The Early Development and Impact of 4G Technology

VISHALYA

Outline

• Previous Technologies -1G, 2G, 3G (CDMA, GSM, UMTS) – Multiplexing; Frequency, Time & Code • Reasons for New Research • How 4G Works

- Architecture, AdHoc, IP core, OFDM • Impact of 4G

- economic, socio-cultural, political

1G Technology

Previous Technology - 1G “First Generation”

• Analog

- Continuous in amplitude and time

- Variations in the signal - disrupts over long distances • Simplest type to wireless data

• Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)

2G Technology

Previous Technology - 2G

• Advantages - Digital - consists of 1s and 0s

• Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level, 3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge

Previous Technology - 2G - Allows for lower powered radio signals that

require less battery power - CODEC introduction - program that encodes and

decodes digital data stream or signal • Translates data from digital to analog and

vice versa speaker

voice

CODEC 10111001

Previous Technology - 2G

• Advantages

- The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking

• increase sound quality • lowers the noise level - Going all-digital allowed for the introduction

of digital data transfer

• SMS - “short message service” • E-mail

3G Technology

Previous Technology - 3G

• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access - Form of multiplexing

- Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency - Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel

Types of Multiplexing

• FDMA - Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call.

• TDMA - Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted.

• CDMA - Each phone call is uniquely encoded and transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner known as spread spectrum transmission.

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Time Division Multiple Access Code Division

Multiple Access frequency

Reasons for New Research

• Government are forced to support to the financially troubled operators •3G phones are expensive •

Lack of 2G mobile user buy-in for 3G wireless service

• Lack of coverage because it is still a new service

- i.e. Champaign-Urbana uses 2.5G

- Chicago is 3G equipped

How 4G Works

What is 4G?

• Fourth Generation Technology • Faster and more reliable -100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) • Lower cost than previous generations • Multi-standard wireless system - Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x) • Ad Hoc Networking

• IPv6 Core

• OFDM used instead of CDMA • Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n - Most information is proprietary

Communications Architecture • Broadcast layer: fix access points, (ie cell

tower) connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)

• Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (ie. internet at Starbuck’s)

• Personal Layer Gateway: devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs

• Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors

• Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables and repeaters

Ad Hoc Networks

• Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices • Not necessarily connected to internet • 4G will create hybrid wireless networks using

Ad Hoc networks

• Form of mesh networking - Very reliable

When?

• China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel, Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone already doing research on 4G

• Much of this information is proprietary at this time • Expected release of 4G services as early as 2008. • Majority of companies expect widespread use of 4G systems by 2010.

• Lifecycle of 4G is estimated to be 15 years.