4G Technology Report

8/2/2019 4G Technology Report

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FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

What is 4G (FOURTH GENERATION) TECHNOLOGY?

The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are

projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to

provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video

to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types

of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephonesystems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, Anytime

anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized

personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband

wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication

arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but

also will support the fixed wireless networks. This report presents an overall vision of the

4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.

The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one wordintegration.

The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to

satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and

wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile

subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 3.2

billion users by the end of 2008 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

Department of CSE DR AIT,Banglore1


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CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to

fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile

telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have

become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog

technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental

problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systemswere placed in service around the world during the 1980s.

The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly

for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal

processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication

services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led

again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system

mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in theU.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access)

(IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are

today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very

limited.

During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile

system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global

system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband

data capabilities, upto 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their

differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In

addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is

being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two

major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency)

channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, upto 384 kbps. A very



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important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which

introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal

digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia

communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in

digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation

revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the

research on a 4G mobile communication system.

First Generation (1G): 1G wireless mobile communication systems, was

introduced in the early 1980s. 1G wireless was analog and supported the first generationof analog cell phones. They include a signaling protocol known as SS7 (Signaling System

7). Speed upto 1.9kbps.

Second Generation (2G): 2G systems, fielded in the late 1980s, were intended

primarily for voice transmission and was all about digital PCS. Speed upto 14.4kbps.

Third Generation (3G): 3G systems, fielded in the late 1999. 3G in wireless will

be a deliberate migration to faster, data-centric wireless networks. The immediate goal is

to raise transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2M bit/sec.

Fourth Generation (4G): 4G design began in 2000. 4G is a conceptual framework

for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless

network that will interface with wire-line backbone network seamlessly. Speed upto

200Mbps.



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History of Mobile communication:

TABLE NO: 1

Department of CSE DR AIT,Banglore

Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

Design Began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000

Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010

Service Analog

voice,

synchronous

data to 9.6

kbps

Digital

voice,

short

messages

Higher

capacity,

packetized

data

Higher

capacity,

broadband

data up to 2

Mbps

Higher

capacity,

completely

IP-oriented,

multimedia,

data tohundreds of

megabits

Standards AMPS,

TACS,

NMT, etc

TDMA,

CDMA,

GSM,

PDC

GPRS,

EDGE,

1xRTT

WCDMA,

CDMA2000

Single

standard

Data

Bandwidth

1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,

CDMA

TDMA,

CDMA

CDMA CDMA

Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN,

packet

network

packet

network

Internet

4


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CHAPTER 3

MOTIVATION

Some of the requirements that lead for development of 4G are

Wider Bandwidth, Higher Bit Rates.

Global mobility and service portability difficult due to different standards

hampering.

Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs;need a new integrated network.

Apply recent advances with spectrally moreefficient modulation schemes.

Need all digital networks to fully utilize IPand converged video and data.

Low cost.

Scalability of Mobile Networks as shown in figure 1.

Support for Interactive Multimedia Services: Teleconferencing, Wireless Internet

etc.

Figure No: 1

Value for Next Generation 4G:



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CHAPTER 4

FEATURES OF 4G

The 4G mobile networks could be systems:

Horizontal communications between different access technology including

cellular, cordless, WLAN, short-range connectivity, and wired.A common platform to

complement other services connection through a common, flexible, seamless ,IP-based

core network.

Advanced media access technology that connects the core network to different

access technologies.

Global roaming and interworking between different access technologies; both

horizontal (intrasystem) and vertical (intersystem) handover as shown in figure 4.

Seamless service negotiation including mobility, security and QoS.

Among the most critical technical features of 4G we highlight here the ubiquitous

and seamless provision of services and the support of high data rates in moderate to high

mobility radio environments. The integration of eclectic wireless networks needs to be



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done at the IP. Networking layer, where IP plays the fundamental role of uniting

cohesively the networks. Both access and core network exploit the IP paradigm as shown

in figure 3. In addition, it is commonly agreed that modulation and multiple access

schemes in 4G will be based on multicarrier techniques. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing) and its multiuser extension OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access) are the principal candidate techniques, usually combined with

other access techniques, typically CDMA and TDMA, to allow, among others, more

flexibility in multi-user scenarios as shown in figure 2. Fortunately, and despite of the

several open issues reigning in the 4G domain, several important features have been

widely recognized and accepted. We summarize the main 4G features in Table 2 .

Features of 4G:

Specifications Features

Data transfer

capability

100 Mbps (wide coverage)

1 Gbps (local area)

Networking All-IP network (access and core networks)

Plug & Access network architecture

An equal-opportunity network of networks

Connectivity Found everywhere

Mobile

Seamless and Continuous

Network

capacity

10-fold that of 3G.

Latency Connection delay < 500 ms

Transmission delay < 50 ms

Cost Cost per bit: 1/10-1/100 lower than that of 3G

Infrastructure cost: 1/10 lower than that of 3G

Connected

Entities

Specifications

Person-to-person

Person-to-machine

Machine-to-machine

Features



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4G Keywords Heterogeneity of networks, terminals and services

Convergence of networks, terminals and services

Harmonious wireless ecosystem

Table No. 2



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4G Network Architecture:

Figure No: 2

Physical Layers in 4G:

Figure No: 3



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Layered structure for 4G:

Figure No: 4



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CHAPTER 5

4G TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS

OFDMA: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a digital

modulation technology in which in one time symbol waveform, thousands of orthogonal

waves are multiplexed. This is good for high bandwidth digital data transition.

W-OFDM: W-OFDM enables data to be encoded on multiple high-speed radio

frequencies concurrently. This allows for greater security, increased amounts of data

being sent, and the industries most efficient use of bandwidth. W-OFDM enables the

implementation of low power multipoint RF networks that minimize interference with

adjacent networks. This enables independent channels to operate within the same band

allowing multipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systems to be overlaid in the

same frequency band.

MC-CDMA: MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. Similar to

single-carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to

distinguish users in (multi-carrier) MC-CDMA. However in MC-CDMA, each users can

be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency.

LAS-CDMA: link Air Communications is developer of LAS-CDMA(Large Area

Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access) a patented 4G wireless technology. LAS-

CDMA enables high-speed data and increases voice capacity and latest innovative

solution, CDD, merges the highly spectral efficient LAS-CDMA technology with the

superior data transmission characteristics of TDD. This resulting combination makes

CDD the most spectrally efficient, high-capacity duplexing system available today.



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COMPARISION BETWEEN 3G AND 4G

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF 4G

Some of the applications of 4G are

Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a "virtual presence" --for

example, always-on connections to keep people on event.

Virtual navigation: A remote database contains the graphical representation of

streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this

database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle.

Department of CSE DR AIT,Banglore

ATTRIBUTE 3G 4G

Major Characteristics Predominantly Voice Data Converged Data and VoIP

Network Architecture Wide Area Cell Based Hybrid-Integration of

Wireless Lan

(WiFi),Bluetooth, Wide

Area

Frequency Band 1.6-2.5 GHz 2-8 GHz

Component Design Optimized Antenna, Multi-

band Adapters

Smart antennas, SW multi-

Band, wide band Radios

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100+MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps-2Mbps 20-100Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution Code 1/2,1/3;

turbo

Concatenated Coding

Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile Top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple Versions All IP(IP v6.0)Operational ~2003 ~2010

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Tele-medicine.

4G will support remote health monitoring of patients.

Tele-geoprocessing.

Queries dependent on location information of several users, in addition to

temporal aspects have many applications.

Crisis-management applications.

Education-such as video conferencing.



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CHAPTER 6

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF 4G

Some of the future enhancements required for 4G are

Lower price points only slightly higher than alternatives

More good coordination among spectrum regulators around the world

More academic research

Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation, techniques,

switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G

A Voice-independent business justification thinking

Integration across different network topologies

Non-disruptive implementation:4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G



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CHAPTER 7

LIMITATIONS TO 4G

Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still

limitations that must be addressed. One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G

networks are becoming more ubiquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas

and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless

networks. This limitation of todays networks will carry over into future generations of

wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general

public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime

communications. The public must realize that although high-speed data communications

will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet at least not at first. If

measures are not taken now to correct perception issues, when 3G and later 4G services

are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment

of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, neither

3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment

required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive. Carriers and

providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. One

technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of

services. This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public

is used to a service-for-free model (e.g., the Internet).

11.4G MARKETS



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The primary 4G technologies of the future are expected to be Long Term

Evolution (LTE), Ultra WiMAX, the market research firm says. Research finds that 4G

technologies will be OFDMA based and will support 100 megabits per second for

wide-area mobile applications. In addition, 4G technology roll-outs will most likely start

between 2010 and 2012 mobile operators will deploy 4G slowly at first, and rely on their

EV-DO or HSPA networks to provide for more ubiquitous coverage. Mobile

WiMAX is likely to have the most success among new market entrants looking to enter

the market in the near.

Mobile Broadband (UMB), and IEEE 802.16m term, such as landline operators

seeking to include mobility in their service bundles. The worldwide broadband

subscriber base has increased to nearly 250 million and the continued increase in

broadband penetration will be an extremely important driver, as it is a vital

requirement to enhance end-user experience



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CONCLUSIONS

As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to

reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. 4G seems to be very

promising generation of wireless communication that will change the peoples life in the

wireless world. 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward

for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.



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ABBREVIATIONS

1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps

AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service

CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access

EDGE = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution

FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access

GPRS = General Packet Radio System

GSM = Global System for Mobile

NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone

PDC = Personal Digital Cellular

PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network

TACS = Total Access Communications System

TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access

WCDMA = Wideband CDMA



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. B. G. Evans and K. Baughan, "Visions of 4G," Electronics and Communication

Engineering Journal, Dec. 2002.

2. H. Huomo, Nokia, "Fourth Generation Mobile," presented at ACTS Mobile

Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, June1999.

3. J. M. Pereira, "Fourth Generation: Now, It Is Personal," Proceedings of the 11th

IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio

Communications, London, UK, September 2000.


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