Why a new kind of planning become necessary?
1) Wasteful imbalances within the educational system
2)Demand far in excess of capacity
3)Costs rising faster than revenues
4)Non-financial bottlenecks
5)Not enough jobs for the educated
6)The wrong kind of education
WASTEFUL IMBALANCES WITHIN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Necessary flows of components such as
teachers, buildings, equipment, textbooks, etc.
were not carefully projected, scheduled and
programmed.
DEMAND FAR IN EXCESS OF CAPACITY
The setting of bold targets, the making of large
promises, and the very expansion of education fired
an increase in popular expectations and educational
demand that fed on itself and soon go out of hand.
COSTS RISING FASTER THAN REVENUES
Enormous popular demand was an effective political
pressure for boosting education budgets, however the
budgets could not possible keep pace with the rising
costs and student numbers.
Three possible escapes
1st One has to cut back the initial targets
2nd One has to cut costs by raising educational efficiency
3rd One has to spread available resources thinner over
more and more students
NON-FINANCIAL BOTTLENECKS
•Shortage plagued in educational development
a) the limited administrative abilities of educational systems
to plan and to transform plans and money into desired
results
b) the long time required to recruit and develop competent
staffs for new schools and universities
c) the limited capacity of local construction industries
NOT ENOUGH JOBS FOR THE EDUCATED
The employment market pendulum had swung sooner and
more abruptly than even the manpower experts had
anticipated. In a small and simple economy it does not take a
very large shift in the numbers to produce a major change in
the employment market balance---and a traumatic shock for
many students and their families.
After a few years of educational
„production lag‟, relatively large
numbers of graduates began to
come on to the market.
Simultaneously, many who had
gone abroad to study were now
returning with degrees.
The vacant government posts by
now had been largely filled by the
best qualified people available at
the time, even though their
qualifications often fell well below
the official norms, and below those
of the newly educated who would
later come on to the market.
WRONG KIND OF EDUCATION
„Imported 20th century education‟ as
being ill-suited to the needs of poor
nations trying to modernize
themselves.
It was doubtful if even a more „modern‟ type
of education designed to fit young people for
a modern job and city life was the right
education for the great majority of
youngsters who were destined to live out
their lives in rural areas.
Instead of conditioning them for leadership
in rural and agricultural development, which
was indispensable to over-all national
development, it would tend to alienate them
from their rural surroundings.
Planning according to time-horizon and purpose
Long Term (Perspective plan)
•10-20 yrs. or even 25 yrs.
•It may be medium-term
, usually 4-7 yrs.
Short Term (Single-purpose plan)
•1-3 yrs.
•Single-plan ( may extend
from a few days to couple of
years)
MEDIUM-TERM PLANS
ADVANTAGES
•Prepared against the back-drop of
a long term perspective plan, have
operationally proved to be the
most efficient.
•Define the goals and targets with
greater clarity and provide a
definite basis for action.
PURPOSE
•To prepare on rolling basis, that
is extending the plan by one
year at a time and revising the
targets according to
implementation experience.
Thus, a country
which prepares 5-
year plans will
produce a “rolling
plan” every year in
this following
manner:
(a)2010-2014
(b)2011-2015
(c)2012-2016
(d)2013-2017
(e)2014-2018
SHORT-TERM PLANNING
•Needs to be adopted only as an
inevitable alternative to medium-
term planning and that, too, on an
emergency basis.
•“rolling plans” has eliminated
the need for short-term planning
in most cases.
SINGLE-PURPOSE PLANNING
•Usefully adopted when a
particular objective like
implementing a reform
measure, building an institution
or piloting legislation is to be
achieved.
Florencio Arica Jr. notes that whatever thetime horizon of an education plan, thefunction of preparing is characterized by:
(A) An attempt to bring about a balanced development of all
sectors of the educational system as well as learning
opportunities provided outside the system;
(b) The correlation of the educational effort with the national
policy for economic and social development;
(c) An effort to coordinate quantitative expansion with
qualitative improvements in structure, content and methods;
(d) The determination to ensure that the investment in
education brings good dividends both to the society and
the individual.