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Name ID E-mail
Mohaiminul Islam
120103074 [email protected]
Presentation on Geo Textile
GREEN UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH
Subject: Apparel Manufacturing II
GEO TEXTILE
Geo textiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter,
reinforce, protect, or drain. Typically made from polypropylene or polyester, geo textile fabrics come in three
basic forms: woven (looks like mail bag sacking), needle punched (looks like felt), or heat bonded (looks like ironed
felt).Geo textile composites have been introduced and products
such as geo grids and meshes have been developed. Overall, these materials are referred to as geo synthetics and each configuration—-geo nets, geo grids and others—-can yield
benefits in geotechnical and environmental engineering design.
Preface
Sometimes called filter fabric, geo textile is made of plastic threads that allow water to pass around them, but not very
small particles of soil beneath them. Geo textile separates and contains the base from the underlying soil sub grade. It allows the base to shed water, and prevents the soil around it from
working its way into the base.
Without geo textile, the soil will work its way into the base and weaken it. This is a slow process that happens when the soil is saturated with water or during periods of thawing. Geo textile stops this process and extends the life of the base by
many years. Geo textile is recommended for use over silt and clay soils. It is not essential in sandy soils.
Preface
Geo textiles were originally intended to be an alternative to granular soil filters. The original, and still sometimes used, term for geo textiles is filter fabrics. Work
originally began in the 1950s with R.J. Barrett using geo textiles behind precast concrete seawalls, under precast concrete erosion control blocks, beneath large stone riprap, and in other erosion control situations. He used different styles of
woven monofilament fabrics, all characterized by a relatively high percentage open area (varying from 6 to 30%). He discussed the need for both adequate permeability
and soil retention, along with adequate fabric strength and proper elongation and set the tone for geo textile use in filtration situations.
History
Two Factors need to be considered before using or choosing any Geo Textile :
The tension required for equilibrium
The appropriate layout of the geo textile reinforcement.
What are the Common Geo textile Types?
The most common types of geo textiles are woven and non woven.A woven geo textile could be used for sediment control, unpaved road bases, strengthening paved roads, erosion protection, and subsurface drainage. It possesses the following features:
•Woven Polypropylene•UV Resistant•Rot Resistant•Biological Degradation Resistant•Chemically Inert
A non woven geo textile is ideal for use with roads, roofs, railroads, ponds, dams, trenches, and landfills.All of our non woven material possess the following features:100% Propylene Staple FibersNeedle-PunchedRandom Network FormationUV Resistant Rot ResistantBiological Degradation ResistantStable Within 2-13 pH
What are the Types of Specialty Geo textiles?
"Do Not Dig" Fabric is woven orange fabric used in Browns field Remediation projects. This material may be required by the EPA when redeveloping areas with contaminated
soil.
Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) are a type of geo synthetic that provide superior soil stability for rapid vegetation growth.
Geo grids have an open grid-like appearance and the ability to effectively reinforce soil.
Geo net, like geo grid, is an open grid-like fabric with polymeric strands intersecting at a constant acute angle. It is
used to carry relatively large fluid or gas flows.
To help select which type of the various geo textile materials are best suited for various applications, the following table has been
developed.
Geo textile Application ChartProduct Type Application
Nonwoven Fabric
•Subsurface Drainage and Filtration (except for gap graded soils) •Erosion Protection (except for gap graded soils) •Asphalt Overlays •Stabilization and Separation (usually a value engineered decision between nonwoven geo textiles, woven geo textiles, or grids)•Railroads Only Use Heavy Weight Nonwovens (woven and light weight heat bonded nonwovens are detrimental to railroads)•Pond Under lay ments (under and/or over impermeable liners to provides puncture resistance)
Woven Slit Film Fabric•Stabilization and Separation (valued engineered decision) •Silt Fence
Woven Mono Filament Fabric•Subsurface Drainage and Erosion Protection (mainly in gap graded soils)
High Strength Woven •Stabilization and ReinforcementGrids •Stabilization and Reinforcement
Drainage Nets •In-Plane Drainage (when combined with light weight nonwovens)
Pre-Fabricated Drainage Structure •Subsurface Drainage
Matting •Erosion Protection
Combination of Grids and Nonwoven Fabric
•Special Stabilization and Reinforcements Where Separation is Needed (i.e. under sewer lines or in soils prone to pumping)
Browse By Erosion Type :
Beach Erosion: ---Coir --Because sand is such a light soil and the beach is home to so many living things, using a more natural product
like coir or straw is recommended. Coastal Erosion: ---Woven -- The creeping slope of coastal erosion typically calls for a stronger geo
textile, such as woven fabric. Riverbank Erosion: ---Coir, Woven, or Non Woven--Erosion on the riverbank could use any of the three solutions, depending on the extent of the
erosion. Soil Erosion: ---Coir, Woven, or Non Woven --Soil erosion could also use any of the three solutions. Each area or soil will have its own unique properties that help determine the type of geo textile used.
Water Erosion: --Non Woven-- Most areas controlling erosion caused by water call for a nonwoven geo textile to help absorb and slow the damaging water.
Weathering and Erosion: Geo grid Weathering is increased by the elements and chemicals surrounding or affecting the eroded area. We recommend using a geo grid for its rigidity and ability to reduce stress.
Wind Erosion: ---Woven-- The use of a woven geo textile will allow for wind and water to pass through, but will protect the sediment.
Geo textile Fabric Application Option:
Depending on our exact location and the type of conditions we are dealing with, different fabrics
may work better than others. For any kind of temporary erosion control application (such as
reinforcement until vegetation takes root or temporary stabilization like re -coconut coir or straw will be used. These natural materials are built to biodegrade for short term stabilization.
For long-term or permanent applications, synthetic materials such as woven and non
woven geo textiles are more commonly used. These geo textiles can help stabilize roads, separate aggregates, and control erosion in
various locations.
Temporary Erosion Control: CoirPermanent Erosion Control: Woven or Non
WovenDrainage: Woven or Non Woven
Roadway Separation: Woven or Non Woven
Roadway Stabilization: Woven or Non Woven
Geo membrane Liner Protection: Non Woven
Gas Venting: Non Woven Landfill Leach ate Collection: Woven or
Non WovenLandfill Drainage Systems: Non Woven
Steepened Slopes: WovenRetaining Walls: Woven
Embankments Over Soft Soil: WovenLagoon Closures: Woven
Functions of Geo textile Fabric:
The Ins and Outs of Geo textilesCustomers have used geo textiles for several different applications including drainage,
filtration, reinforcement, cushioning, waterproofing and separation. Equipped to handle different areas, the woven and non woven geo textile can vary in weight,
thickness, and opening size to meet different requirements and applications.
How Does Each Function Work?
•Filtration: Provides a permanent mechanical and hydraulic filter stability as it retains fine particles when water passes from fine-grained to coarse-grained soil.
•Drainage: Provides water drainage and gas venting in the plane of the fabric geo textile.
•Reinforcement: Increases soil shear strength by providing bonding mechanism of the geo textile-soil system to improve the soil quality and structural stability.
•Cushion/Protection: Allows permanent protection of synthetic sealing systems (geo membranes) against mechanical damage during installation and after completion of construction.
•Waterproofing: Acts as a support material for impregnations with bitumen or plastic-modified sealing materials.
•Separation: Permanently prevents the mixing of two materials.
Areas of Application Separation Filtration Drainage Reinforcement Protection Waterproofing
Paved Roads PF SF SF SF Unpaved Roads PF SF SF SF
Repaving SF PF Drainage SF PF SF
Sports Fields PF PF Hydraulic
Construction SF PF
Railroads PF PF Geomembrane Containment SF SF PF
Embankments PF SF SF SF Retaining Walls SF PF PF
Tunnels PF
PF: Primary FunctionSF: Secondary Function
When are the Functions Applicable?
Why are Geo textiles Tested ?
Geo textile testing takes place to ensure that you receive the best possible product. Meeting the American society for Testing (ASTM) and Materials' standards, each test have a very specific purpose for both woven and nonwoven materials.
All of our material undergoes mechanical and hydraulic testing as well as testing for its physical properties.
Mechanical geo textile Testing:
Puncture Resistance (ASTM D 4833): Measures the index puncture resistance. Shows the absorption of force when the geo textile absorbs a concentrated load.
Grab Tensile (ASTM D 4632): Determines the tensile strength and tensile elongation. Strength and elongation are a good measure of properties under one directional stress.
Hydraulic Testing:
When geo textiles are used as filters, they must satisfy two conflicting design criteria: piping and permeability. They must prevent particles from washing through but also allow adequate drainage and relief of
hydrostatic pressure.
Apparent Size Opening / A.O.S.(ASTM D 4751): A.O.S. indicates the maximum pore size. Determined by dry sieving closely graded glass
beads.
Water Permeability (ASTM D 4491): Undergoes two (2) procedures-the constant head method and the falling head method. Permittivity
can also be derived from the results.
Transmissivity / In-Plane Flow(ASTM D 4716): Measures water flow capacity along the plane of the geo textile through constant head test
procedure. Dependent on the thickness of the fabric.
Physical Properties:
Fabric Weight (ASTM D 3376): Measures mass per unit area.
Fabric Thickness (ASTM D 1777): Measured at specified pressure. Thickness is proportional to the cushioning ability and planar flow capacity of the fabric.
Ultraviolet Stability (ASTM D 4355): Measured before and after U.V. exposure. The loss in strength is reported as the percent strength retention of
the fabric. Chemical Resistance: There is not a current ASTM test method to evaluate
this. Our geo textiles are highly resistant to deterioration in the normal chemical environment found in soils.
Biological Resistance: There is not a specific method for testing this property. The inertness of almost all artificial polymers prevents degradation.
International Testing:
o DIN West German (FRG) Testing Standards: 54307, 53857/2, 53861, 53847
o NFG French Testing Standards: 07-112, 07-001, 38-014, 38-015
o SN Swiss Testing Standards: 640550
Using the charts below, we can compare woven and non woven geo textile styles and brands in chart form.
Grab Tensile SKAPS Amoco Syntheti
c Mirafi Contec Webtec AEF Carthedge Mills
80 lbs GT131 4535 311 N/A C31NW N03 N/A FX-30HS
95 lbs GT135 4545 351 140NL C35NW N04 480 FX-35HS 110 lbs GT140 4546 401 140NC C40NW N/A 480HS FX-40HS
120 lbs GT142 4547 451 140N C45NW SD N/A N/A
160 lbs GT160 4551 601 160N C60NW N06 680HS FX-60HS 180 lbs GT170 4553 801 170N C70NW N07 880 FX-70HS
200 lbs GT180 4553 801 180N C80NW N08 880 FX-80HS
250 lbs GT110 4555 1001 1100N C100NW N010 1080 FX-100HS
300 lbs GT112 4557 1201 1120N C120NW N012 1280 FX-120HS
380 lbs GT116 4561 1601 1160N C160NW N016 1680 FX-160HS
Woven Slit Film Fabric:
Grab Tensile SKAPS Amoco Synthetic Mirafi Contec Webtec AEF Carthedge
Mills
200 lbs W200 2002 200ST 500X C200 GS 200W Fx-55
300 lbs W300 2006 300ST 600X C300 HD 300W Fx-66
W
Woven Mono Filament Fabrics:
SKAPS Amoco Synthetic Mirafi Contec Webtec AEF Carthedge Mills
M706 1199 Erosion I 700X C70/06 EP 650W Carthage 6%
M404 1198 Erosion X 700XG N/A N/A N/A Carthage 15%
How Do We Install Geo textiles?
Geo textile installation can be easy for woven or non woven when you have the proper tools and follow our simple instructions. While it is possible to use heat seaming for installation, the more common approach is through sewing.
Step One: Take the two pieces of geo synthetic fabric, hold the edges together to make a prayer, "J", or butterfly seam.
Step Two: Guide the fabric into the machine. (The machine will continue to feed the fabric on its own.) Note: Do not pull on the machine. Pulling will cause the needle to bend.
Geo textile Installation Tips!
Use three (3) people. Person One holds and supports the weight of the geo textile while aligning the two edges. Person Two holds and guides the sewing machine. Person Three supports the fabric after it has been sewed and checks the stitching.Have two (2) sewing machines at the job site.Use the toe of ladies' nylons to cover the thread cones, preventing the thread from wind.
What Do We Need to Install Geo textiles?
To install on site, we will need:
Handheld Sewing Machine that meets Federal Stitch Type 401 (Sample Models: Single Thread, Chain Stitch, Union Special, American New long) We recommend using an electric motor for standard use and an air-operated motor for hazardous conditions.Thread (Depending on application, proper thread choice can be determined by supplier.)Light Weight Fabric: 4 yards of thread for each yard sewn.Medium Weight Fabric: 6 yards of thread for each yard sewn.Heavy Weight Fabric: 9 yards of thread for each yard sewn.
Thread Usage Formula (for each row of sewing): 4 + (2x(thickness of seam) x (1/length of 1 stitch)) = inches of thread use per inch sewn
woven and nonwoven geo textile products are sampled and tested to assure quality products are being produced. As a minimum, a number
of production units are selected at random from each lot.Additional testing is also conducted.
The Following Tests are Performed on Each Sample:
Test Property Test Method Weight ASTM D5261
Thickness ASTM D5199 Grab Tensile ASTM D4632
Grab Elongation ASTM D4632 Trapezoid Tear Strength ASTM D4533
CBR Puncture Resistance ASTM D6241 Mullen Burst Strength ASTM D3786
Permeability ASTM D4491 Permittivity ASTM D4491 Water Flow ASTM D4491
Apparent Opening Size (A.O.S) ASTM D4751 UV Resistance ASTM D4355
Additional Testing
Additional Testing
Property Test Method Unit
Abrasion-Sliding Block ASTM D4886 % Strength Retention
Abrasion-Rotary Platform ASTM D3884/D2048 LBS
U.V. Resistance-Flourescent Type ASTM G53/G154 % Strength Retention
U.V. Resistance-Xenon Type ASTM D4355 % Strength Retention
Wide Width ASTM D4595 LBS/IN
Conclusion
• As far as our concern we tried to present a presentation with
a view to clarifying the ideas and data about Geo textile and
related products. Our motive was to focusing on geo materials
kind, physical and other properties, and also about the
implementation. Geo textile are basically used to create the
infrastructure of the materials. By using Geo fabric we can
reduce different types of erosion either of soil or of other
materials.
