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Self-
Confidence“The most consistent difference between elite and less successful athletes is that elite athletes possess greater self-confidence” (Gould et al.)
Self-Confidence
A global term or general term
“Belief that one has the internal resources,
particularly abilities, to achieve success”
“Rooted in beliefs and expectations” (Advances in Sport Psychology, Thelma S. Horn, 2008)
Self-Efficacy
Bandura put forward the notion that as people
become competent in particular skills and
situations they develop a feeling of self-
efficacy.
Self-efficacy is self confidence in a specific
situation.
The expectation that they will be competent
and successful in a particular task
Self-efficacy can effect the choice of activity,
the amount of effort expended and persistence
at the task.
Self-Efficacy
Self efficacy is different from self
confidence.
Someone may be generally self confident in
sport but when it came to playing golf
which they weren’t particularly good at,
they may have low self efficacy in that
situation.
Bandura Suggested:
People with High Self-Efficacy;
Seek challenges – approach behaviour
Attribute success to internal factors such
as ability and effort
The above would elevate confidence
and increase expectation of success in
next challenge
Where have we heard this type of
description before??
Bandura suggested:
People with low Self-Efficacy;
Adopt avoidance behaviour
Give up easily and become
anxious when task is difficult
They attribute failure to internal
factors
The above would decrease
confidence and reduce
expectation of success in next
challenge and induce learned
helplessness
Mmm,
where
have I
heard this
before?
Task Vealey’s Theory of Sport Confidence
Bandura’s Theory of Self-efficacy
Your table will be allocated a theory above to
investigate
You are to produce a colourful and interesting
factsheet and prepare to teach another group
about your theory
You will have 30min to prepare and 15 min to
produce your fact sheet
Teaching your work will take 20 minutes and then
you will feedback to your table about what you
have learned (10 -15 min)
Bandura’s
Theory of Self-
Efficacy………..in more detail
Task 1
Write down 5 situations in sport where you
feel a low sense of self efficacy. How do
you account for these feelings of low self
confidence?
E.g.s
In football, a midfielder having to play in
goal.
A male having to play in a netball game.
Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy
Our expectations of self-efficacy depend
on 4 types of information:
1. Performance accomplishments –
a) These probably have the strongest
influence on self confidence.
b) If success has been experienced in the
past, then feelings of self confidence are
likely to be high
Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy
2. Vicarious experiences –
a) This refers to what we have observed
before. (Better if performer is of same
ability level)
b) If we watch others perform and be
successful, then we are more likely to
experience high self efficacy.
Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy
3. Verbal persuasion –
a) If we are encouraged to try a particular
activity, our confidence in that situation
may increase.
Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy
4. Emotional arousal
a) Our perceptions of how aroused we are
can effect our confidence in a particular
situation.
Performance
Efficacy Expectations
Behaviour patterns
Choice
Goals
Effort
Worry
Persistence
Attributions
Performance accomplishments
Emotional arousal
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
You would like a
fellow student to
attempt a high
jump but he has
low self
confidence.
Using Bandura’s
four factors which
influence self-
efficacy, state how
you would try and
raise the athlete’s
self efficacy in this
situation.
Try to give him initial success by
lowering the bar to start with or
using some flexi rope
Demonstrate how it can be
done, or if you are much better
than him, use someone of a
similar ability
Verbally encourage the
athlete. Tell him that he should
‘have a go’. Tell him that to be
worried is a natural, very
positive response because it
prepares the body well
How do we increase our
Self-Efficacy? - SummaryBandura’s Self Efficacy Theory
1. Previous Accomplishments
Reminder of previous success in skill (practical)
2. Vicarious Experiences
Watching others perform the skill
3. Verbal Persuasion
Convincing athlete of their ability to perform the skill
4. Emotional Control
Evaluation of physical state
Vealey’s Sport Specific
Model of Sport Confidence
Vealey defines sports confidence as
“the belief or degree of certainty
individuals possess about their ability
to be successful in sport.
Sports confidence theory
TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE
Its innate and described as a natural disposition
Relatively stable
Is the amount of confidence a person has in their overall sports ability
STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE
Is the degree of confidence in a specific situation i.e. taking a penalty
Can be developed through learning and is unstable and changeable.
Sports Confidence Theory measures 2 Factors
State Sports Confidence has immediate impact on the skill which is to be performed e.g. determines quality of the penalty kick.
The Objective Sport
Situation
Competitive Orientation
State Sports Confidence
Trait Sports Confidence
The degree of State Confidence is determined by the interaction of 3 factors:
1. Trait Sports Confidence
2. The objective Sports Situation
3. The performer’s Competitive Orientation
a)Results of Performance b) Subjective Outcomes
c)Perceived Success d)Perceived attributions
e)Performance satisfactions
Trait sport confidence (SC-
trait)
The Sport Situation
Competitive Orientation
Positive results increase trait confidence
State sport confidence (SC-
state)
Performance in the sport situation (behavioural
responses)
Positive results cause the type of goal to be changed for the next
performance
11 1
2
3
4
5
6
Sport Specific Model of Sports Confidence
Practical Example of Vealey’s Sport
Specific model of Sports Confidence.
1. The sports situation is a cricketer going into
bat with the score at 250 for 1 (very good
situation).
2. SC-trait = High confidence due to a high
score in the previous game.
3. Competitive orientation = The batsman has
an outcome goal of scoring 40 runs. If he
gets any less than that he would consider it
a failure.
3. The combination of the previous factors
(1) would determine the SC-state, which
in this case would be very high.
4. The combination of 1 and 2 would
determine how well the cricketer will
perform. In this case the chances are
that he will perform quite well
considering the previous factors.
4. Depending on how well the cricketer performed
(3) the following factors will be evaluated after the
match.
a. Results of performance (was he successful or
not according to his goal)
b. Subjective outcome (How did other people rate
the performance)
c. Perceived Success (whether the goal was met
or not, did he feel like he succeeded?)
d. Perceived Attribution (Why did he perform well /
badly. Was it internal / external reasons
e. Performance satisfaction (Was he happy with
the performance)
5. If the outcomes of 3 and 4 were positive then
this will lead to an increase in trait confidence
6. If the goals that were set in 1 were met, the
cricketer will change the goal next time around.
The cricketers last outcome goal was to score 40
runs. If he scored 80 in the previous innings then
this goal would be increased to say 50 or 60.
7. If he failed to meet his 40 run target then this
would stay the same for the next innings.
EFFECTS OF
A SUCESSFUL
OUTCOME
1. Trait sports
confidence and
competitiveness will
increase
2. Increased trait
confidence will
increase state
confidence for future
competition
1. Trait sports
confidence and
competitiveness will
decrease
2. Decreased trait
confidence will
decrease state
confidence for future
competition
A Decrease in trait sports
confidence and
competitiveness will:
An increase in trait
confidence and
competitiveness will:
Depress state confidence Elevate state confidence
Reduce self-efficacy Increase self-efficacy
Makes the performer feel less
confident
Makes the performer feel
more confident
Causes avoidance behaviour Facilitate approach
behaviour
The variations in the levels of trait sports confidence and competitiveness orientation produces the
following effect. . .
Vealey’s strategies TO Improve
STATE SPORT CONFIDENCEMastery of Skill
Styling
Physical and mental Preparation
This occurs when the skill has been acquired and the performer perceives that progress has
been made.
Confidence will increase if the athlete can demonstrate a highly skilled performance to
significant others
Will increase the likelihood of a successful performance
Vealy’s strategies TO Improve
STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE
Environmental comfort
Effective Leadership
Social Reinforcement
Praise and approval from significant others, particularly in the context of strong team cohesion,
will raise confidence
Promotes confidence in team members
People who lack self confidence will be helped if the working conditions are suitable, for example a
novice should not be observed when learning a new skill.
Vealy’s strategies TO Improve
STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE
Situational Favourableness
Vicarious Experiences
Accurate Self-perception
Will help the individual to endorse strengths and address weaknesses
Observing and modelling others that have mastered the skills
If practise is going well and desired results are forthcoming, then confidence will increase
Self confidence/Efficacy links
to…………
Stress and anxiety
Being ‘in the Zone’
Achievement
motivation (Nach)
Summary sheetUse the template provide to produce a summary
sheet including:
Definitions of Self-confidence, self-efficacy and
sport confidence
Bandura’s descriptions of people with high and
low self-efficacy
Bandura’s model – applied to how to improve self-
efficacy
Vealey’s model of sport confidence
Explain all the terms of Vealey’s model
Apply sporting example to terms
Vealey’s strategies to improve confidence
Extended task You are the coach of an athlete who is returning
to training after a long period of injury and
rehabilitation. Discuss the strategies that could
be implemented to help the athlete to regain
confidence (6)
How will developing Self-efficacy and self-
confidence affect an athlete’s achievement
motivation?
And how would effect how it affect an athlete’s
attribution theory? (Use books and notes to
research)
