4G Technology(Final)

7/27/2019 4G Technology(Final)

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A Way To Success :Implementaton of 4G For

Millitary Application.

Aanchal.M.Chhabria Disha.G.Gurnani

[email protected] [email protected]

Smt.S.H.Mansukhani Institute Of Technology

Abstract

Using science to turn mystery into mastery

Mobile communications systems revolutionized the way people communicate,

joining together communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably shorttime has been achieved in the history of wireless. Evolution of wireless access

technologies is about to reach its fourth generation (4G). Looking past, wireless

access technologies have followed different evolutionary paths aimed at unified

target: performance and efficiency in high mobile environment. The first generation

(1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has

introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation (3G),

which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly mobile

broadband experience, which will be further realized by the fourth generation (4G).

The Fourth generation (4G) will provide access to wide range of telecommunication

services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed

networks, which are increasingly packet based, along with a support for low to high

mobility applications and wide range of data rates, in accordance with service

demands in multiuser environment.

What is 4G?

The fourth generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known as 4G,

is expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and

mobile networks, for instance from satellite to mobile networks and to Wireless

Local Area Networks (WLANs). 4G Technology is basically the extension in the3G

technologywith more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G. The vision of 4G

wireless/mobile systems will be the provision of broadband access, seamless global

roaming, and Internet/data/voice everywhere, utilizing for each the most

"appropriate" always best connected technology . The expectation for the 4G

technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end

Internet Protocol. These systems are about integrating terminals, networks, and

applications to satisfy increasing user demands.

History
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First Generation 1G (Analog ) : The first generation of mobile phones was

analog systems that emerged in the early 1980s and since then mobile

communications have undergone significant changes and experienced enormous

growth. First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech

services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon

Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. The two most popular analog

systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication

Systems (TACS). All of these systems offered handover and roaming capabilities but

the cellular networks were unable to interoperate between countries. This was one of

the inevitable drawback of first-generation mobile networks. It introduced the first

basic framework for mobile communications like the basic architecture, frequency

multiplexing, roaming concept etc. Access technology used was AMPS (Advances

Mobile Phone Service). The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the

800 to 900 MHz frequency range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

for AMPS. In 1988, an additional 10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded Spectrum

(ES) was allocated to AMPS. Transmissions from the base stations to mobiles occur

over the forward channel using frequencies between 869-894 MHz. The reverse

channel is used for transmissions from mobiles to base station, using

frequencies between 824-849 MHz.

The Second-generation 2G (Digital ) : Second-generation (2G) mobile systems

were introduced in the end of 1980s. Low bit rate data services were supported as

well as the traditional speech service. Second-generation (2G) systems use digital

multiple access technology, such as TDMA (time division multiple access) and

CDMA (code division multiple access). compared with first-generation systems,

higher spectrum efficiency, better data services, and more advanced roaming were

offered by 2G systems. In Europe, the Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM) was deployed to provide a single unified standard. This enabled seamless

services through out Europe by means of international roaming. Global System for

Mobile Communications, or GSM, uses TDMA technology to support multiple users.

Second generation networks allow limited data support in the range of 9.6 kbps

to 19.2 kbps. Traditional phone networks are used mainly for voice

transmission, and are essentially circuit-switched networks.

The GSM system also has an advantage of giving the operator a chance to create a

whole range of new services During development over more than 20 years, GSM

technology has been continuously improved to offer better services in the market.

New technologies have been developed based on the original GSM system, leading to

some more advanced systems known as 2.5 Generation (2.5G) systems. 2.5G

networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an extension of

2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice and packet switching

for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes

bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each users packets compete for

available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.


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The Third-generation 3G (WCDMA in UMTS, CDMA2000 & TD-SCDMA) :

The standards for developing the networks were different for different parts of the

world. Hence, it was decided to have a network which provides services independent

of the technology platform and whose network design standards are same globally.

Thus, 3G was born. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the

demands for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000 standard. An organization

called 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has continued that work by defining

a mobile system that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. Services include wide-area

wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile

environment. Additional features also include HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)

data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4 Mbps on the downlink

and 5.8 Mbps on the uplink. The first commercial 3G network was launched by NTT

DoCoMo

in Japan branded FOMA, based on W-CDMA technology on

October 1, 2001.

4G

In order to make smooth transition from 3G to 4G the mobile communication

companies are promoting Super 3G/LTE. The companies are upgrading 3G

Technology by initializing the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA) service, which increases the downlink data rate of packet services, and by

finalizing specifications for High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which

enhances uplink speed. HSDPA and HSUPA cover area by 3-4 times relative to W-

CDMA and by providing the high transmission rate with low cost per bit

transmission. The main objective of the Super 3G is to construct simple, low cost

system by removing the complexity from wireless network and mobile handsets. The

3G provides packet and voice services separately where as Super 3G is based on

ALL-IP network covering both packet and voice services. As from diagram we can

infer that by the 2010 we would be able to achieve the 1 Gbps in motion at low speed

and 100 Mbps at high speed. On December 25, 2006, NTT DOCOMObecame the

first in the world to achieve a packet signal speed of 5 Gbpsin an outdoor test in a

low-speed environment (10 km/h). The test was undertaken to demonstrate the

expected maximum transmission speed in an actual cell environment, taking into

account interference from peripheral cells.


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We are steadily approaching towards 4G wireless technologies by upgrading

the current 3G technology by increasing the data rate speed and by reducing the cost

of transmission which is the main objective of 4G wireless technology.

There are some key components for the successful deployment of the 4G

wireless technology :

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs)

Smart antenna enhancements

SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

IPv6 and IP mobility

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

Multipath phenomena in CDMA can tolerate long delay but it does not

capture the entire energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because

of limited no. of capability of taking the signal. In OFDM as from the below figure it

can be understand the long guard band interval is long enough to absorb all inter-

symbols-interference.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear

advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer

2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is

possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and

even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust

transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.


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In OFDM, a data stream is split into Nc parallel lower data streams (a few

kHz) that are modulated on separate subcarriers. The split the signal is called

orthogonal subcarriers and these subcarriers are modulated by Inverse Discrete

Fourier Transformation (IDFT) and hence it does not affect the signals on multipath

effects. The long guard band is inserted between each OFDM symbol to absorb all

inter signal symbols interference. This significantly improves the physical layer

performance. The OFDM signal is also compatible with other enhancement

technologies like smart antennas and MIMO.

Multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access;

OFDMA) can also be used for modulation of OFDM. In this case, each OFDM signal

symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of

subcarriers (subchannels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource

allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio

link usage.

Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs).

In order to improve the communication performance between sender and

receiver, the multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver end. MIMO

multiplex the signals from the multiple transmitting antennas as it is suitable for

OFDM because time symbols can be processed independently after OFDM waveform

is correctly designed for the channel. This aspects of OFDM reduces the complexity

while transmission and makes processing simple. The signal transmitted by m

antennas and signal received by n antennas and the processing of the received signal

may produce significant performance improvement such as range, quality of received

signal and spectrum efficiency. Hence MIMO is more efficient when many multiple

path signals are received. The gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the

minimum number of antennas in the link. The MIMO enables significant increase in

the data throughput and link range with additional bandwidth or transmit power. It

achieves this by higher spectral efficiency more bits per second per hertz of

bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these

properties MIMO has become current theme of wireless research.

Smart antenna enhancements.

The main purpose of the radio communication depends on the advancements

of the antennas which refer to smart or intelligent antennas. In early 90s, in order to

meet growing data rate needs of the data communication, many transmission

techniques were proposed such as spatial multiplexing which increases the bandwidth

conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexingprovides the multiple


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deployment of antennas at the transmitting and receiving end and then independent

streams of data can be transmitted as requested by the user can be transmitted

simultaneously from the all transmitting antennas. Thus increasing the throughput

into multiple folds with minimum number of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

There are two types of smart antennas which are switched beam smart

antennas and adaptive array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several

available fixed beam patterns which help in making decisions as to which beam to

access at any given point of time based on the requirements of the system. While

adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any direction of interest while

simultaneously nulling interfering signals.

The reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be

improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called

transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial

multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not

necessarily require the channel knowledge at the time of transmitting the signals. The

other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies which use the channel

knowledge at the transmitter.

SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

A basic SDR produces aradiothat is capable of receiving and transmitting a

different form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) as per the

needs just by running different software. A SDR will allow to increase network

capacity at specific time (e.g. during a sports event) and the operator can reconfigure

its network by adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS).

SDR will allow reconfigure network structure as per the needs. At the present SDR

implementation is done by the infrastructure which develops multi-band, multi-

standard base stations and terminals. SDR can be a powerful aid for manufacturer by

providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effortand

costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing. Software radios have

significant utility for the military andcell phoneservices, both of which must serve a

wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. In the long term, software-

defined radio is expected by its proponents to become the dominant technology in

radio communications.
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IPv6 and IP mobility

4G wireless technology will be using mobile IPv6 which allows assigning

more number of addresses than IPv4. In IPv6 each device have own I P address. User

can keep their IP address even if user changes the access point. Presently translate IP

with each change because there are not enough IP addresses. The following diagram

shows that each IPv6 packet can have multiple source addresses and multiple

destination addresses.

Mobile IP techniques allow network roaming, a device can move from one network to

other network. IP Mobility is often termed macro-mobility since it will be global,

and independent of mechanisms (such as routing protocols, link-layers technologies

and security architectures) of different administrative IP-domains. These methods are

applicable to data and probably also voice. During handover in IP Mobility the

OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity processing with performance gains.

However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO processing is

centralizedand transmissions aresynchronous. In high mobility a device is capable to

cope with more than 10 handovers per minute. In contrast, a host performing less than

10 handovers is considered to have low mobility.

Spectral efficiency in 4G

The 4G wireless technology bandwidth efficiency will be measured in terms of

spectral efficiency. Spectrum efficiency describes that the amount of information that

can be transmitted over a givenbandwidthin a specific communication system. It is a

measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical

layerprotocol, and sometimes by the media access control (the channel access

protocol). Clearly the bit rate should be associated with an amount of spectrum. For

mobile use, a good target is a network performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz

in nomadic use.

For example, a transmission technique using one kilohertz of bandwidth to

transmit 1000 bits per second has a spectral efficiency of 1 (bit/s)/Hz. Also, a V.92

modem for the telephone network can transfer 56,000 bit/s downstream and 48,000

bit/s upstream over an analog telephone network. Due to filtering in the telephone

exchange, the frequency range is limited to between 300 hertz and 3,400 hertz,

corresponding to a bandwidth of 3400 300 = 3100 hertz. The spectral efficiency is

56,000/3,100 = 18.1 (bit/s)/Hz downstream, and 48,000/3,100 = 15.5 (bit/s)/Hz

upstream.
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One Of The Brands Of 4G Technology

WiMAX Wireless Network

In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over

greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX could potentially erasethe suburban and rural blackout areas that currently have no broadband Internet

access.

A WiMAX system consists of two parts:

A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower

can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square

km).

A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box orPCMCIA card,

or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today.A WiMAX tower station

can connect directly to the Internet using a high-bandwidth, wired connection (for

example, a T3 line). It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a line-of-sight,

microwave link. This connection to a second tower (often referred to as a backhaul),

along with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what allows

WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.What this points out is that WiMAX

actually can provide two forms of wireless service:

There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a small antenna on your

computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2

GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily

disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around

obstacles.There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the

WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more

stable, so it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions

use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies,

there is less interference and lots more bandwidth.
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Appliction Of 4G : Military Application

Introduction

Information is power, nowhere is this truer than on the battlefield, where the

ability to communicate clearly and rapidly pass on information spells the difference

between survival and death? 4G (4th Generation) is the technology that is going to

drive a soldier in the field in future. The key to empowering the military with tactical

broadband voice, video and data is 4G communications technology. This technology

adopts Wireless technology on the platform of fixed networks, Advanced antennae

technologies and More advanced wireless security technologies. Next thing is about

the gear for the future warrior. Our system provides a enhanced power of vision,

which provides Ground Guidance, Unit Detection, Soldier Status, Target Hand-Off

and provides the Soldier Rescue during the battle. The uniform along with the armor,

onboard computer which will monitor soldiers' overall physiological and

psychological picture of how they are performing in the battle zone and enhancedhuman performance which weighs 50 pounds from head to toe against 120 pounds of

the current day system present.

The new systems include a weapon, head-to-toe individual protection,

onboard computer network, soldier-worn power sources, and enhanced human

performance. "The Future Warrior will be a responsive and formidable member of an

invincible battle space team". The Future Warrior system will meet the more

immediate, short-term demands of our fighting warriors in the battle space, and will

remind you of an ominous creature out of a science fiction movie.


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Technique

The approach will support military operations across a spectrum of

environments from backpacks to ships. The key technology supporting these

initiatives is ad hoc peer-to-peer wireless networking (ad hoc p2p), also known as a

mobile mesh network. Ad hoc p2p operates by taking a collection of mobile terminals

(such as handheld devices and vehicular systems) that communicate directly with

each other without the aid of established infrastructure. Ad hoc networking provides a

self-organizing and self-healing network structure. Multi-hop routing terminals act as

routers and relays for each other, and extend the range and coverage of

communications links between individual soldiers, troop transports and command

centers. This is illustrated in Figure given below.

Battle field forces without any fixed infrastructure

The Basic Design

The military and DARPA have outlined specific capabilities for these devices.

At a minimum, they will need the following setup processes that are essential for a

good and effective communication between the soldier and his troops.

Deploy-ability with little or no fixed- infrastructure :

Military engagements are often spontaneous, and a communications solution

needs to be, as well. 4G Warriors bring their networks with them, and take them away

when they leave. Network setup automatically begins the minute troops exit a

transport, helicopter or ship.

Geo-location well beyond the limitations of GPS :

Soldiers cannot afford to expose themselves on a battlefield to acquire

GPS coordinates. GPS is also limited in that satellite signals cannot penetrate caves,

underground bunkers or inside shielded buildings. Ad hoc p2p wireless has built-in

geo-location using an extremely accurate form of triangulation. The 4G Warrior can

triangulate his or her position, or that of another soldier, based on mesh-enabled


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vehicles or other devices, even when hiding in caves or otherwise out of harm_s way.

Readings are faster than GPS (under a second) because soldiers don_t have to wait for

multiple satellites to acquire a fix.

Security :

The device security must address both communications security (COMSEC)

and a way to protect the network from unauthorized use if the device is captured.

Communications are more secure when mesh networks allow for route diversity.

Meshed architectures also allow devices to transmit at lower output power to

neighbours rather than _Shouting_ at a cell tower. This lowers the probability of

detection and increases battery life. Should a device be captured, the 4G Warrior can

blacklist that device to maintain the integrity of the network.

Anti-jamming robustness : .

The 4G Warrior is neither dependent on a single frequency nor constrained to

a military band. These self-forming, self-healing networks will have the ability to

instinctively and proactively reduce the probability of jamming. Communications

devices must operate while vehicles or soldiers are mobile, even at speeds in excessof 100 mph. 4G Warriors can receive real-time streaming video from aircraft, such as

the Predator. Drone flying over a battlefield. Multi-tap rake receivers minimize the

effects of Doppler radar to maximize the impact of theater air assets.

End-to-end IP :

Modern soldiers grew up with computers and will demand the same applications

and user interfaces available to civilians. The 4G Warrior, using instant messaging,

can send photos of enemy positions back to the camp for analysis, and use voice over

IP to communicate with nonmilitary phones in an occupied city.

4G On The Battlefield

All of the battlefield network devices including those embedded in tanks or

other vehicles will instantly form, heal, and update the network as users come and go.

That is, they will associate in an ad-hoc manner.Moreover, the devices will

automatically and continuously optimize network connections as users merge in and

out of the network at will. As intelligent elements, all of thedevices will constantly

reconfigure routing tables to determine the best network routes and, unlike cell-based

solutions, network coverage and service levels will improve when soldier densityincreases. The network resources are better utilized because networks are self-

balancing, as well. The soldiers_ subscriber devices can hop to distant network access


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points, away from points of congestion, shifting network capacity to meet demand.

Network deployment will be fast and easy because it is tower less. Communication

systems providing the backhaul and the network will disappear as fast as it was

formed once soldiers leave the area. The 4G battlefield will be entirely mobile, with

satellites or other. This technology could function as a personal are network (PAN),

local area network (LAN), or wide area network (WAN), simultaneously. This means

that the same network can connect a soldier to the squad or platoon, to the battalion,

and to a fully mobile division. It is the equivalent of a Bluetooth, 802.11, and 3G

convergences, but in a single network, with a single device.

Power Of Vision

This has been seen in science-fiction movies, a dropdown piece of eyewear

from the helmet allows the soldier to see a 17-inch computer screen displaying

anything relayed to the soldier. "This eyewear device is see-through, so it hangs out

in space. This allows soldiers to take in all supporting data while keeping both hands

on their weapons.

Conclusion :

The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless

industry. The ever increasing demands of users have triggered researchers and

industries to come up with a comprehensive manifestation of the up-coming fourth

generation (4G) mobile communication system. As the history of mobile

communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of

Technologies to a single global standard. Here we have used the next technology

of mobile technology- 4G for creating a fool proof system that can be used at any

place by a military force in the future. This system can be used to provide intelligent

communication cum detection system using which every soldier can be virtually

connected to a network that will be monitored by a mobile unit. Since the 4G

technology is yet to become a reality the system may look very simple but as the

technology will be implemented a more complex and cost effective system could bedesigned.

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4G Technology(Final)