Why a new kind of planning become necessary?

1) Wasteful imbalances within the educational system

2)Demand far in excess of capacity

3)Costs rising faster than revenues

4)Non-financial bottlenecks

5)Not enough jobs for the educated

6)The wrong kind of education

WASTEFUL IMBALANCES WITHIN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Necessary flows of components such as

teachers, buildings, equipment, textbooks, etc.

were not carefully projected, scheduled and

programmed.

DEMAND FAR IN EXCESS OF CAPACITY

The setting of bold targets, the making of large

promises, and the very expansion of education fired

an increase in popular expectations and educational

demand that fed on itself and soon go out of hand.

COSTS RISING FASTER THAN REVENUES

Enormous popular demand was an effective political

pressure for boosting education budgets, however the

budgets could not possible keep pace with the rising

costs and student numbers.

Three possible escapes

1st One has to cut back the initial targets

2nd One has to cut costs by raising educational efficiency

3rd One has to spread available resources thinner over

more and more students

NON-FINANCIAL BOTTLENECKS

•Shortage plagued in educational development

a) the limited administrative abilities of educational systems

to plan and to transform plans and money into desired

results

b) the long time required to recruit and develop competent

staffs for new schools and universities

c) the limited capacity of local construction industries

NOT ENOUGH JOBS FOR THE EDUCATED

The employment market pendulum had swung sooner and

more abruptly than even the manpower experts had

anticipated. In a small and simple economy it does not take a

very large shift in the numbers to produce a major change in

the employment market balance---and a traumatic shock for

many students and their families.

After a few years of educational

„production lag‟, relatively large

numbers of graduates began to

come on to the market.

Simultaneously, many who had

gone abroad to study were now

returning with degrees.

The vacant government posts by

now had been largely filled by the

best qualified people available at

the time, even though their

qualifications often fell well below

the official norms, and below those

of the newly educated who would

later come on to the market.

WRONG KIND OF EDUCATION

„Imported 20th century education‟ as

being ill-suited to the needs of poor

nations trying to modernize

themselves.

It was doubtful if even a more „modern‟ type

of education designed to fit young people for

a modern job and city life was the right

education for the great majority of

youngsters who were destined to live out

their lives in rural areas.

Instead of conditioning them for leadership

in rural and agricultural development, which

was indispensable to over-all national

development, it would tend to alienate them

from their rural surroundings.

Planning according to time-horizon and purpose

Long Term (Perspective plan)

•10-20 yrs. or even 25 yrs.

•It may be medium-term

, usually 4-7 yrs.

Short Term (Single-purpose plan)

•1-3 yrs.

•Single-plan ( may extend

from a few days to couple of

years)

MEDIUM-TERM PLANS

ADVANTAGES

•Prepared against the back-drop of

a long term perspective plan, have

operationally proved to be the

most efficient.

•Define the goals and targets with

greater clarity and provide a

definite basis for action.

PURPOSE

•To prepare on rolling basis, that

is extending the plan by one

year at a time and revising the

targets according to

implementation experience.

Thus, a country

which prepares 5-

year plans will

produce a “rolling

plan” every year in

this following

manner:

(a)2010-2014

(b)2011-2015

(c)2012-2016

(d)2013-2017

(e)2014-2018

SHORT-TERM PLANNING

•Needs to be adopted only as an

inevitable alternative to medium-

term planning and that, too, on an

emergency basis.

•“rolling plans” has eliminated

the need for short-term planning

in most cases.

SINGLE-PURPOSE PLANNING

•Usefully adopted when a

particular objective like

implementing a reform

measure, building an institution

or piloting legislation is to be

achieved.

Florencio Arica Jr. notes that whatever thetime horizon of an education plan, thefunction of preparing is characterized by:

(A) An attempt to bring about a balanced development of all

sectors of the educational system as well as learning

opportunities provided outside the system;

(b) The correlation of the educational effort with the national

policy for economic and social development;

(c) An effort to coordinate quantitative expansion with

qualitative improvements in structure, content and methods;

(d) The determination to ensure that the investment in

education brings good dividends both to the society and

the individual.

~ END OF REPORT~

Being busy does not always mean real work. The object of all

work is production or accomplishment and to either of these

ends there must be

forethought, system, planning, intelligence, and honest

purpose, as well as perspiration. Seeming to do is not doing.

Thomas A. Edison