Left—Via Appia in Rome; righ—the remains of a Roman road between Manchester and Yorkshire, in Britain.

Image from The Atlas Project of Roman Aqueducts, http://www.romaq.org/the-project/map.html

Aqueduct Julia, Rome, built c. 33 BC.

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, built c. 16 BC.

Left—baths of Aquae Sulis, Bath, England, 1st century AD; right—baths at Hamat Gader, Israel, 2nd century AD.

Amphitheater in Verona, Italy, built circa 30 AD

Amphitheater in Tarragona, Spain, built in 2nd century AD.

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsThe Tetrarchs, St. Mark’s Square, Venice.

• The beginning of the decline• Increasing economic, military, and

political instability, 180-284• Constitutio Antoniniana, 212

• The Third Century Crisis, 235-284

• The reign of Diocletian, r. 284-305

• Renewed civil war, 305-312

• The reign of Constantine the Great, r. 312-324/337• Edict of Milan, 313

• Founding of Constantinople, 330

• Provinces divided into dioceses; each diocese with a vicarius as a governor

Relief of Sasanian King Shapur I receiving the submission of Emperors Philip the Arab (kneeling) and Valerian (standing), c. 260, at Naqsh-I Rustam, Iran.

Spread of Christianity, 300-600Map from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsSkull of a Hun, from Peter Heather’s The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians.

• Continuing decline, 337-476• Succession conflict, 340-350• Civil war, 350-354• Conflict with British, Germanic,

Sarmatian, Quadi, and North African tribes, the Huns, and the Persian empire, 350-476

• Battle of Adrianople, 378• Germanic tribes cross the Rhine

and Danube Rivers, 406• Sack of Rome by Visigoths (410)

and Vandals (455)• Last Western Roman emperor,

Romulus Augustulus, deposed in 476

Germanic migrations into RomeMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.

The former Roman Empire, circa 500 ADMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsGerman gold pendant with Roman styling, 5th to 6th century, British Museum.

• Concepts of kingship• Hereditary kingship

• Kings as makers of law

• Christianity

• Roman law

• Classical learning• Preservation of Roman and some

Greek texts in monasteries

• Material culture