiteExample of a Cite for an Article From an for an Article From an Electronic DatabaseElectronic Database

Kramer, J.F. (December 1999/January 2000). Kramer, J.F. (December 1999/January 2000).

Valuing accounting practices. Valuing accounting practices. TheThe

National Public Accountant, 44National Public Accountant, 44 (10), 32. (10), 32.

Retrieved April 4, 2000, from ABI/Inform Retrieved April 4, 2000, from ABI/Inform

Global via Proquest Direct.Global via Proquest Direct.

Other FormatsOther Formats MLA – Modern Language Association MLA – Modern Language Association Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of StyleChicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style Turabian Style – based on Chicago StyleTurabian Style – based on Chicago Style Harvard Referencing SystemHarvard Referencing System ASA – American Sociological AssociationASA – American Sociological Association CBE - Council of Biology EditorsCBE - Council of Biology Editors

See See Formats for Citing ReferencesFormats for Citing References guide at guide at

http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/cite.html

for info on these formats and othersfor info on these formats and others

Bibliographic Management SoftwareBibliographic Management Software

Software that collects & organizes citations Software that collects & organizes citations for a bibliography and puts it into a specific for a bibliography and puts it into a specific style. Often includes filters that work with style. Often includes filters that work with specific databases.specific databases.

Examples: Endnote, ProCite, Reference Examples: Endnote, ProCite, Reference Manager, PapyrusManager, Papyrus

Comparison information & links to trial Comparison information & links to trial versions, company websites with purchasing versions, company websites with purchasing info, use guides & tutorials are available info, use guides & tutorials are available from the website at from the website at http://wally.rit.edu/

internet/subject/writing.htmlinternet/subject/writing.html

Writing Resources on the WebWriting Resources on the Web

http://wally.rit.edu/internet/subject/writing.htmlhttp://wally.rit.edu/internet/subject/writing.html

This website includes links to This website includes links to Referencing & citing guides with examplesReferencing & citing guides with examples Grammar guides and tutorials Grammar guides and tutorials Term paper writing workshops and guidesTerm paper writing workshops and guides Bibliographic management software infoBibliographic management software info

?Exercise

Correct Citations for ExerciseCorrect Citations for Exercise

Persico, J. E. (2001). Persico, J. E. (2001). Roosevelt’s secret war: Roosevelt’s secret war:

FDR and World War II espionageFDR and World War II espionage. New . New

York: Random House.York: Random House.

Correct Citation for Exercise

Cullhed, A. (August 28, 2001). Cullhed, A. (August 28, 2001). Nobel prize Nobel prize

authors on timeauthors on time. Retrieved February 18, . Retrieved February 18,

2002, from the Nobel e-Museum: 2002, from the Nobel e-Museum:

http://www.nobel.se/literature/articles/ http://www.nobel.se/literature/articles/

cullhed/cullhed/