German Unification

Key Terms

The Second Reich

Otto Von Bismarck

Junker

Blood & Iron

Realpolitik

War with Denmark

War with Austria

Franco-Prussian War

Kaiser

King Wilhelm I

Germany in the1700s

German people lived in several small countries

Strongest countries in the Region:

Prussia

Austria

After Napoleon

After Napoleon conquered the land, German people wanted a single country (Nationalism)

Thought it would be stronger; safer

Napoleon consolidated

400 states 39 states

Napoleonic Code

Who could Unify the German

people? Otto Von Bismarck (Prussia)

Not a king; came from Junker class

Junker German nobility

1862 - King Wilhelm I made OVB Prime Minister

Believed that philosophy and ideas were overrated

Ideology:

Believed in Blood and Iron

Strong Military, not concerned with philosophy, enlightenment, or natural rights

Realpolitik realistic politics

Power is more important than ideas and values

OVB wanted a Second Reich

Reich = Realm / Empire

1st Reich Holy Roman Empire

2nd Reich German Empire (created by OVB)

3rd Reich - ??????

Blood & Iron Speech

Before the speech, a meeting was held in Frankfurt

Goal was to vote to unify Germany. They failed

OVB opposed this approach at unification:

The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favourable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Congress of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.

Otto Von Bismarck, Blood & Iron Speech, 1862

Realpolitik

Realistic Politics

Often referred to as a Machiavellian approach to politics

Would do whatever is necessary to reach goals

Against For

Ideology Practicality

Philosophy Realism

Ethics Power

Otto Von Bismarck:

Unification Through War Bismarck annexed the Northern German states

Annex take control over a state.

Defeat of Denmark (1865)

Prussia and Austria enter alliance

Defeat Denmark, Prussia claims territory

Defeat of Austria (1866)

Bismarck turned on Austria

Takes land

Franco-Prussian War (1871)

Defeats Napoleon III (NBIII would fall from power)

Take Land from France

Napoleon III surrendering to OVB OVB affected French History as well

Germany United

Victory over France delighted German people

Southern German states agreed to join

Bismarck made King Wilhelm I of Prussia the Kaiser of a united Germany

Wilhelm I First Kaiser of Germany

Kaiser German for Emperor (Caesar)

1871 - German Empire

(Second Reich) is born

How?

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussia

Blood & Iron

Realpolitik

Italian Unification Key Terms: Mazzini

The Soul

Cavour

The Brain

Garibaldi

The Sword

Red Shirts

Victor Emmanuel II

Italy in the 1700s

Like Germany, Italian people were divided into many small countries

Last time there was unity in Italy?

Roman Empire!

Also like Germany, after Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy, people wanted a single state

From 1820-1848, Nationalists revolted several times.

The 3 Men of Italian Unification

Mazzini The Soul

Cavour The Brain

Garibaldi The Sword

Giuseppe Mazzini The Soul

Mazzini - Nationalist leader who inspired the young people of Italy to call for a

single country.

Nicknamed The Soul.

Why was he given that nickname?

Camillo Cavour The Brain

Cavour

From Sardinia (Region).

Provoked a war with Austria to create Nationalist feelings among the people.

Waiving the bloody shirt

Nicknamed The Brain

Why was he given that nickname?

Giuseppe Garibaldi The Sword

Garibaldi Led a group of nationalist soldiers called

the Red Shirts, and invaded parts of Southern Italy

Foreshadowing WWII Black Shirts (Fascism)

In an act of patriotism, Garibaldi doesnt seize power. He made Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, the king of a United Italy

Nicknamed The Sword

Why was he given that nickname?

King Victor Emmanuel II

1861

Italy united for the first time since the 500s.

King Victor Emmanuel crowned as King of Italy

Discussion Questions

How did Napoleon Bonaparte cause the unification of Germany and Italy?

Nationalism played a big role in creating both Germany and Italy. What did Nationalists want?

How would this Nationalist fervor in Italy and Germany affect the 20th century?