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“PROJECT”
SOUMYA SHUKLA
CRO0282401 BATCH
NO.591
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THIS PROJECT IS ASSIGNED TO ME DURING THE ITT PROGRAM, BY MY COMPUTER TEACHERS (“MR SAURABH BHATIA” & “MR VIKRANT KAPOOR ”) I’M HIGHLY THANKFUL TO THEM, BECAUSE WITHOUT THIER PROPER & SMOOTH GUIDENCE I WOULDN’T HAVE BEING WORTHWHILE TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. I HAD TRIED MY BEST EFFORTS IN THE COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT, SO PLEASE NEGLECT MY FAULTS, IF ANY, COMMITTED IN THIS PROJECT. PREFACE
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I AM GLAD TO HAVE THIS PROJECT OF “COMPUTER”.WHICH HAS BEEN GIVEN BY MY COMPUTER TEACHERS “MR SAURABH BHATIA” “MR VIKRANT KAPOOR”
DURING THE PROJECT WORK MY FAMILY HELPS ME IN GIVING GREAT SUPPORTS IN FINDING THE RIGHT TOPICS FOR MY PRACTICAL PROJECT.
I AM THANKFUL TO MY COMPUTER TEACHERS FOR GIVING ME THESE TOPICS WHICH INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE OF MY PRACTICAL
WORK. “INDEX”CONTENTS PAGEMS word
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1. Mail Merge 4-112. Page Margins 12-17MS Excel 1. Introduction 18-202. Charts 21-303. Formula 31-49MS Access1. Creating Tables 50-542. Keys 55-62 Tally 91. Introduction to Tally 632. Service Tax 64-793. Illustration 80-85
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COMPUTERS ARE NOT CALCULATORS, ALTHOUGH YOU CAN TURN A COMPUTER INTO A CALCULATOR. IN THE SIMPLEST DEFINITION, A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTROINIC DEVICE-A FLEXIBLE MACHINE THAT CAN MANIPULATE DATA.MANY OF THESE MANIPULATIONS HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH MATH. IN ADDITION TO BEING USED FOR SUCH TASKS AS ADDING UP YOUR SUPERMARKET BILL GETTING CASH AT AN ATM, COMPUTERS ARE USED BY WRITERS, TELEVISION PRODUCERS, MUSICIANS, POETS, GRAPHICS ILLUSTRATIONS & SCHOLERS OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY .
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INTRODUCTION:- When we talk of information, it also includes numbers, figures & calculations etc. And like other fields, calculations etc. have also benefited greatly with the advancement of computers and software. The most important software involving calculations is spreadsheet.
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“ Spreadsheet”A spreadsheet is meant for the software package & a worksheet is a work file created with a spreadsheet software.
A. CELL REFRENCING IN WORKSHEETS:- Each cell in the worksheet has a unique address formed by the combination of its intersecting column & rows. When a cell-address is referred during the calculation. There are three cell
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referencing styles in a worksheet. These styles are:1. Relative Referencing,2. Absolute Referencing,3. Mixed Referencing.1. Relative referencing:- When a formula is created, the cell references & the ranges that it contains are usually based upon their position relative to the cell containing the formula.
During copying of the formula the relative cell address automatically get adjusted to the current cell where the formula is being copied.
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Here the cell E5 contains the formula C5*D5 (in Ms-Excel worksheet). Now this formula is interpreted internally in terms of positions of the participating cells (C6 & D6) relative to the cell containing the formula.
2. Absolute referencing:-
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To create an absolute cell reference, put a $(Dollar) sign before the parts of the formula (column & row) that you want to keep absolute. If you copy a formula containing absolute cell address then, only the relative cell address update & the absolute cell addresses remain the Same.
That is, if a formula in F6 is=D10*$D$15, then wherever we copy the formula, only the
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relative cell address D10 will change to the destination.
3. MIXED REFERENCING:-A cell address contains two parts – column letter and row numbers. To create a MIXED REFERENCING put a $ sign before one part i.e., either before column letter or before row number, this would be mixed referencing wherein a part of cell is relative and other is absolute.
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If a formula having mixed cell address gets copied only the relative part of it gets updated, rest remains absolute.
B. CHARTS IN MS-EXCELCharts are the pictorial representation of worksheet data. Charts present worksheet data in graphical or pictorial form, which
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is easier to read and understand. Charts help to evaluate the worksheet data and analyze them conveniently that otherwise may be very difficult to spot in the worksheet. MS EXCEL support many types of charts.
CHARTS TYPES OF MS-EXCEL
1. Area chart2. Column chart3. Bar chart4. Line chart5. Pie chart6. Scatter chart
CREATING A CHART IN MS-EXCEL
Excel has a special feature called the CHART WIZARD to help to create charts in workbooks. The
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CHART WIZARD is a series of dialog boxes; from each dialog boxes we choose the options we want, then the CHART WIZARD creates the chart based on the choice we make.
TO CREATE A CHART, FOLLOW THESE STEPS:-
1. Select the cells that contain the source data for the chart.
2. Now click the CHART WIZARD Icon ( ) on the standard toolbar.
3. Now the CHART WIZARD dialog pops up. In the CHART WIZARD-STEP 1 OF 4 –CHART TYPE dialog, select the desired chart type and
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sub type. After selecting the desired chart type/click Next > to move on the next step.
4. After clicking at next > button, the CHART WIZARD-step 2 of 4- CHART SOURCE DATA POPS UP. In this dialog, if we want to change the data and labels for the chart,
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click in the DATA RANGE: box, and then select the source data range on the worksheet.
5. After move to step 3 of 4 chart options, first of all click at TITLES tab to specify the various titles of
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chart. That is, the chart title, X-axis title (category title), Y-axis (value) etc.
6. Now we have reached at the last step of chart creation. As we see, a new dialog box is in front of us: CHART WIZARD –step 4 of 4 CHART LOCATION. Specify the chart location here i.e., select one of the two options: Place chart (a) as new sheet or (b) as object (in a worksheet).
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And finally after all this, click finish button to finish the chart creation process. The moment we click finish, we will be able to see the chart that we have created.
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INTRODUCTION ABOUT MS WORD
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A word processor is a package that processes textual matter and creates organized and flawless documents. A word processor has everything that a conventional typewriter has. In addition, it is not only removes all the limitations of typewriters but also offers various useful features that cannot be even dreamt of with typewriters. However, with word processors, the corrections are very simple without affecting the neatness of documents.
FEATURES OF WORD PROCESSORS
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The features of MS-WORD are given below:
1. Word Wrap2. Deleting Text3. Inserting Text4. Type over5. Moving and copying text 6. Spell Checking7. Appearance8. Alignment9. Justification10. Tables11. File Management
A. PARAGRAPH FORMATTING:-
The paragraph formatting is one factor that contributes the most to the final appearance of the document. A paragraph in word processor is any text or items followed by paragraph mark.
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The paragraph formatting involves controlling the appearance of text in a paragraph. Some aspects that contribute in paragraph formatting are:1. Text alignment2. Paragraph indentation3. Line spacing4. Spacing between paragraphs5. Borders and shading6. Tab stops
1. TEXT ALLIGNMENT:
The ms-word offers four types of text alignments viz. left alignment, right alignment, centered and justified. To align a paragraph in desired manner firstly select the paragraph and choose the desired alignment from formatting toolbar.
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Alternatively, we can select the paragraph and then click on paragraph option of format menu. It will display paragraph dialog box .from here we choose the desired alignment from the alignment box. Click on the button for drop-down list of alignments and choose the desired alignments.
2. PARAGRAPH INDENTATION IN WORD:- To indent a paragraph in a word document, select the paragraph and from the paragraph dialog box, set the indent for the paragraph. We can choose first
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line indent / Hanging indent and we can also specify negative indent if we give indent measurements in negatives. For negative indentation, type the indent measurement in negative i.e. -0.5”.
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Alternatively, we can increase or decrease indent by clicking the ‘increase indent’ / ‘decrease indent’ button on the formatting toolbar. The moment you change the indents for a paragraph, the indent markers on the horizontal ruler line reflect it. We can even drag indent markers on the rulers to set the indent.
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3. LINE SPACING IN WORD:-
Line spacing determines the space between two lines of text in a paragraph. In word, to change line spacing of paragraph select the paragraph & then use line spacing option in the paragraph dialog box.
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4. SPACING BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS IN WORD:- If we want to have some space before and/or after a paragraph then instead of pressing ENTER keys before and after, use the paragraph dialog box to add space before and/or after the paragraph. Type the
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measurement for desired space before and/or after the paragraph in the spacing option of dialog box.
5. BORDERING IN WORD:-
Paragraph can be applied borders very quickly and easily in word. The simplest way to apply border to paragraph(s) is clicking on the border button on Formatting
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toolbar & then choosing the desired border. But make sure that the paragraph has been selected before thisAlternatively, we can click upon borders and shading option of format menu. This will display borders and shading dialog box wherefrom we can choose the desired type of borders colors, styles, widths etc.
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6. TAB STOPS:-The tabs are very useful keys that are used for faster movement of the text cursor or insertion point. The keyboard’s Tab key moves the text
cursor forward until it encounters a tab stop, inserting fixed amounts of spaces in the line. In word, the tab stop may be set in two ways: (I) By clicking on the horizontal Ruler bar and, (ii) By typing precise tab measurement in the tab dialog box.The Horizontal Ruler is a bar displayed across the top of the document window. We can use the horizontal ruler to view & set paragraph indents, tab stops, page margins, & column widths. A horizontal ruler bar of word.
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Setting Tab Stops Through Horizontal Ruler :-1. Select the paragraphs in which we want to set tab stops.2. Click at the far left of the horizontal ruler unit it changes to the type of tab we want.
Click on the horizontal ruler where we want to set a tab stop.
Setting Tab Stops through TAB DIALOG BOX:-
We can also select the tab alignments and position tabs using the tabs option on the format menu or in the paragraph dialog box. Using this method
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also allows us to include a leader (such as dot leader) to a tab stop.Make desired changes in the tabs dialog box, clicking the set button to set each tab stop. When finished, click OK button.
B. SECURITY FEATURES IN MS WORD:
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Security features available in ms-word allow us to use a password to open or modify a file.When we create a password, write it down and keep it a secure place. If we lose the password, we cannot open or gain access to the password- protected document.Open the file.On the tools menu, click options and then click security
Create a password to open:-
In the password to open box, type a password and then click ok.In the Reenter password to open box, type the password again, and then click ok.
For modification of the password:-
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In the password to modify box, type a password, and then click OK. In the Reenter password to modify box, type the password again, and then click ok.
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INTRODUCTION:-It is basically communication that makes us take advantage of massive mainframe processing power if we turn our PC into a terminal of a mainframe. It is communication that lets us chat with different people across the globe through an online service. It is again communication that allows us to access huge servers of information on virtually any subjects via networks of computers.The INTERNET also called as the net, is the world’s largest network. It is not a single network but a global interconnected network of networks providing free exchange of information.
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The definition of internet is that the internet consists of an incredible number of participants, connected machines, software programmers, and a massive quantity of information spread all around the world.The net delivers data from one place to another. It provides interesting services like E-MAIL, FILE RETRIVAL and other internet tools. Several computers all over
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the world are networked together. Unlike other communications, internet provides easy access to all. A new service or software can be downloaded within a few minutes. The net is expanding fast providing new resources.
1. NETWORKING:-
Networking, in general, refers to the creation of networks. Network is a group of devices linked to one another. For example network of telephones, or radio network or cable network etc. So networking makes sharing of information and resources easier. If we interconnect computers, it will form a network of computers.
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NEED OF NETWORKING:-
The need for networking lies mainly to break the barriers of distance, time and cost. This is because the communications via computers can be done to any distance in very short amount of time and in very cost effective manner. In fact, communicating via, computers prove much
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cheaper and economic as compared to communicating via telephone lines.
This is because a normal telephone call ties up an expensive, dedicated circuit for the duration of the call, where as access via, a network ties up long
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distance lines only while data are actually being transmitted.The networking is needed because:-1. It breaks the barriers of distance, cost and time.2. It is very cost effective as compared to telephone networks.3. All types of data viz. text, audio, video, pictures, graphics etc.., can be transmitted through it.
Components of Computer Network:-
A computer network means interlinked computers. Computers can be interlinked directly also with the help of cables. In such a network, there would be three components playing their roles:- (I) the sender computer,
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(ii) The communication channel, (iii)The receiver computer
Computers can also be connected via telephones so that telephone lines can work as communication channel for them. When computers are connected via telephones, additional equipment called MODEM is used. This is because the data signal generated by computers (digital signal) is in a form which is different from the signal form that can be carried by telephone lines (analog signal).The MODEM converts the computer generated signal (digital signal) into a form that can be carried by telephone cables (analog signal).“ON THE RECIEVER’S END, THE MODEM FIRST CONVERTS THE RECEIVED SIGNAL INTO COMPUTER’S
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UNDERSTANDABLE FORM AND THEN PASSES IT TO THE COMPUTER.”In such a network, there are five components playing these roles:- (I) Sender computer, (ii) Sender equipment (modem),(iii) Communication channel (telephone cables),(iv) Receiver equipment (modem),(v) Receiver computerBy communication channels of network, it is meant the ‘connecting cables’ are being talked about. The cables that connect two or more workstations are the communication channels.
MODEM:-Modem is the device attached to computers that can convert digital signals to analog signal
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and vice-versa. Digital Signal is a group of discrete electronic units that are transmitted in rapid succession, and an Analog Signal consists of continuous Electrical waves.
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TYPES OF NETWORKING:-
A computer network means a group of ‘networked’ computers. A network can mean a small group of linked computers to a chain of a few hundred computers of different types spread around the world. Thus, networks vary in size, complexity and geographical spread. Mostly, computers are classified on the basis of geographical spread and on the basis; there can be three types of networks:
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(i) Local area network (LANs)(ii) Metropolitan area networks (Manes)(iii) Wide area network (WANs)
(i) LOCAL AREA NETWORKS:-
Small computers networks that are confined to a localized area (e.g., an office, a building, or a factory) are known as local area networks.
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(ii) Metropolitan area networks:-
Metropolitan area networks are the networks spread over a city. For example, cable TV networks that are spread over a city.
(iii) Wide area network:- 46
The networks spread across countries are known as Wide area network. A wide area network is a group of computers that are separated by large distances and tied together.
B. ELECTRONIC MAIL
The most widely used tool on the internet is electronic mail, or e-mail. E-mail is used to send
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written messages between individuals or groups of individuals, often geographically separated by
large distances. E-mail messages are generally send from and received by mail servers – computers are dedicated to processing and directing e-mail. Once a server has received a message it directs it to the specific computer that the mail is addressed to. To send e-mail, the process is reversed. A very convenient and inexpensive way to transmit message, e-mail has dramatically affected scientific, personal, and business communications. E-MAIL ADDRESS
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Although sending and receiving mail is extremely simple. However, there are a few parameters we must be clear about before we start sending and receiving mails. One such parameter is E-mail address.E-mail addresses commonly take this form: Username @ hostnameHere we understand that before the character `@` (pronounced “at”) the e-mail account holder’s net
name appears and after `@` the name of Net server appears which hosts this e-mail address.Thus an e-mail address has two parts separated by `@` (``at``) symbol.
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(I). Username, On the left side of @ separator is user name can not have blanks. (ii). Domain name for the host server. The portion to the right of @ identified the server host or network that services the e-mail it is same time also called the e-mail server.
E-mail Primer:-
Before we start sending & receiving e-mail’s we must have an E-mail account. We can have either a web based online E-mail account on our ISP’s server. An ISP’s server is a paid account and a web based E-mail account is generally free.
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Creating A Web Based E-mail Account:-
We can create our web based free E-mail account upon many sites. This can be found under internet Explorer And some of them are as follows: http://www.yahoomail.com . http://www.hotmail.com . http://www.timesmail.com . http://mail.indya.com . http://mail.sify.com .To log on or get started with these web sites we must follow these steps:(I) get connected to internet.(ii) Now log on to sitehttp://www.yahoomail.com.
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(iii) To REGISTER for the very first time click at “NEW USERS REGISTER HERE”.
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(iv) Now it will take us to Member Registration form, wherein we have to fill all the details required by them.
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(v) After creating our E-mail accounts, it will intimate us about it.
Viewing Received Mails:-
Once we have created our E-mail account, we can log in it & view
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our mail. Mail feedback help us to view our messages, our first message was sanded by the applicant whose site we using. We can easily see these messages in our inbox. How we can do this quick follow these steps:
1. Go to mail..yahoo.com’s web page to log in to E-mail account. In this web pare, type newly created login & password in front of Username: & Password: fields, and then click at login.
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2. And here we are successfully into our E-mail account. We will see a list of messages along with details like date, from, subject, size etc..,
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Sending mail:-To send mail(s) first log in E-mail account & then follow these steps:1. After logging into our E-mail account we need to compose button to compose a new mail message to be sent.2. In the compose message window, we will see various fields, which are to be used.
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3. Fill in the details of E-mail message and write the text of message in the box designated for it. If we want to attach a file with our E-mail message firstly browse through our computer to select the desired file, and then click at attach. (On some mail servers we need to first click at attach button then browse and finally at done button).
4. Then click at send button and our E-mail will be sent to the recipient’s in their inbox.
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. FEATURES
3. SETTING UP A NEW COMPANY
4. EXPLANATION WITH EXERCISE
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INTRODUCTION:-
Tally is software containing all the accounting items which is to be used in accounting system. It contains “TRIAL BALANCE”, “PROFIT & LOSS A/C” and “BALANCE SHEET” etc. Only financial aspects are considered in accounting. A financial transaction is one which brings some change in the financial position of the business. The transactions are to be recorded primarily in some documents later they are to be grouped and summarized. There are many groups in TALLY.
FEATURES:-60
With the help of tally we are use all accounting systems. Only we have to made entry in the vouchers and the “TRIAL BALANCE”, “PROFIT & LOSS A/C”, and “BALANCE-SHEET” are automatically prepared. If we want to make adjusting entry, the entry will be made in journal voucher.
SETTING UP A NEW COMPANY:-
A company is basically a file where transactions relating to a particular company are entered. A company may be a sole proprietorship, partnership, Joint Stock Company or
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any other company where there are transactions present.
CREATING A COMPANY:-For creating a company goes to the gateway of tally and select CREATE COMPANY option.
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After selecting the option creating a company brings us the form of company creation.
And now we fill the form with some assuming information.
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The company has been successfully created with the above information.And now after creating a company we will be reaching in the Gateway of Tally.
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LEDGERS:-
We will select the accounts info from the menu. And selecting the ledgers.
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After selecting the ledgers the option of create, display and alter will be open. From the option create we can create the ledgers a/c, from the option alter we can delete the ledgers and from the option display we can display the ledgers.
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LEDGER CREATION:-For creating a ledger account:(a) We select to create option from the above screen.(b) After selecting to create option we will reach the screen of ledger creation.(c) We can create any ledger from there.(d) For creating a ledger a/c firstly we will give the name of the ledger and then the group of the ledger in which the ledger a/c will be opened.
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(e) And select yes for the required options.(f) After this ledger a/c will be created.
Vouchers:-
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(I) We will select the accounting info from the gateway of tally.(ii) Then the vouchers type and then create option
Creation of Accounting Vouchers:-
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(a) Specify the name of the voucher.(b) We can select any predefined voucher types in tally.(c) We give the other information as per our requirements like numbering could be automatic or manual or none.(d) Use common narration or not and the other information in screen.
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VOUCHER ENTRY:-
Generally financial transactions are entered using the voucher entry option. For voucher entry we will select the Accounting Voucher from the gateway of tally.
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Before vouchers entry we can customize the voucher entry using key F12 i.e. configuration settings. For configuration settings we have to press F12 key in the gateway of tally. Then click on the voucher entry option and then set the configurations.
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TALLY’S VOUCHER TYPES:-In the right side on the screen displays a list of vouchers that may be utilized for entries.
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For voucher entry we can select any voucher and give the entry for the transactions.
STOCK CREATION:-
For creating stock firstly we have to set the units of measure.
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For setting the units of measure we have to go to the INVENTORY INFO from the gateway of tally.
And then select the option UNITS OF MEASURE.
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After selecting units of measure options we have to select create option.
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After click on the create option we will be in the screen of units creation.For creating units:(a) Give the type of the unit(b) Give the name of the symbol(c) And then the units of measures will be created.
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AFTER THIS WE WILL BE CREATE STOCK ITEMS.For creating the stock items we have to go to the INVENTORY INFO from the gateway of tally. Then select the STOCK ITEMS and then select the create option.
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After selecting the create option we have in the screen of stock items creation.
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And here we have to give the name of the stock and other information according to the requirements of the business.
After all the transactions we will reach to the display of Trial Balance, Balance Sheet, Ratio Analysis, Cash Flows, and Fund Flows, etc…
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We will understand all the aspects with the help of the following exercise.
EXERCISEBest & Co. started a business of Home appliances from 1.4.2002 & maintains his accounts in tally with inventory.1.4.2002 Received capital by cash Rs.7,00,000/-1.4.2002 Cash deposited in P.N.B Rs.3,00,000/-1.4.2002 Credit purchases from Brown Traders as per Inv. No. 12 Samsung color T.V. 10 [email protected],000/-each Ceiling fan 100 [email protected]/-each Table fan 100 [email protected],000/-each
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Mixies 100 [email protected],500/-each Grinders 100 [email protected],000/-each1.4.2002 Cash purchases Brown traders as per in voice No. 16 Samsung color T.V. 1 [email protected],000/-each2.4.2002 Credit sales to rosewood traders as per invoice No. 001 Samsung color T.V. 7 [email protected],000/-each Ceiling fan 70 [email protected],000/-each Table fan 70 [email protected],500/-each Mixies 70 [email protected],000/-each Grinders 70 [email protected],500/-eachPlus TNGST 4% on total sales 2.4.2002 Cash sales as per invoice No. 002
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Samsung color T.V. 2 [email protected],000/-each Ceiling fan 15 [email protected],000/-each Table fan 15 [email protected],500/-each Mixies 15 [email protected],000/-each Grinders 15 [email protected],500/-each
Plus TNGST 4% on total sales 2.4.2002 Check No.1233123 issued to Brown trader 70% of purchase value.2.4.2002 Received Cheque No.525252 of Bank of India from Rosewood traders 80% of sale value 2.4.2002 Payments made by cash Paid to petty cash Rs.3000/- Computer Rs.25000/-
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Salaries Rs.32000/- Wages Rs.23500/- Carriage inwards Rs.12500/- Carriage Outwards Rs.7500/- Telephone deposit Rs.15000/- Rent Rs.10000/- Electricity charges Rs.5800/-2.4.2002 Payments made by petty cash Conveyance Rs.700/- Staff welfare Rs.500/- Postages Rs.300/- Stationeries Rs.700/-
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2.4.2002 journal Depreciate 25% on computers.LEDGERS CRETION:
All the ledgers are given below of the exercise:-
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STOCKS CREATION:-
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VOUCHERS CREATION:-
ALL THE VOUCHERS OF THE EXERCISE ARE GIVEN BELOW:
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AFTERTHESE TRANSACTION WE PROCEED TO LOOK AT THE TRIAL BALANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTS:-
TRIAL BALANCE:-
If we press ALT+F1 then we see the description of the trial balance.
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GENERATING REPORTSPROFIT & LOSS A/C:-
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If we press ALT+F1 then we will see the description of the Profit & Loss A/C:-
BALANCE SHEET:
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If we press ALT+F1 then we see the description of the balance sheet.
STOCK SUMARY:-
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FINANCIAL ANALYSIS TOOLSCash Flows:-
FUND FLOWS:-
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RATIO ANALYSIS:-
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***FINISHED***
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