Self-Confidence“The most consistent difference between elite and less successful athletes is that elite athletes possess greater self-confidence” (Gould et al.)

Self-Confidence A global term or general term

“Belief that one has the internal resources, particularly abilities, to achieve success”

“Rooted in beliefs and expectations” (Advances in Sport Psychology, Thelma S. Horn,

2008)

Self-Efficacy Bandura put forward the notion that as people

become competent in particular skills and situations they develop a feeling of self-efficacy.

Self-efficacy is self confidence in a specific situation.

The expectation that they will be competent and successful in a particular task

Self-efficacy can effect the choice of activity, the amount of effort expended and persistence at the task.

Self-Efficacy

Self efficacy is different from self confidence.

Someone may be generally self confident in sport but when it came to playing golf which they weren’t particularly good at, they may have low self efficacy in that situation.

Bandura Suggested:People with High Self-Efficacy;

Seek challenges – approach behaviour Attribute success to internal factors

such as ability and effort The above would elevate confidence

and increase expectation of success in next challenge

Where have we heard this type of description before??

Bandura suggested:People with low Self-Efficacy;

Adopt avoidance behaviour Give up easily and become

anxious when task is difficult They attribute failure to

internal factors The above would decrease

confidence and reduce expectation of success in next challenge and induce learned helplessness

Mmm, where have I

heard this before?

Task Vealey’s Theory of Sport Confidence Bandura’s Theory of Self-efficacy

Your table will be allocated a theory above to investigate

You are to produce a colourful and interesting factsheet and prepare to teach another group about your theory

You will have 30min to prepare and 15 min to produce your fact sheet

Teaching your work will take 20 minutes and then you will feedback to your table about what you have learned (10 -15 min)

Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy………..in more detail

Task 1 Write down 5 situations in sport where

you feel a low sense of self efficacy. How do you account for these feelings of low self confidence?

E.g.s In football, a midfielder having to play in

goal. A male having to play in a netball game.

Factors Effecting Self-EfficacyOur expectations of self-efficacy depend on 4 types of information:1. Performance accomplishments –

a) These probably have the strongest influence on self confidence.

b) If success has been experienced in the past, then feelings of self confidence are likely to be high

Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy2. Vicarious experiences –

a) This refers to what we have observed before. (Better if performer is of same ability level)

b) If we watch others perform and be successful, then we are more likely to experience high self efficacy.

Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy3. Verbal persuasion –

a) If we are encouraged to try a particular activity, our confidence in that situation may increase.

Factors Effecting Self-Efficacy4. Emotional arousal

a) Our perceptions of how aroused we are can effect our confidence in a particular situation.

Performance

Efficacy Expectations

Behaviour patterns

Choice Goals

Effort Worry

Persistence Attributions

Performance accomplishmen

ts

Emotional arousal

Vicarious experiences

Verbal persuasion

You would like a fellow student to attempt a high jump but he has low self confidence.

Using Bandura’s four factors which influence self-efficacy, state how you would try and raise the athlete’s self efficacy in this situation.

Try to give him initial success by lowering the bar to start with or using some flexi rope

Demonstrate how it can be done, or if you are much better than him, use someone of a similar ability

Verbally encourage the athlete. Tell him that he should ‘have a go’. Tell him that to be worried is a natural, very positive response because it prepares the body well

How do we increase our Self-Efficacy? - Summary

Bandura’s Self Efficacy Theory1. Previous Accomplishments

Reminder of previous success in skill (practical)

2. Vicarious Experiences Watching others perform the skill

3. Verbal Persuasion Convincing athlete of their ability to

perform the skill4. Emotional Control

Evaluation of physical state

Vealey’s Sport Specific Model of Sport Confidence

Vealey defines sports confidence as “the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport.

Sports confidence theoryTRAIT SPORT

CONFIDENCE Its innate and

described as a natural disposition

Relatively stable Is the amount of

confidence a person has in their overall sports ability

STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE

Is the degree of confidence in a specific situation i.e. taking a penalty

Can be developed through learning and is unstable and changeable.

Sports Confidence Theory measures 2 Factors

State Sports Confidence has immediate impact on the skill which is to be performed e.g. determines quality of the penalty kick.

The Objective

Sport Situation

Competitive Orientation

State Sports Confidence

Trait Sports Confidence

The degree of State Confidence is determined by the interaction of 3 factors:1. Trait Sports

Confidence2. The objective

Sports Situation3. The performer’s

Competitive Orientation

a)Results of Performance b)

Subjective Outcomes c)Perceived Success

d)Perceived attributions e)Performance satisfactions

Trait sport confidence (SC-

trait)The Sport Situation

Competitive Orientation

Positive results increase trait confidence

State sport confidence (SC-

state)

Performance in the sport situation (behavioural responses)

Positive results cause the type of

goal to be changed for the next performance

11 1

2

3

4

5

6

Sport Specific Model of Sports Confidence

Practical Example of Vealey’s Sport Specific model of Sports Confidence.

1. The sports situation is a cricketer going into bat with the score at 250 for 1 (very good situation).

2. SC-trait = High confidence due to a high score in the previous game.

3. Competitive orientation = The batsman has an outcome goal of scoring 40 runs. If he gets any less than that he would consider it a failure.

3. The combination of the previous factors (1) would determine the SC-state, which in this case would be very high.

4. The combination of 1 and 2 would determine how well the cricketer will perform. In this case the chances are that he will perform quite well considering the previous factors.

4. Depending on how well the cricketer performed (3) the following factors will be evaluated after the match.a. Results of performance (was he successful or

not according to his goal)b. Subjective outcome (How did other people

rate the performance)c. Perceived Success (whether the goal was met

or not, did he feel like he succeeded?)d. Perceived Attribution (Why did he perform

well / badly. Was it internal / external reasonse. Performance satisfaction (Was he happy with

the performance)

5. If the outcomes of 3 and 4 were positive then this will lead to an increase in trait confidence

6. If the goals that were set in 1 were met, the cricketer will change the goal next time around. The cricketers last outcome goal was to score 40 runs. If he scored 80 in the previous innings then this goal would be increased to say 50 or 60.

7. If he failed to meet his 40 run target then this would stay the same for the next innings.

EFFECTS OF A SUCESSFUL

OUTCOME1. Trait sports

confidence and competitiveness will

increase2. Increased trait confidence will increase state confidence for

future competition

EFFECTS OF A POOR OUTCOME

1. Trait sports confidence and

competitiveness will decrease

2. Decreased trait confidence will decrease state

confidence for future competition

A Decrease in trait sports confidence and

competitiveness will:

An increase in trait confidence and

competitiveness will:

Depress state confidence Elevate state confidence

Reduce self-efficacy Increase self-efficacy

Makes the performer feel less confident

Makes the performer feel more confident

Causes avoidance behaviour Facilitate approach behaviour

The variations in the levels of trait sports confidence and competitiveness orientation

produces the following effect. . .

Vealey’s strategies TO Improve STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE

Mastery of Skill

Styling

Physical and mental Preparation

This occurs when the skill has been acquired and the performer perceives

that progress has been made.

Confidence will increase if the athlete can demonstrate a highly skilled performance to significant others

Will increase the likelihood of a successful performance

Vealy’s strategies TO Improve STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE

Environmental comfort

Effective Leadership

Social ReinforcementPraise and approval from significant

others, particularly in the context of strong team cohesion, will raise confidence

Promotes confidence in team members

People who lack self confidence will be helped if the working conditions are

suitable, for example a novice should not be observed when learning a new skill.

Self confidence/Efficacy links to…………Stress and anxietyBeing ‘in the Zone’Achievement motivation (Nach)

Summary sheetUse the template provide to produce a summary sheet including: Definitions of Self-confidence, self-efficacy and

sport confidence Bandura’s descriptions of people with high and

low self-efficacy Bandura’s model – applied to how to improve

self-efficacy Vealey’s model of sport confidence Explain all the terms of Vealey’s model Apply sporting example to terms Vealey’s strategies to improve confidence

Extended task You are the coach of an athlete who is

returning to training after a long period of injury and rehabilitation. Discuss the strategies that could be implemented to help the athlete to regain confidence (6)

How will developing Self-efficacy and self-confidence affect an athlete’s achievement motivation?

And how would effect how it affect an athlete’s attribution theory? (Use books and notes to research)