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Self Confidence and Self-Self Confidence and Self-EfficacyEfficacy

Gobinder GillGobinder Gill

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Aims and ObjectivesAims and Objectives

ALL students will define self-ALL students will define self-confidence and self-efficacy confidence and self-efficacy

MOST students will apply the theory MOST students will apply the theory of self-confidence/self-efficacy to of self-confidence/self-efficacy to sporting situationssporting situations

SOME students will be able to SOME students will be able to critically evaluate the theories critically evaluate the theories related to confidence to sport related to confidence to sport performers and performanceperformers and performance

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Starter Starter Are you a confident person (1-10)?Are you a confident person (1-10)?Do you approach everything with Do you approach everything with confidence?confidence?List some activities that you are List some activities that you are confident inconfident inList some activities that you are not List some activities that you are not confident inconfident inWhat factors impact on your level of What factors impact on your level of confidence?confidence?

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Self ConfidenceSelf ConfidenceThe belief that you can successfully The belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviourperform a desired behaviour

S.C- more global (a disposition / S.C- more global (a disposition / personality trait): The degree of certainty personality trait): The degree of certainty individuals usually have about their ability individuals usually have about their ability to succeedto succeed

Can have high level of global S.C.- but not Can have high level of global S.C.- but not be successful at a specific sport / exercise be successful at a specific sport / exercise activityactivity

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Aspects of Self Confidence in SportAspects of Self Confidence in Sport

execute physical skillsexecute physical skills

utilise psychological skillsutilise psychological skills

use perceptual skills (e.g., make use perceptual skills (e.g., make good decisions)good decisions)

be fit and highly trainedbe fit and highly trained

improve one’s skill (learn)improve one’s skill (learn)

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Benefits of S.C.Benefits of S.C.

Arouses positive emotionsArouses positive emotions

Facilitates concentrationFacilitates concentration

Affects the setting and pursuit ofAffects the setting and pursuit of

challenging goalschallenging goals

Increases effortIncreases effort

Momentum- winning from behindMomentum- winning from behind

Effort – enhances persistenceEffort – enhances persistence

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Confidence levelsConfidence levelsOptimal confidenceOptimal confidence

This involves being so convinced that you will This involves being so convinced that you will achieve your goals that you strive hard to do so.achieve your goals that you strive hard to do so.

Lack of confidenceLack of confidenceSelf-doubts create anxiety, breaks concentration, Self-doubts create anxiety, breaks concentration, and causes indecisiveness.and causes indecisiveness.Overconfidence (false confidence)Overconfidence (false confidence)Confidence out of proportion to actual ability Confidence out of proportion to actual ability causes you to prepare less than you need to in causes you to prepare less than you need to in order to performorder to perform

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Optimal Confidence,Optimal Confidence,Underconfidence,Underconfidence,

and Overconfidenceand Overconfidence

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Social Cognitive Theory Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977, 1986)(Bandura, 1977, 1986)

Self-efficacy theorySelf-efficacy theory is the aspect of Social is the aspect of Social Cognitive Theory most often applied to Cognitive Theory most often applied to sport. sport.

Cognitive - internal psychological Cognitive - internal psychological processes involved in making sense of the processes involved in making sense of the world (Eysenck, 1994)world (Eysenck, 1994)

Theory recognises the importance of both Theory recognises the importance of both social and cognitive processes interacting social and cognitive processes interacting and determining behaviour and determining behaviour (behaviourism)(behaviourism)

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Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1977)1977)

It provides the theoretical basis for most It provides the theoretical basis for most sports related research into confidence sports related research into confidence (Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996) and (Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996) and motivation (Roberts, 1992). motivation (Roberts, 1992).

Situation specific self-confidence Situation specific self-confidence (McAuley, 1992).(McAuley, 1992).

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Self-efficacySelf-efficacy

A belief in our own possibilitiesA belief in our own possibilities

A situation-specific self-confidenceA situation-specific self-confidence

““Beliefs in one’s capabilities to Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given action required to produce given attainments (Bandura, 1997, p.3)attainments (Bandura, 1997, p.3)

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Bandura’s Self–Efficacy Bandura’s Self–Efficacy TheoryTheory

Self-efficacy affects an athlete’s Self-efficacy affects an athlete’s choice of activities, level of effort, choice of activities, level of effort, and persistence.and persistence.

Although self-efficacy is task-Although self-efficacy is task-specific, it generalises to other specific, it generalises to other similar skills and situations.similar skills and situations.

High self-efficacy people set more High self-efficacy people set more challenging goals.challenging goals.

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Self–Efficacy SourcesSelf–Efficacy Sources

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Most dependable source.Performance accomplishments

Seeing others or modeling influences efficacy.

Vicarious experiences (modeling)

Efficacy SourcesEfficacy Sources

Successful experiences raise the level of self-efficacy, while failure results in lowered efficacy.

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Use verbal persuasion to enhance confidence.

Verbalpersuasion

Use imagery of self or others as a source of confidence.

Imaginal experiences

Efficacy SourcesEfficacy Sources

Self-persuasion is an important type of verbal persuasion.

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Physiological states influence self-efficacy when they are associated with aversive physiological arousal, poor performance, and perceived failure.

Physiologicalstates

Emotions or moods are a source of efficacy information.

Emotional states

Efficacy SourcesEfficacy Sources

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Summary Summary

Self-confidence in performers can Self-confidence in performers can fluctuate fluctuate

One requires self-belief to become One requires self-belief to become confidentconfident

Practitioners should support Practitioners should support performers through implementing performers through implementing interventions (e.g. mental skills) to interventions (e.g. mental skills) to increase or maintain confidence increase or maintain confidence levelslevels

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