Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.

• Early conflicts• The Oscans, 500-400• Etruscan Veii, 396• The Gauls and the Battle of Allia, 390

• War with the Latin League, 341-338

• Samnite Wars, 343-341, 326-304 and 298-290

• War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus of Epirus, 280-275• “Pyrrhic victory”

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.

• Phoenicians and Carthage• Punic from Poeni

• The First Punic War, 264-241

• The Second Punic War, 218-201• Hannibal Barca, d. 183/182• Battle of Cannae, 216• Publius Cornelius Scipio (aka Scipio

Africanus), d. 183• Battle of Zama, 202

• The Third Punic War, 149-146• Numidia• “Carthago delinda est”

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.

• The Macedonian Wars

• Pergamum

• The Aetolian League

• War with Macedon, 215-205; 200-196; 171-168

• The Syrian War, 192-189

• Seleucid advances into Asia Minor

• Peace of Apamea, 188

• Divided Asia Minor between Pergamum, Rome, and Rhodes

• Destruction of Corinth, 146

• The Achaean League

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, volume 1, 3rd edition.

• Spain, 155-133, 80-73, 55-52

• Southern Gaul, 113-101

• Numidia, 112-105

• Pontus, 90-85, 74-63• In 63, Pontus, Cilicia, and Syria were

made into the province of Asia• Nearby kingdoms of Cappadocia and

Armenia became client kingdoms

• Judaea made into a client kingdom in 63 BC-6 AD

• Northern Gaul and Britain, 58-51

• Parthia (modern Iraq), 53, 39-8, 36

• Egypt, 31-30

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsImage of Kirk Douglas as Spartacus, in Spartacus, 1960.

• Conquest and cultural change• Land

• Municipia• Coloniae• Provinciae• Centuriation

• Plunder (gold, silver, etc.)• Sulla’s plundering of Delphi, 87

• Slaves• Sicilian slave revolts, 135-132

and 104-100• Spartacus slave revolt, 74-72

Left—Centuriation of the Po Valley; right—Awlad al’Abid, Tunisia. A centuria is square with sides 700 meters in length.

Roman slaves in collars, relief from Smyrna (Izmir, Turkey), 200 AD, in Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsReconstruction of a Roman villa, built in the 1st century AD, now the Open-Air Museum at Hechingen-Stein, Germany.

• Conquest and cultural change• Latifundiae

• Large farms that grew cash crops, relied on slave labor

• Mystery cults• Elusinian mysteries

• Cult of Isis and Serapis

• Cult of Mithras

• Magna Mater

• Adoption of Greek philosophy• Stoicism

• Luxus (luxury, wealth)

Left—Capitoline Isis, 138-117 BC, Capitoline Museum, Rome; right—Persephone and Pluto as Isis and Serapis, Archaeological Museum, Heraklion, Crete.

Left—statue of Mithras slaying a bull, 1st century AD, British Museum, London; right--Magna Mater/Cybele, 50 AD, Getty Museum, Malibu, California.