TYPES OF OS (ON THE BASIS OF PROCESSING)

ANDPROCESS MANAGEMENT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO OS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

SINGLE USER OS

MULTIUSER OS

MULTITASKING OS

MULTIPROCESSING

MULTI PROGRAMMING

MULTI THREADING

EMBEDDED

BATCH PROCESING

REALTIME OS

PROCESS MANAGEMENT

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INTRODUCTION TO OS

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An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware.

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Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

Without an operating system, a computer is just a collection of components heating up the room as no-one would be able to make any practical use of the machine.A large number of operating systems have been developed over the years; each designed with a certain kind of computer in mind.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

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SINGLE USER

Single user, single applicationSingle user, single application

This type of operating system only has to deal with one person at a time, running one user application at a time.An example of a this kind of operating system would be found on a mobile phone. There can only be one user using the mobile and that person is only using one of its applications at a time.

Single user, multi-taskingSingle user, multi-tasking

You will find this kind of operating system on a personal computer.The operating system is designed mainly with a single user in mind, but it can deal with many applications running at the same time. For example, you might be writing an essay, while searching the internet, and also listening to a piece of music.

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Single user operating systems can be split into two types:

Multi-user operating system

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system at the same time. Time-sharing systems and Internet servers can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable multiple-user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems have only one user but may allow multiple programs to run at the same time.

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examples of multiuser OS are, Multiuser DOS, Microsoft Windows XP, etc.

MULTITASKING

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screenshot of Debian Linux (version 7.1, "Wheezy") running the GNOME desktop environment, Firefox, Tor, and VLC media player, all at the same time.

Multitasking allows more than one program to run concurrently.The tasks share common processing resources, such as a CPU and main memory.In multitasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all the programs at the same time.

MULTIPROCESSING

• Multiprocessing, in general, refers to the utilization of multiple CPUs in a single computer system.

• Multiprocessing operating systems enable several programs to run concurrently.

• Linux is one of the most widely used multiprocessing systems, but there are many others, including OS/2 for high-end PCs.

• Operating system must allocated resources to competing processes in a reasonable manner.

• It is also called parallel processing.

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MULTIPROGRAMMING

• A multiprogramming operating system is one that allows end-users to run more than one program at a time. The development of such a system, the first type to allow this functionality, was a major step in the development of sophisticated computers. The technology works by allowing the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to switch between two or more running tasks when the CPU is idle.

• A multiprogramming operating system acts by analyzing the current CPU activity in the computer. When the CPU is idle — when it is between tasks — it has the opportunity to use that downtime to run tasks for another program. In this way, the functions of several programs may be executed sequentially.

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MULTITHREADING OS

•Multithreading allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.• Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to execute different parts of a program, called threads, simultaneously.• Multithreading is generally done in Java programming.

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Distributed Operating System

• Distributed Operating System is an operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system.

• The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing.

• Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.

• When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

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EMBEDDED

• Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

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Batch processing

• This os process the jobs in batches, known as batch processing system. In this approach similar jobs were submitted to the CPU for processing and were run together.

• The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep executing the jobs in a batch. This is the important task of a batch processing system i.e. performed by the 'Batch Monitor' resided in the low end of main memory.

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Once the job loaded into primary memory, it competes for the processor. When the processor became available, the processor scheduler selects job that was loaded in the memory and execute it. In batch strategy is implemented to provide a batch file processing. So in this approach files of the similar batch are processed to speed up the task.

REAL TIME

• A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

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Multi-tasking vs. single-tasking

A multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running at the same time, from the point of view of human time scales. A single-tasking system has only one running program. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive and co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does AmigaOS. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking.

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PROCESS MANAGEMENT

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When there are a no. of processes running on the computer system, it is the job of operating system to ensure that every process gets its fare share of CPU allocated time.

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SOURCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-multitasking-operating-system.htm

http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/tag/linux/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zyOYs2EqZDgC&pg=PA131&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_processes.htm

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