Timber, glass, asbestos geo textile and adhesives

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In the name of Allah, The most Merciful and Mighty

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Civil Engineering Materials and Concrete Technology (CE-

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Group Members

1) Waqas khan (41)

2) Murad Ali (42)

3) Salahuddin (43)

4) Naveed (44)

5) Nasir yaqoob (45)

SUPERVISOR :

Dr.Khan Shahzada

Deptt of Civil Engg,UET Pesh.

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Content

1) Timber

2) Glass

3) Asbestos

4) Geo-Textile Uses

5) Adhesives

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Timber

“Wood suitable for buildings or engineering purposes is called timber”

The word ‘timber’ derived from an English word ‘timbrian’ which means to build. When it form a part of living tree, is called standing timber When the tree has been felled it is called rough timber When it has been sawn to various market forms such as beams, boards,

planks etc it is called converted timber

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Standing, Rough and converted timber

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bamboo,cane,palm:

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Classification of tree:

a) Endogenous tree:

Trees which grow inward by depositing every year of fresh layer internally, instead of on the outside of tree is known as endogenous

The stem of this trees are light and tough and are two flexible.

the timber from this trees has very limited engineering application

Example Bamboo ,cane ,palm etc.


EXOGENOUS tree : Trees which grow outside from the center

by depositing annually a new layer of material between the previous year growth in the bark.

On examining a cross section of such tree,it is found that there is a series of consecutive concentric ring. This rings are called annual rings and each rings represent the growth of one year.

Such trees grow bigger in diameter. the timber which is mostly used for

engineering purposes belongs to this categories.

Exogenous tree

Exogenous tree

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Types of exogenous tree : DECIDUOUS: This trees has broadly leaf. The leaves of this trees fall in autumn and new one’s appear in spring seasons.The timber for engineering work is mostly derived from deciduous trees

Example: Sufrose , ,walnut.

Conifiers: The conifers is also known as evergreen trees and pointed leaves. These trees are tall and cone shape This trees yield softwoods, light in colour,,light in weight ,and weak example. Deodar pine kail.

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Deciduous: Conifier:

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Classification based on hardness of wood:

Commercially trees are also classified as soft and hard woods

Soft wood:The soft wood are froms a group of evergreen trees.Their leaves are long and pointed, they are light in colour.Soft wood are mainually used in carpenting.

Example: deodar,kail,and other conifiers Soft wood

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Hard wood:

• Hard wood are broad-leaved with narrow and well defined annual rings.

• They are hard strong and capable of resisting tensile and compressive stresses

• Example:• Saheesham,walnut tree etc.

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Seasoning:

• Seasoning is the controlled process of reducing the moisture content of the timber so that it is suitable for the environment and intended use.Timber is considered seasoned when it has lost 1/5th of it weight and it is than fit for carpentering work and common purposes.

• Timber which is not seasoned, is weak and soft and seasoning imparts strength hardness and stiffness

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Objectives of seasoning:

To reduce the weight of timber. To reduce tendency of timber to crack . To make the timber easily workable. To allow the timber to burn easily if used as a fuel To make the timber fit for receiving paints and

varnishes. To make the timber free from the attack of fungi .

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Methods of seasoning:

• There are two main methods of seasoning of wood .• 1) Natural or air seasoning.• 2) Artifical or kiln seasoning.

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1) Natural seasoning….

• Done by natural dry action of air, sun and wind.• The stack of wood should be protected from the weather it is stacked

on paved platform at least 9 inches from ground. • Loss of moisture from wood as by simple process of evaporation.• Drying by this method is may not be even at uniform through wood.• This process is very cheap and simple but very slow and may take 1

to 4 years before the timber is properly seasoned.

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2) Artificial or kiln seasoning:

• This is the process in which timber is exposed to high temperature in drying kiln.

• It is a quick method, but the seasoning should be done carefully and properly.

• Drying period should be 3 to 12 days.

• This method of seasoning is more costly.

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Comparison:Natural seaoning:

• Slow process• Simple process• Required more stacking

space• Difficult to reduce moisture

content• Stronger timber is achieved

Artifical seasoning:

• Quick process• Technical process• Required less stacking place• Moisture content can be

reduce to any desired value• Little weaker timber is

achieved

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Method of sawing of timber:

• A tool or device for cutting, typically a thin blade of metal with a series of sharp teeth.

• Any similar tool or device, as a rotating disk, in which a sharp continuous edge replaces the teeth.the process is known as sawing.

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Method of sawing: 1) Ordinary sawing:• Parallel cuts made throughout the length of the

log• Easiest and economical method• Shrinkage of sapwood more than the heartwood• Causing warp and twisting of planks

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2) Tangential sawing:

• This method of cutting planks tangentailly to annual rings of logs.

• Planks cut by this method wrap too much.• The timber obtained by this method wrap usually in a

cup shape manner.• It is not suitable for flooring

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Quality of good timber:

The quality of timber depends upon the species of the tree from which it has been obtained.

The soil in which it has grown. The method of seasoning and the treatment it has

received before being brought into use.

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Qualities…………

• Good timber should have uniform color.• Good timber should have sweet smell(freshly cut).• Free from defects. i.e knots,twistted,crack etc.• A good timber should be capable of retaining the shape during

conversion or seasoning.• A good timber should have a clear sound when struck.• Good timber should be easily workable, it should not blocked the

teeth of saw.• Good timber should be hard.• Good timber should be durable.• A good timber should be strong for working as a structural member

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Timber used ………

• Timber can be used in; Making fine furniture. Building construction. In bridges (bamboo). Ship building. Boat construction. Musical instrument. Door panel. Window panel. Roof covering. Wooden tails. Wooden houses in mountain areas. Offical furniture.. Toy making.

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GLASS

Definition

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in things like window panes.

It is a super cooled liquid.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinity

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Principle constituents of glass:

• Glass is made of sand(silica),chalk, soda or potash other ingredients such as lead oxide ,iron oxide, borax etc may be included to give hardness ,brilliance and colour to produce glass all the ingredients are fused together in a kiln at a temperature 1000 degree C.

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Various constituents ………

1) SILICA:• Main constituent of all kinds of glass• Since it fuses at very high temperature some

alkaline admixture like sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate is added to make it fuse at lower temperature

• The admixture also make the liquid silica more viscous and better workable

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Various constituents…….

• 2) POTASH: • This gives fire resisting properties to it

• 3) SODA: • It quickens fusion of glass and as such excess of it is harmful

• 4) LIME• It imparts durability and toughness to the glass

• 5) LEAD OXIDE:• It gives colour to the glass and therefore its presence in glass is not much desirable

• 6) CULLET• It is broken glass of the type desired to be manufacture that is added as a raw material to bring

down the cost of production

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS:

• All the constituents of glass are separately ground, sieved and mixed in desired proportions.

• The mix is then fused in a tank furnace or in a pot furnace. The former is used for large scale productions and later for smaller productions of superior quality.

• The charge that is fed at one end of the furnace is continuously taped in molten state at the other end. The molten glass is given the desired shape by any one of the following methods

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Continue……

• A) Flat drawing:• Iron rod is dipped into the molten glass and moved

sideways to form a plate of glass which is then passed in rollers to form glass sheets.

• B) Rolling: • The molten glass is poured over flat iron table which has

rollers fixed at one edge. The molten glass is rolled into sheet of glass

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ClASSIFICATION:

• Glass is usually classified into three main classes• a) Soda lime glass

• It is obtained from the fusion of a mixture of silica, lime, soda and alumina. • Powdered glass may also be added• This glass is also termed as Soda-ash glass, Soda glass or Soft glass• It is used for glazing doors, windows and making ordinary glass wires

• b) Lead glass:• It is obtained from the fusion of a mixture of silica, lead and potash• Powdered glass may also be added• Lead glass has highly shining appearance• It is not affected by temperature• Cut glass work, electric bulbs and optical glass are made from it

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Boro-silicate glass:

• It is obtained from the fusion of a mixture of silica,borax, lime, and feldspar.

• Powdered glass may also be added• This glass withstands high temperature • Laboratory equipments and kitchen utensils are made out

of it

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COMMERCIAL FORMS:

Commercial form of Glass;

• a) Sheet Glass: • Most extensively used in engineering works• Thickness of 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5 5.5 and 6.5 mm

• Ordinary glazing quality: Used for general glazing• Selected glazing quality: Used for better quality

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CONTINUED….

• b) Plate glass:• It is made in thickness varying from 3mm to 32 mm• It is stronger and more transparent than the Insulating glass: Two layers of glass separated by 6mm to 12mm of air space are sealed to provide heat

insulation

• c) Colored glass:• By adding oxides of metals to metal glass the finish product get colored• Used for decoration works in building construction• d) Plastic glass glass manufactured from plastic light in weight mostly colourful.

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CONTINUED:…………………. Plate and plastic glass: Coloured glass:

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Propertities of glass…....

• It has no sharp melting point.• It is extremely brittle. • It has no definite crystalline structure.• Unaffected by air or water.• It is transparent in nature • Its clean very easily • Provide resistant to all chemicals except HF.• It has smooth surface.

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Uses of glass as a building material……………..• Glass can be used for window panels.• For decoration purposes.• In furniture industries.• Potash lead glasses used in making bulbs.• glass is used for insulation purposes

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Asbestos

Asbestos: Asbestos is a Greek word means inextinguishable (which cannot be

destroyed)• Asbestos is fibrous mineral which is composed of the following compound.• Silica 40%• Magnesia 40%• Water 13-14%• Alumina 1-2.5%• Iron oxide 1-3%

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Historical Background

Industrial scale Asbestos mining began in 1878. sec B Group 01 4343

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Categories of Asbestos:

• Asbestos have two catagoriess.1) FRIABLE: (Easily broken into small fragments)

These asbestos have needle like crystals making these more friable. For example blue asbestos and brown asbestos.

2) LESS FRIABLE:

These asbestos have curled fibers, making these less friable than other types. For example white asbestos.

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Properties of Asbestos:

It is an excellent heat insulator It Tensile strength exceed that of a steel. It has a tremendous thermal stability, thermal and electrical resistance and

non flammable. It is fireproof material. Waterproof material. Asbestos absorb sound Asbestos is carcinogenic and can cause lungs cancer by inhaling. It has no detectable smell and taste It protects again corrosion.

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Uses:……………….• Asbestos is used for thermal insulation,fire proofing,water

proofing,electric insulation.• Asbestos is used as Asbestos cloth and fire proofing clothes.• Asbestos is used in brick lining and gaskets.• Asbestos is also used as a construction material like Asbestos

cement pipes.• Floor tiles,roadsigns,sewage pipes,Asbestos cement sheet

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Laboratory heat spreader

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Geotextile• Geotextile are permeable fabrics used with soil,rock. • It Is also called filter fabrics,geotextile is made of

plastic threads that allow water to pass around them, but not very small particles beneath them.

• Geotextile is recommended for use over clay soil it is not essential and sandy soils

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49GEOTEXTILE SEC B Group 01

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Uses of geotextile:….

• A. SEPARATION: – Commonly used for separation of aggregate-base and sub grade layers of

roads.– Geo-textile prevents the sub grade materials from migrating into the

aggregate base due to loads thus increasing pavement life.

• B. FILTRATION: • To retain the particles of the filtered soil, while permitting water to pass through

the plane of the geo-textile• Rip rap material may be placed over geo-textile along a stream bank

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Uses:…………….

• C. REINFORCEMENT:• Geo-textile material under the road-bed reinforces soft soil and

preserves the road embankment.

• D. TRANSMISSION: • Some composite geo-textile materials allow water flow within the plane

of the material, rather than across it such as behind a retaining wall. This function is called transmission.

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ADHESIVES

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ADHESIVES

• Materials used to bond two surfaces • Resists the separation of surfaces

• EXAMPLES Glue, Epoxies, Cement

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Advantages

advantages over other techniques i.e sewing, mechanical fastening etc• bind different materials together• distribute stress more efficiently across the joint • Low cost

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Types by reactiveness

Reactivity in adhesives has to do with how the adhesive actually hardens.

Reactive Adhesives: If it hardens by way of a chemical reaction, then it is described as a reactive adhesive i-e

Two-part adhesive, The chemical reaction between the two parts of the adhesive is what causes it to harden i-e epoxies

Non Reactive Adhesives: when adhesion does not involve chemical reaction, i-e Hot adhesives, hardens as the heat used to melt it dissipates

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Types by Origin

Natural Adhesives: Natural adhesives are made out of animal or vegetable materials.

They may also be made out of materials gathered from the natural environment.

- Animal Glue Obtained from the skin/bones of cattles and sheeps • In market usually available in powder form-dissolved in warm water-

form solution of suitable viscosity• Cooling of the solution after application results in rapid gelling,

producing some strength and drying finally produces a tough and rigid product.

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Animal Glue

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Bone glue

Animal glues were used in the construction of antique instruments and it still used to repair such instruments

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Vegetable Glue

Made from vegetables or products made from vegetables• Limited strength and limited moisture resistance• Gum Arabic is a water soluble vegetable adhesive often

used on stamps and gummed paper envelopes.• Low cost

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Vegetable Glue

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Cellulose powder Wheat paste adhesive

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Synthetic Adhesives

In synthetic, adhesives are made out of materials including thermosets elastomers and thermoplastic.

1- Thermosetting Adhesives Thermosetadhesives set as a result of the build up of

molecular chains to produce a rigid crosslinked structure.• There are many different thermoset adhesives available

including phenolicformaldehyde (PF) resins, phenolicneoprene, resorcinol formaldehydes (RF), polyesters, polyimidesand epoxy resins.

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Synthetic Adhesives

2-Thermoplastic Adhesives Thermoplastic adhesives are soluble and poor heat and creep

resistant. They are normally used for low/medium load assemblies. Thermoplastic adhesives include polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl

alcohol (PVA), polyacrylates, polyester acrylics, acrylic solvent cement, cyanoacrylates (superglue), silicone resins, polyamides and acrylic acid diesters.

3-Elastomer adhesive: Is composed of main components of such high polymer Elastomer as Chloroprene, nitrile rubber and SBR, and has an excellent initial startup since curing is provided by evaporation of organic solvent and water.

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Mechanisms of adhesion

For an adhesive to be effective it must have three mainProperties:1. Wet the substrate/surfaces2. Harden3. transmit load between the two surfaces/substrates being

adhered

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Mechanisms of adhesion

Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate mayoccur by• One of several chemical mechanisms(bond b/w adhesives and

surface

• Vander waal forces between molecules• Moisture-aided diffusion of the glue into the substrate,

followed by hardening.• Mechanical interlocking• Electrostatic

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Application areas for reactive adhesives

• Panels for partition walls, ceilings and general insulation elements

• Door and gate panels, widening of windows and door frames• Timber constructions, staircases • Panels for the transport industry (truck superstructure, rail-

car doors and roofs)• Specialist doors (radiation protection doors, wet room doors,

fire doors, sound-proof doors, external doors, tunnel doors and gates)

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THANK YOU!