How to Use APA Citing and Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism

Is This Plagiarism?Copying a direct quotation into your paper,

placing quotation marks around it, and crediting the source.

NO! This is not plagiarism.

Taking someone’s ideas or words, putting them into your own words, and crediting the source.

NO! This is not plagiarism.

How About this?

It’s Paraphrasing!

What is paraphrasingA paraphrase uses an author's idea, but

expresses it in your own words, without the use of

quotation marks.

Just changing a few words from the original is plagiarism.

Paraphrasing is permitted as long as you credit the source.

Examples of ParaphrasingThe original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation [when] taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, youshould strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of sourcematerials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.2nd ed. (1976): 46-47

A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keepquoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usuallyoriginates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the materialrecorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

Examples cont.An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotationsfrom sources to help minimize the amount of quoted materialin a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when theytake notes, resulting in too many of them in the final researchpaper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copyshould consist of directly quoted material. So it is important tolimit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation [when] taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, youshould strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of sourcematerials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.2nd ed. (1976): 46-47A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when theytake notes, resulting in too many of them in the final researchpaper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copyshould consist of directly quoted material. So it is important tolimit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

What is Quoting?A quotation uses exactly the same words and

puts them in quotation marks.

- If the quotation is more than 2 lines you should put it in a separate paragraph and indent it from both sides.

“Leprosy was eradicated in the west by the end of medieval times” (Foucault, 1999).

1. Quotations of fewer than 40 wordsenclose in double quotation marks. Sometimes the material you quote will itself contain text inside quotation marks. In this case, use single quotation marks within the double quotes.

Example:

Tehan (1993) argued that “short-term memory decreases with age” (p. 112). It has been noted in the literature that “manager role enactment is the ‘holy grail’ of communication” (Fox, 2001, p. 74)

2. Quotations of more than 40 words

A long quotation should be set off as a separate block of text, starting on a new line. The author and year of publication should be included in introductory sentence in your main text. The quoted block of text is intended five spaces from the left margin, in the same postion as a new paragraph.

Example:Richardson (1969) described memory imagery as: The common and relatively familiar imaginary of everyday life. It may accompany the recall of events from the past, the ongoing thought processes of the present or the anticipatory... (p. 43)

3. Quotations from web documents and web sites

Use the author –date citation method already described. Include a page or paragraph number if available. If paragraph numbers are visible, use either the paragraph symbol (¶)  or the abbreviation “para”.

Example:The electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, 2001, para. 12) is “the leading civil liberties organization working to protect rights in the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF actively encourages and challenges industry and government to support free expression, privacy, and openness in the information society.”

Or.. The Electronic Frontier

Foundation (EFF, 2001, ¶ 12) is “the leading civil liberties organization working to protect rights in the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF actively encourages and challenges industry and government to support free expression, privacy, and openness in the information society.”

What is a Summary?

A summary should contain the main points from the author's text. Don't forget to

reference it with the author's family name, date of publication and page number.

When Should I……Paraphrase? …Quote? …Summarize?

1. The author’s words will be difficult for your reader to understand

1. Everything the author writes is important

1. Not all the author’swords are necessarye.g. If the author givesexamples or

explanationsthat you don’t need to

putin your text

2. Your instructor/ lecturer wants to know if you understand the author correctly

2. The quotation will not make your text too long

2. If paraphrasing or quoting will make your text too long

3. You haven’t used many quotations already

Common KnowledgeThings that are considered “common

knowledge”do not need to be cited.

Examples: -Canadian Confederation began in the year

1867.-John A. Macdonald was Canada’s first PrimeMinister.-William Shakespeare was born in England in

the16th Century.

Why are in-text citations is important?

They acknowledge the original source of information you have included in your work.

Provide the information needed for the reader to locate the original source, if it’s required.

An in text citation must point clearly to a specific source in References.

The in text citations and the References list work together.

The in text citation, a brief reference to a work, enables the reader to identify the source of an idea quickly and easily. Knowing the author’s last name (or the title) from the in text citation, a reader can locate the complete publication information for that work in the alphabetically arranged References list.

APA Formatting• List only the resources to which you have specifically referred,

not those merely consulted • Place the page of references at the end of your assignment on a

separate page titled References • Use authors’ names in the order they appear on the title page; do

not alphabetize multiple authors of a source • Invert authors’ names and include only initials of first and middle

names (i.e. Adam Smith becomes Smith, A.) Use an ampersand (&) to connect two authors’ names (e.g. Spacey, K., & Butler, G.)

• Use commas to separate authors and an ampersand for the last author if there are three to six authors

Formatting cont.• List the first six authors and then et al. if there are more

than six • Begin the reference with the title of the work if no author

is given • Arrange the list alphabetically; if there is no author and the

title begins with a, an, or the, alphabetize by the second word

• Begin each entry with a hanging indent (first line begins at the left margin and all other lines are indented ½ inch)

• Double space within and between entries in your list of references

• Capitalize only the first word in the title and the first word after a colon

An in text citation must point clearly to a specific source in References.

The in text citations and the References list work together.

The in text citation, a brief reference to a work, enables the reader to identify the source of an idea quickly and easily. Knowing the author’s last name (or the title) from the in text citation, a reader can locate the complete publication information for that work in the alphabetically arranged References list.

ReferencesBurton, J. L. (2007). An Interactive Approach to Writing Essays and Research Reports in Psychology

2nd Edition. Singapore: John willey & Sons Australia Ltd.

Documenting research sources using APA style. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://spark.mohawkcollege.ca/tutorials/PDFtutorials/APA_guide.pdf

You note it, you quote it. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/

Helpful Fact Sheets. (n.d.) Retrieved from

http://www.mohawkcollege.ca/Discover/Help/CommCentre/helpfulFactSheets.html