By:Rahul Sampat (736)Rohan Kamdar (718)Aanal Desai (763)

Contents

• What is 4G?• History• Features• What Is The Need?• Implementation Of 4G• Architecture Of 4G• Transmission• Technology Used In 4G• Quality Of Service• Advantages• Limitations• Applications• Future• Conclusion

What is 4G?

• 4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution and a complete 3G replacement in wireless communications.

• Just as data-transmission speeds increased from 2G to 3G, the leap from 3G to 4G again promises even higher data rates than existed in previous generations.

• It will provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice , data and multimedia can be given to user on an “anytime , anywhere” basis.

• It includes several types of broadband wireless communication system access including cellular telephone system.

• The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G

View Of 4G Mobile Communication

HISTORY

FEATURES

• Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services.

• IP based mobile system.

• High speed, high capacity, and low cost‐per‐bit.

• Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.

• Seamless switching and a variety of Quality of Service‐driven services.

• Tight network security.

• Entirely packet-switched network.

• Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.

• Better scheduling and call‐admission‐control techniques

• Ad‐hoc and multi‐hop networks.

• Better spectral efficiency.

• Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN).

• An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.

What Is The Need ?

• Due to substantial growth in overall number of

subscribers.• Due to massive demand of new services like data , audio ,

image or video . • Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives• More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the

World• Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation

techniques• Integration Across Different Network Topologies• Non-disruptive Implementation

IMPLEMENTATION OF 4G

• The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core mobile networks with a single worldwide core network standard, based on IP for control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video, voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely on IP. 

• The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an all IP-based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks.          

IMPLEMENTATION BLOCK DIAGRAM Of 4G

IMPLEMENTATION DAIGRAM OF 4G

System/Protocol architecture

Schematic of the 4G architecture

ARCHITECTURE OF 4G

• The Core Network:

- The 4G architecture contains a core IP network that has relatively little intelligence. Thus, most core network functions, such as routing, are handled by existing and evolving IP technology.

• The High Level Control Layer:

- Above the core is what we call a high-level control layer. It is important to specify not only what this layer does but what it does not do. In particular, it does not provide functions for routing or call path setup, unlike the control layer of SS7 in the PSTN, but leaves that to the core.

- It focuses on functions that can be made available to applications and overlay network elements, such as access to decision points for AAA, agents for mobility management, and role and rule assignment for policy management.

• Access Networks:

- Below the core is a collection of access networks that serve different market niches and needs.

- The 4G RAN is the evolution of the current RAN toward higher data rates, support for interactivity and multimedia,and distributed control elements interconnected by an IP network.

• Overlay layer:

- Finally, the XG architecture has an Overlay layer that provides higher-layer functionality and support services for applications, such as Application Layer Multicast (ALM), location services, and content distribution.

TRANSMISSION

• An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation.

• An IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver.

• The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process.

• With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers.

• More impervious to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication quality.

TRANSMISSION

OFDM MODULATION

TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G

The following technologies are used in 4G:• OFDM

• UWB

• Smart Antennas

• IPv6

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

• IT transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave.

• OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver .

• By inserting a cyclic prefix between adjacent OFDM signal inter signal interference is virtually eliminated if the max. channel delay spread is less than the time interval of cyclic prefix.

• In OFDM the subcarrier pulse used for transmission is rectangular.

• Here modulation can performed by an IDFT ,which can be generated very efficiently as an IFFT. So, receiver only needs a FFT to reverse this process.

OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)

• An advanced technology that can be used in 4G technology.

• It is typically detected as noise.

• It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices .

• It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 Hz.

• It uses less power , since it transmits pulse instead of continuous signal.

• Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)

Smart Antennas (MIMO)

• A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas' radiation (transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal environment.

• MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) is a smart antenna system where 'smartness' is considered at both transmitter and the receiver.

• MIMO represents space-division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on MIMO antennas.

• Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time.

• This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multi-path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously.

• Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO system, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation, and beam-forming technologies, can boost useful channel capacity by at least an order of magnitude.

Multiple Input Multiple Output

Advantages Of Smart Antennas

• Optimize available power.

• Increase base station range and coverage.

• Reuse available spectrum.

• Increase bandwidth.

• Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.

• Smart antenna may play a large role in 4G system .

Advanced software will be needed to process data on

sending and receiving side , and this should be flexible.

IPv6• IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 .

• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol which data is sent from one

computer to another on the internet.

• Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.

• It includes128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4.

Understanding of IPv6 in 4G- - 32 bits IP address looks like this 216.37.129.9

- 216.37.129.9 may be written like11011000.00100101.10000001.00001001

- the IP address in IPv6 version will be 4 times of IPv4; it looks like 216.37.129.9,79.23.178.229,65.198.2.10,192.168.5.120

- i.e. IPv6 contains 4 sets of IPv4 address.

- all 4 sets are defined in different functions and usages.

- the first set of the IP address (216.37.129.9) can be defined to be the

“home address” purpose. It just likes the normal IP address that we use for

addressing in the Internet and network.

• The second set of the IP address (79.23.178.229) can be declared as the “care-of address”.

After these addresses from cell and PC established a link, care-of address will work instead of home address; it means that communication channel will switch from the first set to to the second set of the IPv6 address.

• The third set of the IP address (65.198.2.10) can be signed as mobile IP address. It is the communication channel to wire-line network and wireless network. An agent between the cell phones and PC will use this mobile IP address to establish a channel to cell phones.

• The last set of IP address (192.168.5.120) can be local network address for virtual private network (VPN) sharing purpose.

In this rich data IP address, software can use them to distinguish

different services and to communicate and combine with other network areas, such as computer (PC) and cell phones.

Features of mobility management in IPv6:• 128-bit address space provides a sufficiently large

number of addresses• High quality support for real-time audio and video

transmission, short/ busty connections of web applications, peer-to-peer applications, etc.

• Faster packet delivery, decreased cost of processing – no header checksum at each relay, fragmentation only at endpoints.

• Smooth handoff when the mobile host travels from one subnet to another, causing a change in its Care-of Address. 

QOS (Quality Of Service)

• In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability.

• 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%).

• In 4G QOS may be divided in following ways- Transaction-level QOS describes both the time it takes to

complete a transaction and the packet loss rate.

Circuit-level QOS includes call blocking for new as well as

existing calls .

User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type.

• Strong position of telecommunications vendors expected in the marketplace.

• Faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth, allow more business applications and commercialization.

• Has advantage for personalized multimedia communication tools.• MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility

support, integrated-wireless solution, and customized personal service.

CONVERGENCE OF CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORKS AND WLANS: Benefits for Operators:• Higher bandwidths.• Lower cost of networks and equipment.• The use of licence-exempt spectrum.• Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.• Higher revenue.

Benefits for Users:• Access to broadband multimedia services with lower• cost and where mostly needed.• Inter-network roaming.

Advantages

CONVERGENCE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS & BROADCASTING:

From broadcaster point of view:• Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to multipoint

Broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 3G cellular systems.

From the cellular mobile operator point of view:• Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments

to support IP- based multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.

CONVERGENCE BENEFITS:• Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt

the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers.

• Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi- media services in vehicular environments.

• Users will benefit from faster access to a range ofbroadband multi-media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY:• In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks,

multimode user terminals are essential as they can adapt to different wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves.

• This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware components in a terminal).

• The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio approach.

Software Defined Radio (SDR):

• A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any radio or frequency standard through the use of software.

• The phone should automatically switch from operating on a CDMA frequency to a TDMA frequency whenever it is required.

• Roaming can be an issue with different standards, but with a software defined radio, users can just download the interface upon entering new territory, or the software could just download automatically.

SDR (Software Defined Radio)

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES: • Regulatory and Standardisation issues • Business models • User preference profiles • Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria • Software download mechanisms • Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY:• BENEFITS FOR: USERS:• Select network depending on service requirements and cost.• Connect to any network – Worldwide roaming.• Access to new services.

OPERATORS:• Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).• Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.• Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.• Rapid development of new personalised and customised

services.

MANUFACTURERS:• Single platform for all markets.• Increased flexible and efficient production.

• PERSONAL MOBILITY:• In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in mobility

management.• Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of users’

terminals, and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments.

• Once the caller’s agent identifies user’s location, the caller’s agent can directly communicate with his agent.

Limitations

• Cost is one of the factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology. The equipment required to implement the next-generation network are still very expensive.

• A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. This was one of the unmet goals of 3G.

• As regards the operating area, rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks.

• Not possible to offer full internet experience due to limited speed and bandwidth.

• Comparatively higher cost to use and deploy infrastructure compared fast mobile generation.

• Since 3G mobile is still in the market, 4G reduces the market competition in the mobile industry.

• Battery usage is more• Hard to implement• Need complicated hardware

• Real-time applications in the future will require fast/seamless handovers for smooth operations.

• Mobility in IPv6 is not optimized to take advantage of specific mechanisms that may be deployed in different administrative domains. Instead, IPv6 provides mobility in a manner that resembles only simple portability.

• Variable bit rate services provide a way to ensure service provisioning at lower costs. In addition the radio environment has dynamics that renders it difficult to provide a guaranteed network service. This requires that the services are adaptive and robust against varying radio conditions.

• High variations in the network Quality of Service (QoS) leads to significant variations of the multimedia quality. The result could sometimes be unacceptable to the users.

Applications

1) Application to Admission Control in Cellular Packet Networks:• Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G

will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks.

• The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies.

• Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users.

• Emerging wireless technologies such as 4G tend to be packet-switched rather than circuit-switched because the packet-based architecture allows for better sharing of limited wireless resources.

• In a packet network, connections (packet flows) do not require dedicated circuits for the entire duration of the connection.

• Unfortunately, this enhanced flexibility makes it more difficult to effectively control the admission of connections into the network.

2) 4G In Normal Life: Traffic Control:• 4G networks can connect traffic control boxes to intelligent

transportation management systems wirelessly.• This would create a traffic grid that could change light cycle times on

demand, e.g., keeping some lights green longer temporarily to improve traffic flow.

• Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center.

• Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route.

Sensors on Public Vehicles:- • As the public vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement,

garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents.

• The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real time.

• And since 4G networks can include inherent geo-location without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent.

3) Security:• Beijing has already deployed cameras throughout the city and sends those

images back to a central command center.• 4G networks allow Beijing to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly.• This allows them to keep a watch over the city.

4) 4G and Public Safety:• There are sweeping changes taking place in transportation and intelligent

highways, generally referred to as “Intelligent Transportation Systems” (ITS).

• ITS is comprised of a number of technologies, including information processing, communications, control, and electronics.

• These technologies with our transportation systems will help prevent ‐ or certainly mitigate ‐ future disasters.

• Communications, and the cooperation and collaboration it affords, is a key element of any effective disaster response.

• 4G wireless eliminates this spoke‐and‐hub weakness of cellular architectures because the destruction of a single node does not disable the network.

• Combining 4G with ITS infrastructure makes both more robust.• We can have a 360‐degree view of traffic by combining these two

technologies.

5) Location-Based Applications: Emergency services • E100 - Enhanced 100 Value-added personal services • Friend finder, directions Commercial services • Coupons or offers from nearby stores Network internal • Traffic & coverage measurements

6) Mobiles: Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)

– Text, sounds, images, and video– Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)– Open Internet standards for messaging

Internet Access• Web Applications

– Information portals– Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using Wireless

Application Protocol (WAP)

7) Electronic Agents:

- Electronic agents are supposed to play an important role for mobile working in the future – as agents are dispatched to carry out searches and tasks on the Internet and report back to their owners.

- They will be e-assistance, e-secretaries, e-advisors, e-administrators etc. This kind of control is what home automation applications anticipate.

Future

• Evolutionary approach may yield opportunities for the 3G/4G.• Emphasis on heterogeneous networks capitalizes on past

investments.• Strategic alliance and coalition opportunities with traditional non-

telecommunication industries.• Sophisticated and mature commercialization of 3G/4G technology

would encourage more applications of e-commerce and m-commerce.

• Worldwide economy recover stimulates consumption and consumer confidence, therefore bring in opportunities for telecommunication sections.

• It is expected and predicted that consumers will continue to replace handsets with newer technology at a fast rate.

• Desirable higher data capacity rates, the growth opportunity for 3G/4G is very bright and hopeful.

5G (Real wireless world) (completed WWWW: World Wide Wireless Web):

The idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, is started from 4G technologies. The following evolution will based on 4G and completed its idea to form a REAL wireless world. Thus, 5G should make an important difference and add more services and benefit to the world over 4G; 5G should be a more intelligent technology that interconnects the entire world without limits.

Conclusion

The mobile technology though reached only at 3G now, 4G offers us to provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various network including internet which uses IP network. The 4G system will be implemented in the coming years which are a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)—a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network.