دليل المترجم للمصطلحات الانتخابية

TerminologyA Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases

مصطلحـاتةدلــيــل املصطلحـــات والــعــبــارات الشــائــعــــة ع ائ الش ارات ب ع وال ات طلح

إنـتـخــــابــيــــة

Campaiign Plaan

Election

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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

Election

The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practicalassistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI workswith democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and topromote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.

Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-al and is sent copies of any translation.

National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs 2030 M Street, NW, 5th FloorWashington, DC 20036-3306tel: (202) 728-5500fax: (202) 728-5520website: www.ndi.org

Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.

For any comments or suggestions please contact: [email protected].

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Foreword

Compiling the English-based jargon of election work and translating it into a language as intricate and uncompro-mising as Arabic is a daunting mission. It would be an understatement to say that Arabic speakers are passionateabout their language and quick to debate usage, nuance, and meaning. NDI’s Arabic Publication Center in Beirutfirst set out on this venture in 2004, publishing its English-Arabic Translator’s Guide to Election Terminology thefollowing year. With 200 additional entries and a new Arabic-English feature, this revised and updated publicationof the Guide has left few stones unturned. Even the most obscure expressions have been discussed and definitionshave been attempted.

As NDI expands democracy and governance programs throughout the Arabic speaking world, Arabic speakers onthe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) team will inevitably be at the forefront of creating new and preciseidiom to convey the concepts and ideas central to NDI’s work.

The team at the Arabic Publication Center humbly offers this second effort with the hope that it will not only proveuseful to NDI programs but that it will spark the regional discussion necessary to refine and improve its content.The Guide is meant to be used as a reference document for NDI staff and contract interpreters. It is not meant tobe the final, authoritative resource.

User feedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage, and regional application are desiredand actively solicited. Comments and suggestions can be emailed to the NDI Publication Center at:[email protected]

Joseph Hall, Senior AdvisorMiddle East and North AfricaBeirut, Lebanon

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[email protected]

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Acknowledgements

This updated and revised Guide builds on the work of its first publication, for which May Ahmar, served as editor.She was assisted by Hiba Charara with research and by Arabic Publication Center Translator, Nour Al Assad, withtranslation.

Nathalie Sleimane, Arabic Publication Center Coordinator, served as the primary and final editor for this secondpublication of the Guide. Mr. Ayman Mhanna and Ms. Deborah Brown from the NDI Lebanon team assisted withtranslation, research, and editing the Guide. Elizabeth Tomber and Neil Durnan from the Levant team and JuliaBrothers, Laura Grace, and Richard Klein from the Elections team contributed an additional 180 terms and pro-vided expert advice for the Guide.

Sources

The glossaries included in NDI’s “Monitoring Electronic Technologies in the Electoral Process” by Vladimr Pran and PatrickMerloe, and “The Political Campaign Planning Manual” by J.Brian O'Day were added verbatim to the Guide. Othersources and websites are gratefully acknowledged below:

ACE PROJECT Glossary & Encyclopedia: www.aceproject.orgProduced by the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), the International Institute for Democracyand Electoral Assistance (IDEA), and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).

International IDEA: www.idea.intElectoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (English and Arabic versions) 2005/2006.

UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org

UNTERM is a Multilingual Database including terminology related to the United Nations’ work in elections, gov-ernance, and other programs.http://unterm.un.org/

Access Clark County is the official website for Clark County Nevada. It provides information about local govern-ment, legislation, and public services for local constituents. www.accessclarkcounty.com

The Boulder Community Network (BCN) provides non-profit organizations with information about communityissues. http://bcn.boulder.co.us

Elections Canada is an independent body established by parliament. This website is part of an effort to provideaccessible information about the federal electoral system. www.elections.ca

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:á«dÉàdG »gh ,É¡«dEG Éf~æà°SG »àdG iôNC’G á«fhÎμdE’G

É¡Ø«dÉμJh äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG ´hô°ûe øY QOÉ°üdG á«HÉîàf’G äÉë∏£°üŸG ºé©eh ''¢ùjEG'' áYƒ°Sƒe)ACE PROJECT(:»HÉîàf’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y

http://aceproject.org/ace-en

á«HÉîàf’G áª¶fCÓd á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG øe mIQOÉÑÃ ´hô°ûŸG Gòg CÉ°ûf ~bh)IFES( äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸGh ,)IDEA(¿hDƒ°ûdG IQGOEGh ,

I~ëàŸG ·C’G ‘ á«YÉªàL’Gh ájOÉ°üàb’G)UNDESA(.

:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸGwww.idea.int

.2006/2005 áë≤æŸGh I~j~÷G á«Hô©dG ¬àî°ùfh ájõ«∏μfE’G ¬àî°ùf ‘ äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG π«dO :á«HÉîàf’G º¶ædG ∫Éμ°TCG

á«Hô©dG ∫h~dG ‘ ºμ◊G IQGOEG ∫ƒM »FÉ‰E’G I~ëàŸG ·C’G èeÉfôH)POGAR(:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y www.pogar.org

äÉ¨∏dG IO~©àŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG I~YÉb)UNTERM(r»ndÉ› ‘ áª¶æŸG πª©H á∏°üàŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG ø qª° àJh I~ëàŸG ·C’G áª¶æe É¡JÉ°ûfCG »àdG

:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Y ôaGƒàJ »gh .iôNC’G èeGÈdÉH ∂dòch ,ºμ◊G IQGOEGh äÉHÉîàf’Ghttp://unterm.un.org/

»ª°SôdG ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG)Access Clark County(,äÉ©jô°ûàdGh ,á«∏ÙG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øY äÉeƒ∏©e ™bƒŸG Gòg Ω q~≤jh .GOÉØ«f ‘ ∑QÓc á©WÉ≤Ÿ

.»∏ÙG ÖNÉæ∏d IôaGƒàŸG áeÉ©dG äÉe~ÿGhwww.accessclarkcounty.com

á˘μ˘Ñ˘˘°T)Boulder Community Network(:ÊhÎμ˘˘dE’G ™˘˘bƒŸG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y á˘˘«˘˘∏ÙG ¿hDƒ˘˘°ûdG ø˘˘Y mäÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©Ã á˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘Hô˘˘dG ÒZ äÉ˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG q~“ »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG

http://bcn.boulder.co.us/

áÄ«gElections Canadaáª¶fCG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Òaƒàd ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G QÉWEG ‘ ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG Gòg ICÉ°ûf âJCG ~bh .¿ÉŸÈdG ÉgCÉ°ûfCG á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g »gh

:á«dGQ~ØdG ∫h~dG ‘ ÜÉîàf’Gwww.elections.ca

A ballot used by voters who are unableto go to the polls to vote, either becausethey are disabled or will be away fromtheir district on election day. Often, butnot always, absentee balloting is donethrough the mail. See also, “Out ofCountry Voting (OCV)” and “PostalVote/Voting By Mail.”

A voting method by which voters cancast their ballots without going to theirpolling station on the day fixed for vot-ing. See also “Embassy Voting,”“Out of Country Voting (OCV),”and “Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”

The required level of support in votesrequired to win an electoral contest ora referendum. In most countries, anabsolute majority is calculated as 50%+ 1, while in other countries a higherthreshold is required by law, such astwo-thirds or 70%. Various legal sys-tems set different quota requirementsfor the absolute majority; for examplea country may include all eligible vot-ers or legislators, not simply all partic-ipating voters or legislators, in the cal-culation of an absolute majority whichmeans that high voter abstention ratescan cause an initiative to fail. See also“Plurality/Relative Majority” and“Simple Majority.”

Absentee Ballot

Absentee Voting

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The level of access for election stake-holders, including citizens and politicalcompetitors, to participate in and gar-ner information about all stages of theelectoral process.

The relationship between governmentand citizens. Acknowledgement andassumption of responsibility for deci-sions, actions, and policies, in light ofagreed expectations, such as an agree-ment between an elected official andhis/her constituents.

Electoral districts that are created out-side of the standard framework and/ortimeline for designing electoral districts.

See “Mixed-Member ProportionalSystem.”

The hearing and deciding of a legal casein a court of law.

The person responsible for organizingmaterials for election day and assistingwith post-election day statutory require-ments, in addition to performing gener-al administration and clerical functionsrelated to elections administration.

The unintentional exclusion of an eligi-ble voter from the voters roll due to lim-itations of voter registration administra-tion, such as a poorly publicized dead-lines, redistricting, clerical errors, or dueto voter inaction, such as failing to com-plete the registration process correctly.

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Accessibility

´ÓW’Gh ácQÉ°ûŸŸG á«fÉμeEG

,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH CÉ°ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ

äGQGô˘≤˘dG ø˘Y É˘¡˘à˘«˘˘dhDƒ˘˘°ùÃ á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G qô˘˘≤˘˘J å«˘˘M

π qªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ÉªYC’Gh

øe ±ôW qπc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg

∫hDƒ˘˘˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘J’G ¬˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘°ûj ÉÃh ô˘˘˘NB’G

.¬«ÑNÉfh Ö nîàæŸG

Accountability

áÑ°SÉfi/ádAÉ°ùee

Ad Hoc Electoral Districts

¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûææe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

á°UÉN á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO/¢UÉN

2

É¡«∏Y ±QÉ©àŸG ôWC’G êQÉN CÉ°ûæJ á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

ô˘˘˘FGh~˘˘˘dG º˘˘˘«˘˘˘°SÎd IO~ÙG á˘˘˘«˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘eõ˘˘˘˘dG π˘˘˘˘¡ŸG hCG/h

.á«HÉîàf’G

AdditionalMember System

‘É°VE’G ~©≤ŸG ÜÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

.''á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f'' ™LGQ

Adjudication

äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üa

QG~°UEGh áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ™aôoJ á«fƒfÉb iƒYO ‘ ô¶ædG

.É¡fCÉ°ûH ºμM

Ωƒ˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘d I q~˘˘©ŸG OGƒŸG º˘˘«˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘J ø˘˘˘Y ∫CÉ˘˘˘°ù˘˘ oj l¢üî˘˘˘°T

á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGAGôLE’G ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ~YÉ°ùjh »HÉîàf’G

,ƒgh .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ~©H Ée kÉªμM ÖJÎJ »àdG

á˘eÉ˘©˘dG á˘jQGOE’G ΩÉ˘˘¡ŸÉ˘˘H ™˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘° j ,∂dP ø˘˘Y kÓ˘˘° a

.äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEÉH á£ÑJôŸG

Administration Clerk

…QGOEG ∞Xƒe

π˘é˘°S ø˘e âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d π˘˘gDƒ˘˘e ÖNÉ˘˘f q…CG º˘˘°SG •É˘˘≤˘˘°SEG

á«∏ªY IQGOEG ‘ m π∏N OƒLƒd ~°üb ÒZ øY ÚÑNÉædG

π˘¡˘e ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’G ‘ Ò°ü≤˘à˘dÉ˘c ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ

,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,π«é°ùàdG

∫Éªμà°SG øY ÚÑNÉædG ¢ùYÉ≤J hCG ájQGOE’G AÉ£NC’G

.á«YôŸG ∫ƒ°UC’G ≥ah π«é°ùàdG á«∏ªY

Administrative Exclusion

…QGOEG AÉ°übEG


Voting conducted before election dayduring a period specified by the electorallaw. Countries that allow early votingmay require citizens to justify why theyare unable to cast a ballot on electionday. Also known as advanced voting.

Political campaigning in a form of votercontact in which the campaign pays tohave the mass media deliver the mes-sage. See also “Mass Media,”“Message,” and “Paid Media.”

In the electoral context, this is a person,political group, or a non-politicalorganization associated with a candi-date or political organization.

Individuals living in a country who arenot legal citizens of the nation or of thestate in which they reside, and thereforedo not have access to the same rightsand responsibilities as citizens. See also“Citizen” and “Resident.”

An association of groups, people, ornations who agree to cooperate toachieve a common goal. An alliance isusually a formal agreement. See also“Bloc” and “Coalition.”

Distribution of seats to political partiesor candidates within a legislative bodyaccording to votes received.

IÎØ˘dG ø˘ª˘°V ÜÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G Ωƒ˘˘j π˘˘Ñ˘˘b …ô˘˘é˘˘j ´GÎbG

¿G~∏ÑdG ¿CÉ°T øeh .ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ÖLƒÃ IO~ÙG

ø˘˘e Ö∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘J ¿CG ô˘˘˘μ˘˘˘ÑŸG ´GÎb’É˘˘˘H í˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ùJ »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG

º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G øY ºgõéY ÖÑ°S ôjÈJ É¡«æWGƒe

.ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘

Advance Voting ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ

Advertisements (»HÉîàfG) ¿ÓYEG

3

äÓª◊G ¿ÉHEG ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T

ádÉ°SQ ∫É°üjEG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ~¡©àJ å«M á«°SÉ«°ùdG

™LGQ .∫~H πHÉ≤e á∏ª◊GπFÉ°Sh''h ,''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''

.''´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG''h ,''ΩÓYE’G

Affiliate `H §ÑJôe

¢üî°ûdG ¤EG ,»HÉîàf’G ¥É«°ùdG ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

»àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÒZ áª¶æŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áYƒªÛG hCG

.»°SÉ«°S º«¶æàH hCG í°TôÃ •ÉÑJQG É¡j~d ¿ƒμj

áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe øq«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j lOôa

áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG

¥ƒ˘≤◊É˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘d qƒ˘î˘j ’ É‡ ,É˘¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG

.É¡˘«˘æ˘WGƒ˘e ¤EG IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG äÉ˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸÉ˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’Gh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e''h ''øWGƒe''

Alien/Non-Citizen»ÑæLCG

Alliance∞dÉ–

Úë°TôŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~©d kÉ≤ah á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG πNGO

.É¡«∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj

≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› qº° j ™ qªŒ

.∑Î°ûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''±ÓàFG''h ''πàμJ''

Allocation of Seats ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ


4

A voting method used in plurality/major-ity systems in single-member districts inwhich voters mark their order prefer-ences for candidates on the ballot byusing numbers. If no candidate wins anabsolute majority when first preferencevotes are distributed, the least successfulcandidates are excluded and the secondpreference votes of their supporters areredistributed. This process continuesuntil a candidate achieves a majority.

A revision or change made in the elec-toral law and regulations by formal proce-dure. See also “Electoral Reform.”

A deviation or departure from the normalorder, form, or rule. Can be found bycomparing election results (e.g. rates ofvoter participation, numbers of spoilt bal-lots, margins of victory, etc.) from a cur-rent election in the region with data fromprevious years.

A trend among some voters that demon-strates lack of interest in voting, politics,candidates, and other public issues. See also“Voter Drop Off” and “Voter Fatigue.”

A device used in some list proportionalrepresentation systems which enablesseparate parties to declare themselveslinked for the purpose of seat allocation.

Any court of law that is empowered tohear an appeal of a court or other tribunal.In the process of electoral complaintsadjudication, an appellate court can be thenext body of review after the electionmanagement body (EMB), electoral court,electoral tribunal, or other designated judi-cial body has issued a decision. See also“Review Authority/Body.”

≥Ñ£ŸG …ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG qπX ‘ ™ÑqàoJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG

‘ GƒÑJôj ¿CÉH ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àJh ájOôØdG ôFGh~dG øª°V

º¡«dEG øjÒ°ûe ,Ú∏° ØŸG º¡«ë°Tôe ´GÎb’G ábQh

πnæj ⁄ ∫ÉM ‘h .º¡j~d á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH m ΩÉbQCÉH

äGƒ˘°UC’G ™˘jRƒ˘J ~˘æ˘Y á˘≤˘∏˘£ŸG á˘˘jÌcC’G í˘˘°Tô˘˘e q…CG

Úë˘°TôŸG OÉ˘©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG ¤EG QÉ˘°ü oj ,¤hC’G á˘«˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘˘à˘˘dG

äGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG ¤EGh ácô©ŸG øY kÉ¶M πbC’G

¿CG ¤EG I qôμdG OÉ©oJh .á«fÉãdG á«∏«° ØàdG º¡j~jDƒe

.ájÌcC’ÉH Úë°TôŸG ~MCG ≈¶ëj

Alternative Vote πj~ÑdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Amendment of Electoral Law

»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG πj~©J

Gòg ‘ á«YôŸG áª¶fC’Gh ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ´É° NEG

.»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ≤ÑW ,Ò«¨àdG hCG á©LGôŸG ¤EG ∫ÉÛG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ''»HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG''.

Anomaly I~YÉ≤dG øY Phò°T

~YGƒ≤dG hCG ,∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ,áª¶fC’G øY êhôN hCG ±GôëfG

‘ Phò˘°ûdG ô˘gÉ˘ ˘¶˘ ˘e º˘ ˘g~˘ ˘MCG ~˘ ˘°Uô˘ ˘j ~˘ ˘≤˘ ˘a .á˘ ˘«˘ ˘YôŸG

äÉHÉîàf’G É¡à∏é°S »àdG èFÉàædG áfQÉ≤Ã äÉHÉîàf’G

¥GQhCG O~˘ ˘Yh ,ÚÑ˘ ˘NÉ˘ ˘æ˘ ˘dG á˘ ˘cQÉ˘ ˘ °ûe Ö°ùæ˘ ˘c) á˘ ˘ jQÉ÷G

äÉfÉ«ÑH (É¡«dEG Éeh ,RƒØdG ¢ûeÉgh ,á«ZÓdG ´GÎb’G

.iôNCG ≥WÉæe hCG mäGƒæ°S ‘ äôL äÉHÉîàfG øe IÉ≤à°ùe

Apathy Voter m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf

¿h~Ñj Éª∏b øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ¢ ©H i~d áéFGQ ádÉM

,»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dGh ,âjƒ˘°üà˘dG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ kÉ˘eÉ˘ª˘à˘gG

™LGQ .ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdÉH ≥∏©àJ iôNCG ÉjÉ° b ‘h ,Úë°TôŸGh

kÉ° jCG.''ÖNÉædG áªg Qƒàa''h ''ácQÉ°ûŸŸG iƒà°ùee ¢VÉØîfG''

Apparentement »HÉîàfG πàμJ

í«àJh á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG áª¶fCG ¢ ©H ‘ ~ nªà©oJ á«dBG

‘ É¡∏àμJ øY ø∏©J ¿CG É¡æ«H Ée ‘ •ÉÑJQG ’ mÜGõMC’

.~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ ~æY É¡°VGôZC’ káe~N ,äÉHÉîàf’G

Appellate Court ±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi

øY QOÉ°U ºμM ‘ ô¶ædG á«MÓ°U É¡«dEG π ncƒJ áªμfi …CG

ø©£∏d áYƒaôŸG ihÉY~dG ‘ âÑdG QÉWEG ‘h .iôNCG áªμfi

±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi Ωƒ≤J ¿CG øμÁ ,äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘

áÄ«g ~©H ¿ƒ©£dG √òg ‘ ô¶æJ »àdG á©LGôŸG áÄ«g ΩÉ≤e

¿ƒ˘©˘£˘dÉ˘H á˘°üàıG á˘ª˘μÙG ~˘©˘H hCG ,äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEG

QG~°UE’ ¢V sƒØe ôNBG »FÉ° b RÉ¡L q…CG ~©H hCG á«HÉîàf’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gò¡H QGôb.''á©LGôŸG áÄ«g''


Applying forCandidacy

í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J

The procedure by which an individualofficially declares his or her candidacyto contest an election. Depending onthe electoral law of the country, apply-ing for candidacy may require collectinga certain number of signatures or pay-ing a deposit. See also “BallotQualification” and “Registration ofParties or Candidates.”

An individual holding public officeselected for the position by anotherbranch of government, such as theexecutive or legislature, rather than byan election by citizens.

A single-seat election method inwhich voters can vote for, or approveof, as many candidates as they wish.Each approved candidate receives onevote, and the candidate with the mostvotes wins.

Group of individuals who organizearound a common idea or cause, witheither formal or informal status in a polit-ical system. Associations are consideredcivil society organizations (CSOs) andcan include non-governmental organiza-tions (NGOs) or labor unions. See also“Civil Society Organization (CSO),”“Non-Governmental Organization(NGO)” and “Union.”

Candidates may be elected “at-large” torepresent an entire jurisdiction thatcontains sub-districts. This jurisdictionthen serves as a single constituency. At-large systems allow 50 % of voters tocontrol 100 % of seats, and in conse-quence typically results in racially andpolitically homogenous elected bodies.

¢Vƒÿ ¬˘ë˘°Tô˘J ø˘Y ø˘∏˘©˘j ¿CÉ˘H Oô˘Ø˘∏˘d í˘«˘à˘˘j AGô˘˘LEG

‘ ≥Ñ£ŸG »HÉî˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘∏˘d kÉ˘©˘Ñ˘Jh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

í°TôŸG øe äÉHÉîàfÓd í°TÎdG »Y~à°ùj ~b ,~∏ÑdG

kÉ¨∏Ñe ´ pOƒj ¿CG hCG ™«bGƒàdG øe kÉæq«©e kGO~Y ™ªéj ¿CG

™LGQ .∫ÉŸG øeπ«é°°ùJJ''h ,''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T''

.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G

5

Appointed Official øs«©oe ∫hDƒ°ùee

¬HÉîàfG ÖLƒÃ ,kÉeÉY kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

äÉ˘Ä˘«˘g ø˘e iô˘NCG á˘Ä˘«˘g ÖfÉ˘˘L ø˘˘e Ö°üæŸG Gò˘˘¡˘˘d

ÖLƒÃ ’ ,á«©jô°ûàdG hCG ájò«ØæàdG á£°ùdÉc ,ºμ◊G

.ÚæWGƒŸG øe ¬HÉîàfG

Approval Voting á≤aGƒŸÉH âjƒ°üJ

øe ÚÑNÉædG øuμªoJ ,~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG

,ºgO~Y ¿Éc kÉjCG ,Úë°TôŸG øe ¿hDhÉ°ûj øŸ âjƒ°üàdG

í°Tôe πc ∫Éæj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡ë«°TôJ ≈∏Y á≤aGƒŸG hCG

RƒØj ¿CG ≈∏Y kG~MGh kÉJƒ°U ÚÑNÉædG á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj

.äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG ∫Éæj …òdG oí°TôŸG ~©≤ŸÉH

Associationá£HGQ/á«©ªL

øY kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›

áØ°U ¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG Iôμa

√ògh .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG πNGO á«ª°SQ ÒZ hCG á«ª°SQ

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉ≤Ã Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G

äÉHÉ≤ædG hCG á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG qº° J ¿CG øμÁ

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘«˘dÉ˘ª˘©˘˘dG,''Ê~ŸG ™ª˘àÛG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e''

.''á«dÉªY äGOÉ–G''h ,''á«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe''h

At-Large É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æŸG π«ã“

á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ¥É˘£˘f ≈˘∏˘Y'' ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG Ö˘ nî˘à˘æ oj ¿CG Rƒ˘˘é˘˘j

´ qôØàJ »àdG ájQGOE’G I~MƒdG πeÉc Gƒ∏ãª«d ''πμc

IôFGO á≤£æŸG √òg πqμ°ûàa .á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO É¡æY

IO~©àŸG áª¶fC’G íª°ùJ ,‹ÉàdÉHh .I~MGh á«HÉîàfG

Iô£«°ùdÉH ÚÑNÉædG øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 áÑ°ùæd π«ãªàdG

¤EG kÉ˘«˘F~˘Ñ˘e »˘˘° Ø˘˘j É‡ ,~˘˘YÉ˘˘≤ŸG O~˘˘Y π˘˘eÉ˘˘c ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

.kÉ«°SÉ«°Sh kÉ«bôY á°ùfÉéàe ánÑ nîàæe äÉÄ«g π«μ°ûJ


6

A district that contains sub districts, orwhere more than one candidate sharesthe same district. A mayor may run “at-large” while city council members runin districts. See “Multi-MemberDistrict.”

See “Block Vote/Bloc Vote.”

A person or people to whom informationis conveyed or messages are directed.

An examination of records and activi-ties conducted to ensure compliancewith established controls, policies, andoperational procedures. Also to recom-mend any indicated changes in con-trols, policy, or procedures.

Quality that leads the judgments, deci-sions, recommendations, and orders ofcertain individuals and institutions tobe accepted voluntarily as right andtherefore to be implemented throughobedience and cooperation. Authorityis a main source of political power, butit is not identical to it. For example, theState may be the main holder ofauthority, and therefore be the targetof advocacy.

At-Large District É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æe

»àdG hCG ,á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO I~Y qº° J »àdG á≤£æŸG

¢ù«Fô˘d Rƒ˘é˘«˘a .~˘MGh í˘°Tô˘e ø˘e ÌcCG É˘¡˘ª˘°SÉ˘≤˘à˘j

í°TÎj Éª«a ''á≤£æŸG πeÉc øY'' í°TÎj ¿CG áj~∏ÑdG

.á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG ø˘Y …~˘∏˘Ñ˘˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG AÉ˘˘° YCG

™LGQ.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''

At-Large Plurality Ö°ùëëH á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ

…ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG

™LGQ.''á∏àμdG ΩÉ¶f''

AudienceQƒ¡ªL

hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒ≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ qƒμàj

.πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬sLƒoJ

Audit (Electoral) (»HÉîàfG) ≥«b~J

Ég~q«≤J øe ~cCÉà∏d ,á£°ûfC’Gh äÓé°ùdG áæjÉ©e

,á«YôŸG πª©dG äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh §HGƒ° dÉH

≈∏Y ¬dÉNOEG ì nÎ≤e πj~©J …CG ¿CÉ°ûH äÉ«°UƒJ ™aôdh

.IQƒcòŸG øjOÉ«ŸG

Authorityá£∏°S

º¡JOGQEG AπÃ Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdG

øY IQOÉ°üdG ôeGhC’Gh äÉ«°UƒàdGh äGQGô≤dGh ΩÉμMC’G

,áë«ë°Uh áª«∏°S ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H

hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d É«°üf’G ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤Ñ£j ¿CG ≈∏Yh

q~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG lí«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG

qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe

øY ™˘Ñ˘£˘dÉ˘H ∞˘∏˘à˘î˘j á˘dhDƒ˘°ùe á˘¡˘é˘c á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e

±~˘¡˘à˘°ùJ kÓ˘ã˘e É˘æ˘g ø˘e .á˘«˘MÓ˘°üc á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e

á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG ÉÃ nádh~dG á©aG~ŸG oäÓªM

.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG π ncƒoJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G


Media that presents more than one sideof a story when appropriate. To be bal-anced, media is not required to allocateprecisely equal time to all sides, but thequality of being balanced precludesinflated coverage of one side and/ordisregard or omission of another.

Official container into which votersplace their ballot papers.

A method of tamper-proofing the ballotbox, with a uniquely numbered keyedlock. It is appropriate to seal, with apaper seal, wax, or some other method,the keyhole of each lock when it isaffixed to the ballot box. Tamper-proofsealing of ballot boxes is one of the basicguarantees of voting integrity. Ballotboxes must be sealed from the com-mencement of voting through to theiropening, after the close of voting, forremoval of ballot boxes for the count.

A type of voter fraud in which an indi-vidual submits more than one ballot.This term is also used when a respon-dent to computerized survey submitsmore than one survey.

≈àe ÈN q…CG øY ô¶f á¡Lh øe ÌcCG ¢Vô©j ΩÓYEG

’ ¿RGƒ˘à˘dG á˘Ø˘°U ΩÓ˘YE’G ÜÉ˘°ùà˘cGh .kÉ˘Ñ˘°SÉ˘˘æ˘˘e ¿É˘˘c

á˘MÉ˘°ùŸG ±Gô˘WC’G ™˘«˘˘ª˘˘L í˘˘æÁ ¿CG ¬˘˘æ˘˘e »˘˘Y~˘˘à˘˘°ùj

∫ƒëj ¿CG ¬æe »Y~à°ùj É‰EG , kG~j~– É¡JGP á«eÓYE’G

hCG/h kÉ«eÓYEG ±GôWC’G ~MCG á«£¨J ‘ •GôaE’G ¿hO

.øjôNB’G ±GôWC’G ∫ÉªgEG hCG πgÉŒ

Balanced Media ¿RGƒàe ΩÓYEG

7

B

Ballot Box ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U

.´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a § p≤°ùoj »ª°SQ AÉYh

Ballot Box Seals ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ΩÉàNCG

≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y ,´GÎb’G ≥˘˘jOÉ˘˘æ˘˘°üH åÑ˘˘©˘˘dG ™˘˘æŸ á˘˘«˘˘dBG

øªa .Iõq«‡ ΩÉbQCÉH IôØ°ûe ∫ÉØbCG hCG πØ≤H Ég~jhõJ

≥q∏©e ƒgh ,´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U πØb ºnàîoj ¿CG ≥ahC’G

…CÉH hCG ,ôªMC’G ™ª°ûdÉH hCG ,¥Qh øe ”ÉîH ,¥h~æ°üdÉH

™æ“ ∫ÉØbCÉH ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ºàîa .iôNCG á∏«°Sh

ágGõæd á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉfÉª° dG ~MCG πμ°ûj É¡H åÑ©dG

A~H òæe káeƒàfl ≥jOÉæ°üdG ≈≤ÑJ ¿CG Öéjh .´GÎb’G

ÜÉH ∫ÉØbEG ôKEG ,≥jOÉæ°üdG íàa ájÉ¨dh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

.äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ¢Vô¨H É¡∏≤æd kG~«¡“ ,´GÎb’G

Ballot Box Stuffing ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ƒ°ûMM

~˘ª˘©˘j å«˘M »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘jhõ˘à˘dG Ühô˘°V ø˘˘e Üô˘˘°V

.¥h~æ°üdG ‘ ´GÎbG ábQh øe ÌcCG •É≤°SEG ¤EG ÖNÉædG

´Ó£à°SG ‘ m∑QÉ°ûe ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûjh

.´Ó£à°S’G áHƒLCG øY áî°ùf øe ÌcCG π°Sôj ÊhÎμdEG


A proposed piece of legislation (a law)on which people can vote. See also“Referendum.”

The location and order of races, candi-date names, and ballot initiatives on theballot. Races are often placed in orderof importance and candidate names areoften ordered randomly.

A set of pre-established criteria that par-ties or individual candidates must meetto be placed on a ballot. These require-ments should be rational, reasonable,and objective. See also “Applying forCandidacy” and “Registration ofParties or Candidates.”

The process of comparing the numberof ballots in the ballot box with thenumber of voters according to the vot-ers list or other records of the totalnumber of persons who cast ballots.The number of ballots cast shouldequal the number of voters accordingto the voters list.

The method of presenting voter choic-es on the ballot paper (i.e. candidate-centered vs. party-centered).

Deliberately spoiling paper ballots of avoter one seeks to disenfranchise, oftenin the aim of eliminating votes for apolitical opponent. See also“Disenfranchise.”

Official document on which voters canindicate their preferences to cast theirvote.

Ballot Initiative âjƒ°üàdG IQOÉÑe

âjƒ°üàdG Ö©°û∏d ≈qæ°ùàj ì nÎ≤e (¿ƒfÉb) ™jô°ûJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬«∏Y.''ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG''

8

Ballot Placement ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö«JôJ á≤jôW

,É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ¢ù˘ naÉ˘æ˘àŸG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG ∞˘∏˘àfl Ö«˘Jô˘Jh ™˘bƒ˘˘e

á˘˘bQh ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG äGQOÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘eh ,Úë˘˘°TôŸG AÉ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SCGh

kÉ≤ah Ö°UÉæŸG √òg Ö«JôJ qºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .´GÎb’G

.kÉ«FGƒ°ûY Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCG êGQOEG qºàj Éªæ«H É¡à«ªgC’

Ballot Qualification í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T

ôaGƒàJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÒjÉ©ŸG øe á∏ªL

,í°TÎdG º¡d ≥ë«d øjOôØæŸG Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ‘

á˘dƒ˘≤˘©˘eh á˘«˘≤˘£˘æ˘e •hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘˘μ˘˘J ¿CG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘«˘˘Yƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘eh''í˘«˘°TÎdG Ö∏˘W Ë~˘≤˘˘J''

.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°°ùJJ''h

Ballot Reconciliation ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á≤HÉ£e

IOƒLƒŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y áfQÉ≤Ã »° ≤j lAGôLEG

í˘FGƒ˘d ≥˘˘ah ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG O~˘˘©˘˘H ´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘æ˘˘°U ‘

ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› O~ëj ôNBG πé°S …CG hCG Ö£°ûdG

øe øq«Ñàj ¿CG Öéj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH GƒdOCG øjòdG

…hÉ°ùj É¡H ¤~ŸG ¥GQhC’G O~Y q¿CG ÚÑNÉædG áëF’

.ÚÑNÉædG nO~Y

Ballot Structure ´GÎb’G ábQh º«ª°üJ

ábQh ‘ ÖNÉædG äGQÉ«N É¡«a ¢V nô©oJ »àdG á≤jô£dG

´GÎb’G ÖNÉæ∏d IÒNC’G √òg í«àJ ¿CÉc) ´GÎb’G

.(ÜGõMCG ídÉ°üd ’ Úë°Tôe ídÉ°üd

Ballot Tampering/Vote Tampering

/´GÎb’G ¥GQhCÉH ÖYÓJ

äGƒ°UC’ÉH ÖYÓJ

ÚÑNÉædG ´GÎbG ¥GQhCÉH kG~ªY åÑ©dG ≈∏Y ºg~MCG ΩG~bEG

±~¡H ∂dPh ,âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe º¡fÉeôM ¤EG ≈©°ùj øjòdG

.»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG º˘°üÿG ¤EG á˘∏˘jB’G äGƒ˘°UC’G ¢ ©˘H OÉ˘©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.'' GÎb’G ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''

º˘¡˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘e ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG É˘¡˘«˘a O~˘ë˘j á˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘°SQ á˘˘bQh

.º¡d ¿ƒJ qƒ°üj øjòdG Ú∏° ØŸG

Ballot/Ballot Paper ´GÎbG áª«°ùbb/ábQh


See “Voting.”

Ballots that have been renderedinvalid because of damage or tampering;

Ballots that have been disposed ofafter the election results have been madeofficial. Ballots should not be destroyeduntil after the time for challenging aresult before a court or tribunal haspassed, or if a challenge has been lodged,after the challenge has been finally dealtwith. Ballots should be destroyed in sucha manner that keeps the vote secret.

The number of ballots correctly deposit-ed into the ballot box or transmittedthrough an electronic voting machine(EVM) which will be enumerated in thevote count. Unused and spoilt ballotsare not considered ballots cast.

A chart with rectangular bars withlengths proportional to the values thatthey represent. Bar graphs have severaluses in elections, such as representingwhere candidates or parties stand in rela-tion to each other in the electoral race.

A political poll taken to determine asmuch information about the voters aspossible. The baseline poll is usuallydone early in the campaign before thereis much political activity. See “PoliticalPolling” and “Tracking Poll/Survey.”

A leaning in favor of or against some-thing or someone; partiality or preju-dice. For antonym, see “Unbiased.”

Balloting´GÎbG

9

' ™LGQ.''âjƒ°üJ'

Ballots Destroyed áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh

hCG É˘¡˘˘«˘˘a m π˘˘∏˘˘N Oƒ˘˘Lƒ˘˘d á◊É˘˘°U ÒZ ´GÎbG á˘˘bQh

;É¡H ÖYÓàdG ÖÑ°ùH

øY kÉ«ª°SQ ¿ÓYE’G ~©H É¡H åÑ©dG q” ´GÎbG ábQh

’EG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±ÓJEG Rƒéj ’ .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf

ΩÉeCG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàæH ø©£dG ≈∏Y âbh Qhôe ~©H

q” »˘à˘dG ¿ƒ˘©˘£˘dÉ˘H kÉ˘«˘FÉ˘¡˘f qâÑ˘dG ~˘©˘H hCG ,á˘ª˘˘μÙG

´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±Ó˘JEG kÉ˘° jCG ø˘q«˘©˘à˘jh .É˘¡˘H Ω~˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘dG

.´GÎb’G ájô°S ≈∏Y ßaÉ– má≤jô£H

Ballots/Votes Cast /É¡H ¤~oŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG

áYp Î≤e äGƒ°UCG

πμ°ûH â p£≤°SoCG »àdG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y ¤EG Ò°ûJ

Iõ¡LCG ÈY â∏ p°SQoCG hCG ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U πNGO í«ë°U

ÉgDhÉ°üMEG qºàj ¥GQhCG »gh ,á«fhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG

ÒZ ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG É˘˘˘˘˘˘eCG .äGƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘˘˘a ~˘˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘Y

.áfÉÿG √òg ‘ πN~J Óa á«ZÓdG hCG á∏ª©à°ùŸG

Bar Graph I~ªYCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ÊÉ«H º°SQ

Ö°SÉæàj πμ°ûdG á∏«£à°ùe I~ªYCG øe ∞dCÉàj ∫h~L

¬˘LhCG O~˘©˘à˘Jh .É˘¡˘∏˘ã“ »˘à˘dG á˘ª˘«˘˘≤˘˘dG ™˘˘e É˘˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘W

Rp Èàa ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á«fÉ«ÑdG Ωƒ°SôdG √òg ∫Éª©à°SG

¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H øe ÜGõMC’G hCG Úë°TôŸG ™bGƒe kÓãe

.á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG ‘

Baseline Poll á«dhC’G …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG

≈∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°ü◊G ±~˘¡˘H á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG AGQBÓ˘d ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG

…ôéjh .ÚÑNÉædG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe øμ‡ Q~b ÈcCG

øe IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ kIOÉY ‹hC’G ´Ó£à°S’G Gòg

á˘£˘°ûfC’G ∞ qã˘μ˘à˘J ¿CG π˘Ñ˘˘b á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G

™˘LGQ .á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG''á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''

.''á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG''h

BiasRÉ«ëfG/õq«–

Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .ájOÉ«◊G.''õq«ëàe ÒZ''


In government, bicameralism is thepractice of having two legislative or par-liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameralparliament or bicameral legislature is aparliament or legislature which consistsof two chambers or houses. See also“Unicameral Legislature.”

Proposed act not yet passed by the leg-islature.

Consisting of, or supported by, mem-bers of two major political parties.

Official records of people's births. Insome countries it is necessary to pro-duce an official copy of one's birth cer-tificate to prove citizenship or votingeligibility.

The practice of recording votes using adirect recording electronic (DRE) sys-tem that does not provide a subsequentpaper record of the voter's action.

A ballot with no mark, meaning that thevoter did not vote for any of the candi-dates on the ballot, nor did he or shevote for or against a proposition on theballot.

A primary election in which the namesof all the candidates for all the partiesare on one ballot. This term is used specifi-cally within the U.S. electoral system.

q¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡ QÉª° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

hCG ÚàaôZ øe ¿Éf qƒμàj á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG

™˘˘˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .Úæ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘KG Ú°ù∏›á˘jOÉ˘MCG á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûJJ á˘Ä˘«˘g''

.''π«ãªàdG

Bicameral Legislature á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g

Ú°ù∏∏› äGP/π«ãªàdG

10

Bill ¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûee

.~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ qô≤j ⁄ ì nÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb

Bipartisan /ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe

ÚHõM øe ~sjDƒe

¿GÈà˘© oj Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S ÚHõ˘M AÉ˘° YCÉ˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e qπ˘˘c

ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,á˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e ká˘˘°UÉ˘˘N

.º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj

Birth Registry äGO’ƒdG πé°°S

»Øa .IO’ƒdG äGOÉ¡°T hCG á«ª°SôdG äÓé°ùdÉH πqãªàj

øY á«ª°SQ áî°ùf QG~°üà°SG øq«©àj ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H

á˘«˘∏˘˘gC’ hCG Oƒ˘˘dƒŸG á˘˘«˘˘°ùæ÷ kÉ˘˘JÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘KEG IO’ƒ˘˘dG IOÉ˘˘¡˘˘°T

.âjƒ°üàdG

Black Box Voting Oƒ°SC’G ¥h~æ°üdG ‘ âjƒ°üJ

äGƒ˘˘°UC’G π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘˘Y ¤EG Ò°ûj lí˘˘˘∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘°üe

âjƒ°üàdG áª¶fCG ΩG~îà°SG ≥jôW øY á«HÉîàf’G

πé°S q…CG kÉ≤M’ Q~°üoJ ’ »àdG ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G

.ÖNÉædG É¡H Ωƒ≤j »àdG ´GÎb’G á«∏ª©d »bQh

Blank Ballot AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh

q¿CG ¤EG kIQÉ˘˘°TEG ,á˘˘eÓ˘˘Y …CG ø˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘˘dÉ˘˘˘N ´GÎbG á˘˘˘bQh

ºgDhÉª°SCG IOQGƒdG Úë°TôŸG øe q…C’ ä qƒ°üj ⁄ ÖNÉædG

âjƒ°üà∏d ìhô£e ìGÎbG …C’ ’h ,´GÎb’G ábQh ‘

.¬à°VQÉ©e hCG ¬«∏Y á≤aGƒŸG π«Ñb øe ¿EG

Blanket Primary á∏eÉ°T áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

Úë°TôŸG ™«ªL AÉª°SCG É¡«a O pôJ áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

.I~˘˘MGh ´GÎbG á˘˘bQh ‘ á˘˘˘aÉ˘˘˘c ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G ø˘˘˘e™«°ûj

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘˘°V kG~˘˘j~– í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫É˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G


When all eligible voters in a geographicarea are encouraged to vote regardlessof which candidate they support. Forexample, in areas where there is consid-erable support for a candidate - say sixout of ten voters support the candidate- it may benefit the campaign of thatcandidate if as many voters as possiblego to the polls, regardless of whether ornot the supporters have been identified.See also “GOTV Get Out The Vote”and “Pull.”

A group with a shared interest/pur-pose; group of voters or politicians whoshare common goals. See also“Alliance” and “Coalition.”

A multi-seat election method in plurali-ty/majority systems in which each votercan vote on as many seats that are to befilled within the electoral district. Thecandidates with the most votes win - anabsolute majority is not required. Seealso “Plurality/Relative Majority.”

Usually a non-partisan or multi-partisanboard set up to oversee the election andensure that it is conducted fairly. Seealso “Election Management Body(EMB).”

The act of seizing and controlling apolling station so that many fraudulentvotes may be cast there.

Managing of the booths in the pollingstation.

âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ªL ™«é°ûJ á«∏ªY

A’OE’G ≈∏Y IO~fi á«aGô¨L á©≤H øª°V øj~LGƒàŸGh

.¬fh~jDƒj …òdG í°TôŸG øY ô¶ædG q¢ ¨H º¡JGƒ°UCÉH

kÓãe Úë°TôŸG ~MCG É¡«a ≈¶ëj »àdG ≥WÉæŸG »Øa

π˘°UCG ø˘e ÚÑ˘NÉ˘f á˘à˘°S º˘Y~˘H π˘˘ o≤˘˘næ˘˘d ,ÒÑ˘˘c º˘˘Y~˘˘H

Q~b ÈcCG ¬LƒJ øe í°TôŸG ∑GP á∏ªM ~«ØJ ~b ,Iô°ûY

ô¶ædG q¢ ¨H ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG øe øμ‡

.øjô°UÉæŸG Qƒ° M øe ~cCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG i~e øY

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ™aO''h ''âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ''

.''âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG

Blind Pull âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO

õ««“ ¿hO

11

Blocá∏àc/πàμJ

hCG í˘dÉ˘°üe º˘¡˘©˘ªŒ ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

hCG ÚÑ˘˘˘NÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘e á˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª› hCG ;á˘˘˘cÎ°ûe äÉ˘˘˘jÉ˘˘˘˘Z

™LGQ .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG

kÉ° jCG.''±ÓàFG''h ''∞dÉ–''

Block Vote/Bloc Vote á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ/á∏àμdG ΩÉ¶f

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG qπ˘X ‘ ≥˘sÑ˘£ oJ ~˘YÉ˘≤˘e I~˘Y AπŸ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘«˘dBG

∫OÉ©j äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf πμd í«àJh …ÌcC’G

.á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y

O~Y ÈcCÉH ¿ƒ¶ëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG √ò¡H RƒØjh

ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y IQhô° dÉH Gƒ∏°üëj ⁄ ¿EGh ,äGƒ°UC’G øe

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á≤∏£ŸG.''á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG''

Board of Elections äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G áÄ«g

I~Y πãÁ hCG ÜõM q…CG πãÁ ’ RÉ¡L ¤EG kIOÉY Ò°ûJ

≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ±Gô˘˘˘°TE’G ±~˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘H √DhÉ˘˘˘˘°ûfEG º˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘jh ,ÜGõ˘˘˘˘MCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡JQGOEG ø°ùM ≈∏Y ô¡°ùdGh äÉHÉîàf’G

.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''

Booth Capturing ´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ–

¬H ∑É°ùeE’Gh ´GÎb’G º∏b ≈∏Y ~«dG ™°VƒH ≈q∏éàJ

.äGƒ°UC’G øe ÒÑc O~Y ôjhõàH íª°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y

Booth Management ´GÎb’G º∏b IQGOEG

.´GÎb’G º∏b πNGO ∫RÉ©ŸG IQGOEG


A voting system for single or multiple-seat elections using rank preference bal-lots. A voter's first choice is worth a fullpoint and subsequent choices are wortha percentage of a point. Thecandidate(s) with the most cumulativepoints wins.

A situation in which the flow of peopleis slowed at one place in the votingprocess, therefore causing the processto slow down or halt.

A multi-seat election method. Similar toinstant runoff voting except runoffcycles stop when number of remainingcandidates is equal to the number ofseats to be filled.

Something that marks an electoral limitor border. See also “Constituency.”

The process of drawing boundaries ofconstituencies for allocation of seats. Seealso “Districting” and “Redistricting.”

The act of giving or promising anymoney gift, office, employment, orreward to a voter, at anytime in order toinfluence him or her to give or withholdhis/her vote. See also “Vote-Buying.”

A short and clear summary of a situa-tion or an event. It can be a meeting ora set of written materials.

á˘jOÉ˘˘MC’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG ø˘˘ª˘˘°V ~˘˘ nª˘˘à˘˘©˘ oj âjƒ˘˘°üJ ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh ,π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG hCG π«ãªàdG

.´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ á«∏° aC’G Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG ÖqJôj

√QÉàîj …òdG í°TôŸG ≈¶ëj ,ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg qπX ‘h

≈¶ëj Éª«a á∏eÉc á£≤f ¤hC’G áLQ~dÉH ÖNÉædG

áæq«©e áÑ°ùæH á«dÉàdG ÖJGôŸG ‘ qπëj …òdG í°TôŸG

™ªéj …òdG ƒ¡a õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ÉeCG .á£≤ædG √òg øe

.•É≤ædG øe O~Y ÈcCG

Borda Count äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùààM’ ''GOQƒH'' ΩÉ¶f

12

Bottleneck (´GÎb’G á«∏ªY) á∏bôY

≥a~J É¡«a ô°ùëæj mádÉM ∞°Uƒd Ω n~îà°ùoj í∏£°üe

π˘NGO hCG ´GÎb’G π˘MGô˘e ø˘e á˘∏˘˘Mô˘˘e ‘ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

hCG ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY AÉ£HEÉH ÖÑ°ùàj É‡ ,´GÎb’G õcôe

.É¡∏«£©J

Bottoms Up ¤EG πØ°SC’G øe ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ

≈∏YC’G

âjƒ°üàdÉH lá¡«Ñ°T ~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG

™˘jRƒ˘J äGQhO q¿CG AÉ˘æ˘ã˘à˘°SÉ˘H ,º˘˘°SÉ◊G »˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘° Ø˘˘à˘˘dG

Úë˘˘°TôŸG O~˘˘Y ihÉ˘˘˘°ùà˘˘˘j ÚM ∞˘˘˘bƒ˘˘˘à˘˘˘J äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G

.ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H ÚbÉÑdG

Boundary (Election) (á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG) Oh~M

™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ∞∏àfl ÚH π°üØj Ée »g

kÉ° jCG.''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''

Boundary Delimitation á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ

¢VGôZC’ káe~N á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M º°SQ á«∏ªY

kÉ˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ .~˘˘˘˘YÉ˘˘˘˘≤ŸG ™˘˘˘˘jRƒ˘˘˘˘Jô˘FGh~˘dG º˘«˘°Sô˘˘J''

.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG''h ''á«HÉîàf’G

Bribing Voters Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG

≠dÉÑe ,íæÃ OƒYh ™£b hCG ,íæe ≈∏Y í°TôŸG ΩG~bEG

q…CG ¤EG äBÉaÉμe hCG ,∞FÉXh hCG ,Ö°UÉæe hCG ,á«dÉe

hCG ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’ÉH ¬YÉæbE’ ¿Éc âbh q…CG ‘h ,ÖNÉf

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG øY ΩÉéME’ÉH.''äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T''

Briefing ≥Ñ°ùee ¢üî∏e

ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh q…CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e

πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ

.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe


The amount of money a candidate orparty spends on various aspects of thecampaign. Can also refer to allocationof time and resources.

An election not held at the regularlyscheduled time, often to fill a vacancyin the office. There is often muchlower voter turnout in a special or by-election. By-elections are also knownas special elections.

A law or rule governing the internalaffairs of an organization.

BudgetáfRGƒe

13

¬≤Øæj …òdG ‹ÉŸG ≠∏ÑŸG ¤EG kIOÉY í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

∞˘∏˘à˘îÃ á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊G ≈˘∏˘Y Üõ◊G hCG í˘˘°TôŸG

âbƒdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ¿CG øμÁh .É¡ÑfGƒL

.É¡d IOƒ°UôŸG ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸGh á∏ªë∏d ¢ü°üıG

By-Election á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG

º s¶æoJ É‰EG É¡d O~ÙG ~YƒŸG ‘ kIOÉY ~ n≤©oJ ’ äÉHÉîàfG

á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf É˘˘eCG .ô˘˘ZÉ˘˘°T mÖ°üæ˘˘e AπŸ ¿É˘˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á° Øîæe ¿ƒμJ Ée kÉÑdÉä ácQÉ°ûŸG

.á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’ÉH kÉ° jCG ± nô©oJ »àdG á«YôØdG

By-Law »∏NGO ΩÉ¶f

.áª¶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ≈Yôj ΩÉ¶f hCG ¿ƒfÉb


Political activity, including meetings,rallies, speeches, demonstrations,parades, and other events. The use ofmedia intended to inform citizens orgovernment about the platform of aparticular candidate, coalition, or groupof citizens, to gather support.

An infringement, either intentional orunintentional, of the electoral law's reg-ulations on any aspect of the campaign,such as campaign finance, advertising,and media restrictions.

A calendar developed by a campaign toschedule events and voter contact inthe campaign.

The decision-making group in a cam-paign made up of the key advisors tothe candidate. This committee couldalso provide financial assistance to can-didates, in addition to strategic support.See also “Campaign Team.”

A contribution of money to fund apolitical campaign. There are two typesof campaign donations: “hard money,”which is regulated by campaign financelaws, and “soft money,” which is notsubject to campaign finance laws, butcannot be used to directly support acandidate for federal office. See also“Hard Money/Soft Money.”

14

CCampaigná∏ªM

äÉYÉªàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£°ûfC’G øe lá∏ªL

äÉ˘°VGô˘©˘à˘˘°S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh

.áª q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉq«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh

ΩÓYEG áq«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° oj

hCG í°Tôe Ég q~p©oj »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG

.ºY~∏d kG~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa hCG øq«©e ∞dÉ–

Campaign Abuse/Violation

º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ¥ôN/∑É¡àfG

á∏ª◊G

¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’ ,~˘ª˘©˘à˘˘e ÒZ hCG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ,l¥ô˘˘N

ÖfGƒL øe ÖfÉL q…CG º«¶æJ ≈YôJ »àdG »HÉîàf’G

»àdG Oƒ«≤dGh ,É¡JÉfÓYEGh ,á∏ª◊G πjƒªàc ,á∏ª◊G

.»eÓYE’G iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y É¡d ™° îJ

Campaign Calendar á∏ª◊G áeÉfRhQ

∫h~÷G ~˘j~˘ë˘à˘d á˘∏˘ª◊G ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e É˘g q~˘©˘ oj á˘˘eÉ˘˘fRhQ

É˘˘gDhÉ˘˘«˘˘MEG ™˘˘eõŸG äÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘°SÉ˘˘æŸGh çG~˘˘MCÓ˘˘d »˘˘æ˘˘eõ˘˘˘dG

.ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G ~«YGƒeh

Campaign Committee á∏ª◊G áæ÷

‘ QGô≤dG ™˘æ˘°U ¬˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘©˘oj …ò˘dG ≥˘jô˘Ø˘dÉ˘H π qã˘ª˘à˘J

√ò¡d ≈qæ°ùàjh .í°TôŸG …QÉ°ûà°ùe RôHCG qº° jh á∏ª◊G

káaÉ°VEG á«dÉŸG äG~YÉ°ùŸÉH í°TôŸG q~“ ¿CG kÉ° jCG áæé∏dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬d √ôaƒJ …òdG »é«JGÎ°S’G ºY~dG ¤EG

.''á∏ª◊G ≥jôa''

Campaign Donation á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ

.á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω s~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG

πjƒªàdG'' :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h

π˘jƒ˘ª˘à˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ¬˘ª˘ q¶˘æ˘J …ò˘dG ''~˘q«˘≤ŸG

™˘° î˘j ’ …ò˘dG ''~ q«˘˘≤ŸG ÒZ π˘˘jƒ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG''h ,á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G

…CG ºY~d ¬dÉª©à°SG Q qò©àj É‰EG IQƒcòŸG ÚfGƒ≤∏d

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ . kGô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘˘e kÉ˘˘ª˘˘YO ‹GQ~˘˘a Ö°üæŸ í˘˘°Tô˘˘e

.''~q«≤ŸG ÒZ πjƒªàdG/~q«≤ŸG πjƒªàdG''


15

A movement to restrict and monitorthe amount of money individuals andinterest groups can contribute to politi-cal campaigns.

Laws that restrict the amount of moneyindividuals and interest groups can con-tribute to political campaigns. Regulationsrequire candidates or political parties tomaintain and disclose financial records.

Printed campaign material used toinform and persuade potential votersabout the candidate.

The person responsible for overseeingthe strategic development and the day-to-day running of the campaign. The candi-date cannot be the campaign manager.

Period of time, defined by law, withinwhich candidates may conduct cam-paign activities and distribute electionpropaganda.

The written document drafted at thebeginning of a campaign bringing togeth-er the important research, targeting, mes-sage, strategy, and step-by-step outline ofhow the campaign will get to election day.

People who have proven past experi-ence working on campaigns, and under-stand the fundamentals of campaigndevelopment, such as raising money,formulating a campaign message, work-ing with the media, and targeting andpersuading voters. See also “CampaignCommittee,” “Campaign Manager,”and “Scheduler.”

Campaign Finance Reform

á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ áª¶fCG ìÓ°UEG

í˘ nª˘°ù oj »˘à˘dG á˘«˘dÉŸG ≠˘dÉ˘ÑŸG á˘ª˘«˘˘b ø˘˘e q~– ÚfGƒ˘˘b

äÓªë∏d É¡H GƒYÈàj ¿CÉH ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›h OGôaCÓd

äÓª◊G πjƒ“ áª¶fCG ÖLƒà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG

∑É˘˘˘°ùeE’G á˘˘˘«˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e

.É¡æY ∞°ûμdGh á«dÉe äÓé°ùH

Campaign FinanceRegulations

äÓª◊G πjƒ“ áª¶fCG

»àdG á«dÉŸG ≠dÉÑŸG §Ñ°Vh áÑbGôŸ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G

π˘jƒ˘ª˘˘à˘˘d í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üŸG äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›h OGô˘˘aC’G É˘˘¡˘˘H º˘˘¡˘˘°ùj

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G

Campaign Literature á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe

ÚÑNÉædG ´ÓWE’ á∏ª◊G É¡YRƒJ »àdG áYƒÑ£ŸG OGƒŸG

.¬d âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbEGh í°TôŸG ≈∏Y Ú∏ªàÙG

Campaign Manager á∏ª◊G ôj~e

á˘˘«˘˘é˘˘«˘˘JGÎ°SG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ±ô˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

.á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T IQGOEGh á∏ª◊G

Campaign Period á∏ª◊G I~e

Úë°Tôª∏d É¡«a íª°ùjh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÉgO~ëj á«æeR IÎa

äÉjÉY~dGh OGƒŸG Ghô°ûæjh á∏ª◊G á£°ûfCG GhòØæj ¿CÉH

.á«HÉîàf’G

Campaign Plan á∏ª◊G á£N

á˘eÉ˘¡˘dG çÉ˘ë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘˘μŸG á˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘Kƒ˘˘dG

á«é˘«˘JGÎ°S’Gh á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dGh á˘ na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh

¤EG QÉ°üoj Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ‘ á©ÑqàŸG

á£°ûfCG ÖcGƒàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘ á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U

.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ¤EG k’ƒ°Uh ,kIƒ£N kIƒ£N á∏ª◊G

Campaign Professionals

äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ¿ƒ°üàfl/AGÈN

ÉgƒÑ°ùàcG ∫ÉÛG Gòg ‘ á∏jƒW mIÈîH ¿ƒ©àªàj l¢UÉî°TCG

ºgh »°VÉŸG ‘ äÓª◊G øe O~Y º«¶æJ ‘ º¡∏ªY øe

±nô©ojh .πª©dG Gòg AGOCG AÉ≤d kGôLCG ¿ƒ°VÉ≤àj Ée kÉÑdÉZ

äÓª◊G º«¶æàd á«°SÉ°SC’G ÇOÉÑŸÉH ™°SGƒdG º¡eÉŸEG º¡æY

,á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘°SQ á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,äÉ˘YÈà˘dG ™˘ª˘L ∫É˘ã˘e ≈˘∏˘Y

ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ±G~˘¡˘à˘°SGh ,ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ™˘e »˘WÉ˘©˘à˘dGh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbE’ôj~e''h ,''á∏ª◊G áæ÷''

.''∫ÉªYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh''h ,''á∏ª◊G


16

See “Rally.”

The money, time, information, andmanpower help to which a campaignhas access.

A decision-making group in the cam-paign made up of the key advisors tothe candidate. In some cases the cam-paign team may be the campaign com-mittee plus the campaign staff. See also“Campaign Committee.”

The person running for a particularelected position. The role of the candi-date is to meet voters and potentialdonors to the campaign and persuadethem to support the candidate. Thecandidate cannot be the campaign man-ager.

All the information, both good andbad, that a campaign can put togetheron its own candidate as well as on thecompetitor. This research is typicallyconducted either before a campaignperiod begins or early into a campaignperiod to identify any potentially con-troversial information that is easilyaccessible. See also “OppositionResearch” and “Research.”

See “Party Agent.”

A person designated by a candidate tobe responsible for the financial man-agement of his or her campaign, andthe completion of the statutory reports.

Campaign Rally á∏ª◊G äÉfÉLô¡e

™LGQ.''(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e''

Campaign Resources á∏ª◊G OQGƒe

,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh ,á˘«˘æ˘eõ˘dG I~ŸGh ,∫Gƒ˘˘eC’É˘˘H π˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘J

.á∏ªM q…CG É¡æe ~«ØJ »àdG ájô°ûÑdG ábÉ£dGh

Campaign Team á∏ª◊G ≥jôa

qº° jh á∏ª◊G ‘ QGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬«dEG ~ n¡©oj …òdG ≥jôØdG

~˘˘˘b ,ä’É◊G ¢ ©˘˘˘H ‘h .í˘˘˘°TôŸG …QÉ˘˘˘°ûà˘˘˘°ùe Rô˘˘˘˘HCG

∞∏àfl ÖfÉL ¤EG á∏ª◊G áæ÷ øe á∏ª◊G ≥jôa ¿ qƒμàj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏eÉ©dG.''á∏ª◊G áæ÷''

Candidateí°Tôe

.øq«©e Ö°üæÃ RƒØ∏d äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj l¢üî°T

¤EG ,¬H ™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh

¿CG π nªàëoj øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y

Ë~≤àH º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj

¿CG í°TôŸG ≈∏Y Q qò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG

º˘˘°SQ ø˘˘Y ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùŸG á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G ô˘˘j~˘˘e Qh~˘˘˘H ™˘˘˘∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘° j

.á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T ÒH~Jh É¡à«é«JGÎ°SG

Candidate Research í°TôŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG

,á«Ñ∏°ùdG hCG É¡æe á«HÉéjE’G ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc øª° àj

í°TôŸG øY É¡©ªL øe á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe øqμªàj »àdG

√ò˘˘g AGô˘˘LEG ¤EG QÉ˘˘°ü˘˘ojh .AGƒ˘˘°ùdG ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ¬˘˘˘eÉ˘˘˘°üNCGh

á˘°ü°üıG IÎØ˘˘dG á˘˘jG~˘˘H π˘˘Ñ˘˘b É˘˘eEG kIOÉ˘˘Y çÉ˘˘ë˘˘HC’G

,á∏ª◊G πMGôe øe IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ hCG á∏ªë∏d

π˘¡˘°ùj ∫~˘é˘∏˘d IÒã˘e äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘e …CG ~˘˘°Uô˘˘d ∂dPh

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y ∫É˘˘°üë˘˘à˘˘°S’G∫ƒ˘M çÉÉ˘ë˘˘HCG''

.''çÉÉëHCG''h ''á°VQÉ©ŸG

Candidate’s Agent í°TôŸG Üh~æe

™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''

Candidate’s Official Agent

í°Tôª∏d »ª°SQ Üh~æe

á˘∏˘ª◊G IQGOEG ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ù∏˘d í˘°TôŸG ¬˘æ˘q«˘˘©˘˘j l¢üî˘˘°T

ΩÉ“EGh ,á∏°üdG äGP á«dÉŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£Jh ,kÉ«dÉe

.¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y q¢üæj »àdG ôjQÉ≤àdG


17

Canvass (QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW

A type of citizen contact in which thecandidate, campaign organizers, or vol-unteers go from one home to another,talking directly to citizens. This can beone of the most persuasive methods ofgaining credibility and support, though itis time and labor intensive. Canvassingis also known as “Door-to-door.”

See “Voting.”

Form of ballot which only allows for achoice of a single candidate or party.

A meeting of party leaders and/orsupporters, the purpose of which maybe to show unity for a particular issue(usually held privately) or to select acandidate for office;

A group within a legislative or decision-making body seeking to represent a spe-cific interest or influence a particular areaof policy. In the British system, this termrefers to a committee within a politicalparty charged with determining policy.

Process whereby small groups selectrepresentatives who, in turn, choosecandidates to serve in a given govern-ment. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.

The denial of freedom of speech or free-dom of the press. Censorship can takethe form of the suppression of ideas andinformation that certain persons -individ-uals, groups or government officials -findobjectionable or dangerous. The offen-sive material may be considered immoralor obscene, heretical or blasphemous,seditious or treasonable, or injurious tothe national security. See also “DirectCensorship” and “Self-Censorship.”

π≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T

¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG

á∏«°SƒdG √òg qπ©dh .º¡«dEG Iô°TÉÑe ç q~ëà∏d QGO

Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g

å«˘ã◊G ~˘¡÷Gh âbƒ˘dG º˘ZQ º˘˘Y~˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘bG~˘˘°üŸG

.¬qÑ∏£àJ …òdG

Casting a Vote ¬Jƒ°üH (ÖNÉædG) A’OEG

™LGQ.''âjƒ°üJ''

Categorical Ballot º°SÉM ´GÎbG

hCG í°Tôe QÉ«àNÉH ’EG ÖNÉæ∏d íª°ùJ ’ ´GÎbG á≤jôW

.~MGh ÜõM

Caucus á«Hõ◊G IOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG

»HõM ô“Dƒe

AG~HEG ±~¡H ¬jô°UÉæe hCG/h Üõ◊G IOÉ≤d ´ÉªàLG

IQƒ°üH kIOÉY ~≤©æj) áæq«©e á«° b øe ~qMƒe ∞bƒe

.øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe QÉ«àNG ±~¡H hCG (á≤∏ë

á÷ƒe áÄ«g …CG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG øª°V ≥jôa

hCG á˘°UÉ˘N í˘dÉ˘°üe π˘«˘ã“ ¤EG ≈˘©˘°ùj QGô˘≤˘˘dG ™˘˘æ˘˘°üH

ÉeCG .á°SÉ«°ùdG øjOÉ«e øe øq«©e ¿G~«e ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG

áæ÷ ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°û«a ,ÊÉ£jÈdG ΩÉ¶ædG ‘

º˘°SQ á˘ª˘¡˘e É˘¡˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘ ncƒ˘˘J »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG Üõ◊G π˘˘NGO

.áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG

Caucus-Style Election Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ äÉHÉîàfG

QÉ«àNÉH IÒ¨°U äÉYƒªÛ í«àJ á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY

QÉ˘«˘à˘NG ¤EG ,º˘˘gQh~˘˘H ,¿h~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ã‡

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe i~MEG ‘ º¡∏ªY AGOC’ Úë°TôŸG

ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj


Censorship äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ≈∏Y) áHÉbQ

(ΩÓYE’G hCG

¿CG øμÁh .ΩÓYE’G ájôM hCG ÒÑ©àdG ájôM øe ~◊G

AÉ˘Ø˘NEGh QÉ˘μ˘aC’G ™˘ª˘b π˘μ˘°T á˘˘HÉ˘˘bô˘˘dG √ò˘˘g ò˘˘î˘˘à˘˘J

kGOGô˘aCG ,¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ¢ ©˘˘H É˘˘gGô˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

É¡fCG ,áeƒμ◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùe hCG ,äÉYƒª› hCG ,GƒfÉc

É¡fCG áæ«¡ŸG IOÉŸG ônÑà©oJ ~≤a .IÒ£N hCG áæé¡à°ùe

hCG á˘≤˘Wô˘¡˘dG ø˘e kÉ˘Hô˘˘°V ,á˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘°ûe hCG á˘˘«˘˘bÓ˘˘NCG ÒZ

øeCÉH qô° J É¡fCGh ,á«æjƒîJ hCG á«° jô– ,∞j~éàdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .øWƒdG.''á«JGP áHÉbQ''h ''Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ''


18

A survey of all people and householdsin a specified region that providesessential demographic information forgovernment, business, and the commu-nity. Conducted on a national, state, ordistrict level. Data from the census isused to update the voter registry insome countries.

See “Election Management Body(EMB).”

An independent organization that over-sees certification of election-relatedtechnologies.

The process of endorsing the validity oftabulated election results, thus makingthem official. The election is not com-pleted until after it is certified and elect-ed candidates qualify and take office.

A tiny bit of paper that is punched froma ballot using a punch-type mechanicalvoting machine. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral sys-tem. See also “Hanging Chad.”

A legal complaint that questions com-pliance with election law at any point inthe electoral process. A challenge maycall into question the validity of electionresults for certain polling stations orelectoral districts, or for national-levelresults. See also “Contest anElection,” and “Contestation.”

See “Tendered Ballot.”

Census ¿Éμ°ù∏∏d »ª°SQ AÉ°üMEG

á˘≤˘£˘æ˘e ‘ Úæ˘WÉ˘≤˘˘dG ô˘˘°SC’Gh OGô˘˘aC’G ™˘˘«˘˘ª÷ lí˘˘°ùe

,∫É˘˘ª˘˘YC’G ´É˘˘£˘˘bh ,º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e O qhõ˘˘˘j ,IO~fi

ájQhô° dG á«aGôZƒÁ~dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH »∏ÙG ™ªàÛGh

…ôéj ¿CG Rƒéj .»∏ÙGh »æWƒdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y

hCG ,áj’ƒdG hCG ,øWƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ¿Éμ°ùdG AÉ°üMEG

á∏ q°üÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω n~îà°ùoJ ¿CGh ,á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG

.¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ÚÑNÉædG πé°S åj~ëàd ¬æe

Central Election Commission

äÉHÉîàfÓd ájõcôe áæ÷

™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''

Certification Body ≥j~°üàdG áÄ«g

≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdG äGAGôLEG ≈∏Y ±ô°ûJ á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«LƒdƒæμàdG áeÓ°S

Certification ofElection Results

èFFÉàf (áë°U) ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ

äÉHÉîàf’G

äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G è˘FÉ˘à˘f á˘ë˘°U ≈˘∏˘Y á˘bOÉ˘°üŸG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘˘Y

.kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡ëæÁ ÉÃ ,∫hG~÷G ‘ ÉgOhQh Ö°ùëH

É¡éFÉàf ≈∏Y ábOÉ°üŸÉH ’EG πªàμJ ’ äÉHÉîàf’Éa

.º¡Ñ°UÉæe ‹ƒàd Úë°TôŸG πgCÉàHh

Chad ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤K

ábQh Ö≤K øY èàæJ »àdG IÒ¨°üdG ¥QƒdG á°UÉ°üb

á˘∏˘«˘°Sƒ˘c π˘ nª˘©˘à˘°ù oJ á˘«˘μ˘«˘fÉ˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘e á˘˘dBÉ˘˘H ´GÎb’G

øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj .´GÎbG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG

.''(´GÎb’G ábQh ‘) ≥dÉY Ö≤K''

Challenge (Electoral) (äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W

ΩGõàd’G i~e ‘ ∂μ°ûJ á«fƒfÉb iƒμ°ûH Ω~≤àdG

á«∏ª©dG πMGôe øe á∏Môe q…CG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dÉH

èFÉàf áë°U ‘ ¿ƒ©£dG ~MCG ∂μ°ûj ~≤a .á«HÉîàf’G

hCG ´GÎb’G ΩÓ˘˘bCG ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y IQOÉ˘˘°üdG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G

iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y É¡éFÉàf áë°U ‘ hCG á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG

.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»æWƒdG

Challenged Ballot É¡«a ¿ƒ©£e ´GÎbG ábQh

™LGQ.''¢SQ~dG ~«b/á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh''


19

A campaign message must be concise,truthful and credible, persuasive, easy toremember, and be important to citizens.A good message speaks to the heart, is tar-geted and repeated. See also “Message.”

The individual responsible for ensuringthe fair and impartial conduct of elec-tions described under the electoral law,managing the operations of the electionmanagement body (EMB) to achieveobjectives and meet all legislative andreporting responsibilities; maintainingaccurate electoral rolls; promoting publicawareness of electoral practices througheducation and information programs;conducting research on electoral matters;and providing advice on electoral mattersto members of the legislature, politicalparties, and others. See also “ElectionManagement Body (EMB).”

A method of counting in preferentialvote systems whereby least successfulcandidates are eliminated and their votesreallocated to remaining candidates.

See “Single Transferable Vote (STV).”


A method of counting in preferentialvote systems, whereby surplus votes aretransferred from leading candidateswho have reached a given quota toremaining candidates. The single votethat the voter cast is transferable attimes, in part or whole, to another can-didate under certain conditions speci-fied in the election law.

Characteristic of a Message

ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e

¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéj

Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈˘∏˘Y IQ~˘≤˘dÉ˘Hh á˘«˘bG~˘°üŸÉ˘H »˘Mƒ˘J

‘ á«ªgCG qπà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG kÉ° jCG

»àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG ô¶f

.ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õ qcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸG ∑ qô–

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''

Chief ElectoralOfficer/ElectionCommissioner

/äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ¢ù««FQ

≈∏YC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe

á¡jõf má≤jô£H äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ÚeCÉJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG

IQGOEGh ;ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¬«∏Y q¢üæj Ée ≥ah ájOÉ«Mh

±G~gC’G ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ∫ÉªYCG

IÉYGôe á¡÷ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG qπμH ´Ó£°V’Gh IOƒ°ûæŸG

áb~dG »NƒJh ;ôjQÉ≤àdG Ë~≤J äÉeõ∏à°ùeh ÚfGƒ≤dG

∫ƒ˘M ΩÉ˘©˘dG »˘Yƒ˘˘dG á˘˘YÉ˘˘°TEGh ;ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ∫hG~˘˘L ‘

á˘«˘Yƒ˘à˘dG è˘eGô˘H ∫Ó˘N ø˘e á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G äÉ˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸG

¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ∫ƒ˘M çÉ˘ë˘HC’G AGô˘LEGh ;äÉ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG Òaƒ˘˘Jh

¿hDƒ°ûdG √òg ∫ƒM í°üædG AG~°SEG kGÒNCGh ;á«HÉîàf’G

á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh á«©jô°ûàdG á«©ª÷G AÉ° YCG ¤EG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ºgGƒ°Sh.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''

Choice Elimination äGQÉ«ÿG OÉ©Ñà°SG

âjƒ˘ ˘°üà˘ ˘dG á˘ ˘ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘ fCG ‘ äGƒ˘ ˘ °UC’G ÜÉ˘ ˘ °ùà˘ ˘M’ á˘ ˘«˘ ˘ dBG

kÉ¶M Úë°TôŸG qπbCG OÉ©Ñà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M »∏«° ØàdG

.Úë°TôŸG øe ≈ q≤ÑJ øe ≈∏Y º¡JGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG ¤EGh

Choice Runoff äGQÉ«ÿG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG

™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''

Choice Selection äGQÉ«ÿG ~j~–


Choice Transfer äƒ°üdG Ò«Œ

âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG á˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘fCG ‘ äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G ÜÉ˘˘˘°ùà˘˘˘M’ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBG

á° FÉØdG äGƒ°UC’G Ò«Œ ¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M »∏«° ØàdG

¿ƒ∏°üëjh ¤hC’G ÖJGôŸG ¿ƒ∏àëj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øe

äƒ˘°üdÉ˘a .Úë˘°TôŸG »˘bÉ˘H ¤EG á˘æ q«˘˘©˘˘e á˘˘°üM ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

‘ Ò«éà∏d πHÉb ƒg ÖNÉædG ¬H ‹~j …òdG ~MGƒdG

kÉ©ÑJ ôNBG í°Tôe ¤EG ,kÉ«∏c hCG kÉ«FõL ,¿É«MC’G ¢ ©H

.ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ‘ IO~ÙG •hô°ûdG ¢ ©Ñd


20


An individual who is a naturalized ornative-born resident of a State, displaysallegiance to that State’s political andlegal authority, and who is thereforeentitled to the rights and protections ofits laws, including the right to politicalparticipation. See also “Alien/Non-Citizen” and “Resident.”

A mechanism which enables voters toplace legislative issues on the ballot orin front of their legislature.

The act of individuals participating inthe collecting, reporting, analysis, anddissemination of news and information.Citizen journalism incorporates a vari-ety of mediums, including blogging,SMS or text messaging, twitter, photog-raphy, video, and traditional newspieces. Major broadcasting networks,such as Al-Jazeera, BBC, and CNN,have launched citizen journalism proj-ects. See also “Civic Journalism.”

Right of national identity bestowed by aState to individual members of that sys-tem by birth or application, whichrequests citizen allegiance.

Choice Voting äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ


CitizenøWGƒe

»∏eÉM øe ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG OôØdG

√ÉŒ A’ƒ˘˘dÉ˘˘H ô˘˘©˘˘°ûjh ,√~˘˘«˘˘dGƒ˘˘e ø˘˘e hCG ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘°ùæ˘˘L

ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG

¬æ«fGƒb É¡«∏Y q¢üæJ »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™àªàj

IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ≥M ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,É¡àjÉªëH qπ¶à°ùjh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG.''~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e''h ''»ÑæLCG''

Citizen Initiative á«f~e IQOÉÑe

¿hDƒ˘˘°ûdG ¢ ©˘˘H ìô˘˘˘W ø˘˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘˘NÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘qμ“ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBG

á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ΩÉ˘eCG ¢TÉ˘≤˘æ˘∏˘d hCG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d á˘«˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG

.á«©jô°ûàdG

Citizen Journalism áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U

≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ

á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘˘L ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG

π˘ª˘°ûJh .É˘gô˘°ûfh ,É˘¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,É˘˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQÉ˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘dG

øe áY qƒæàe áYƒª› áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG

,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG ΩÉ¶f É¡«a ÉÃ ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh

πFÉ°SôdGh äÉfh~ŸG ΩÉ¶fh ,IÒ°ü≤dG πFÉ°SôdG áe~Nh

™˘bƒ˘eh á˘e~˘˘N ΩG~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°SÉ˘˘H) ∫É˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘dG ∞˘˘JÉ˘˘¡˘˘dG ÈY

ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh ,(''ÎjƒJ''

∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«˘Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG á˘jQÉ˘Ñ˘NE’G

»H'' á«fÉ£jÈdG áYGPE’G áÄ«gh Iôjõ÷Éc ,ájQÉÑNE’G

â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ''¿G ¿G »°S'' áμÑ°Th ''»°S »H

™LGQ .áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É› ‘ ™jQÉ°ûe

kÉ° jCG.''áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U''

Citizenshipá«æWGƒe/á«°ùææL

ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊G

ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eÉ¶æd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG

É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j É‡ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W

.ÚæWGƒŸG A’h


21

Programs which introduce the basicrules and institutional features of ademocratic political system, and pro-vide knowledge about democraticrights and practices, such as under-standing constitutional rights, genderequity and collective action. By betterunderstanding their constitutionalrights and community organizing tech-niques, citizens are able to more effec-tively participate in their government.Civic education programs aim to impartthe necessary knowledge and skillsneeded to effectively participate in thecommunity, government, and politics.See also “Voter Education.”

Professional media that focuses on put-ting the interest of citizens above thatof politicians and journalists. It is basedon the understanding that journalistshave a fundamental responsibility forstrengthening civic culture and democ-racy. It seeks to listen to how citizensframe their problems and what citizenssee as solutions to those problems. Thecivic journalism movement began withthe 1988 U.S. elections when journalistsand scholars began looking for a betterway to cover politics. Today, it is prac-ticed by newspapers, radio, and televi-sion stations in many parts around theworld. See also “Citizen Journalism.”

A list or registry of all national citizensmaintained by the government andsometimes used as the basis of a voterlist. However, they may not contain allthe information relevant to the votingprocess.

á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ~˘˘YGƒ˘˘≤˘˘dÉ˘˘H ± qô˘˘©˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª›

,»WGô≤Á~dG »°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG äÉeƒ≤eh

á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸGh ¥ƒ≤◊ÉH áaô©ŸG ™«°ûJ »àdGh

,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhÉ˘°ùŸGh ,á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘˘dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊G º˘˘¡˘˘Ø˘˘c

,¿ƒæ˘WGƒŸG ø qμ˘ª˘à˘j ,π˘HÉ˘≤ŸG ‘h .»˘YÉ˘ª÷G π˘ª˘©˘dGh

á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘dG º˘¡˘bƒ˘≤˘ë˘H º˘¡˘à˘aô˘˘©˘˘e ™˘˘«˘˘°Sƒ˘˘J π˘˘° Ø˘˘H

øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh

∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ á«∏©a kácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG

áeRÓdG ±QÉ©ŸG ô°ûf ¤EG á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG èeGôH ±~¡J

™ªàÛG πªY ‘ kÉ«∏©a ácQÉ°ûª∏d áHƒ∏£ŸG äGQÉ¡ŸGh

™LGQ .»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ‘h ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒeh »∏ÙG

kÉ° jCG.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''

Civic Education á«f~e á«HôJ

Civic Journalism áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U

≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ

Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J

Ú«aÉë°üdG ø q≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh

áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d Éª pd

á«f~ŸG á˘aÉ˘ë˘°üdÉ˘a .á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh á˘«˘f~ŸG

É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG

á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG

~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J qπ◊

ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG

øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988

âJÉ˘Hh .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘£˘¨˘˘à˘˘d ™‚CG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sh

I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh ∞ë°üdG

ø˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘æ˘˘dG Gò˘˘g Ωƒ˘˘«˘˘dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄É˘˘©˘˘dG ø˘˘e ≥˘˘˘WÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áaÉë°üdG.''áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U''

Civil Registry /¢SƒØædG πé°°S/Ê~e πé°°S

~«≤dG πé°°S

I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ß˘ nØ˘˘ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L º˘˘° J á˘˘ª˘˘FÉ˘˘b

Gòg ≈∏Y kIOÉY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G

á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc øª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG

.´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H


22

Civil Society Ê~e ™ªà›

Voluntary collective activities organizedaround shared interests, values, andobjectives. These civil society activitiescan be diverse and may include provid-ing services, supporting independenteducation, or affecting public policy. Inthe last example, citizens may cometogether outside of government toinform, bring pressure to bear on, orreinforce policies (punish or rewardpolicymakers). See also “Civil SocietyOrganization (CSO).”

Comprised of people who form associa-tions to work for a common cause. Thisincludes non-governmental organiza-tions (NGOs) and community-basedorganizations (CBOs) both of which arespecific types of civil society organiza-tions (CSOs). Although extremelydiverse, the one commonality between allforms of CSOs is their autonomy, inprinciple at least, from government andprivate sector. It is this independencethat allows for such organizations to existand play an important role in a democra-cy. See also “Non-GovernmentalOrganization (NGO).”

See “Challenge (Electoral).”

A form of list proportional representationin which electors are restricted to votingonly for a party or political grouping andcannot express a preference for any candi-date within a party list. See also “FreeList,” “Open List,” and “Party List.”

Primary election in which only a politi-cal party's members may vote on itsnominees. See also “Open Primary.”

É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG á£°ûfC’G ´GƒfCG qπc ¤EG Ò°ûj

.á˘˘cÎ°ûe ±G~˘˘gCGh º˘˘«˘˘bh í˘˘dÉ˘˘˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘˘M á˘˘˘YÉ˘˘˘ª÷G

•ôîæj »àdG ájÉ¨∏d áYƒæàŸG á£°ûfC’G √òg πª°ûJh

º«∏©àdG ºYO hCG ,äÉe~ÿG Ë~≤J Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG É¡«a

»Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG

™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg QÉWEG

ô˘˘°ûæ˘˘d »˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G π˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG Iô˘˘FGO êQÉ˘˘N ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘˘WGƒ˘˘˘e

•ƒ˘¨˘° dG á˘°SQÉ‡ hCG ,äÉ˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘˘M äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e) Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(º¡JCÉaÉμe.''Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe''

Civil SocietyOrganization (CSO)

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äÉ˘«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘j kÉ˘°UÉ˘î˘°TCG qº˘˘° J

ÒZ äÉ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG π˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ûJ »˘˘˘gh .á˘˘˘cÎ°ûe á˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘° b

É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G

™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äÉ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG ∫É˘˘μ˘˘°TCG ø˘˘e O~fi π˘˘μ˘˘°T ¤EG

äÉª¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácÎ°ûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG

πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡Y qƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y , káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH

Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg qπ©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M

¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘˘©˘˘J ¿CÉ˘˘H äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘˘d í˘˘ª˘˘°ùj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO ΩÉ¶f …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh

.''á«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe''

Claims (äÉHÉîàf’G èFFÉàf) ≈∏Y ¢VGÎYG

™LGQ.''(äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W''

Closed List á∏Ø≤e/á≤∏ë áëF’

íª°ùJ ’ »àdG á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T

~MGh »HõM º«¶æJ hCG Üõ◊ ’EG âjƒ°üàdÉH ÚÑNÉæ∏d

êQ~e í°Tôe …C’ º¡∏«° ØJ øY ÒÑ©àdG º¡d qƒîJ ’h

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«Hõ◊G áëFÓdG øª°V,''IôM áëF’''

.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ''áMƒàØe áëF’h

Closed Primary á≤∏ë áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

’EG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G AÉ° YC’ É¡«a q≥ëj ’ äÉHÉîàfG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬«ë°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdÉHáj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG''

.''áMƒàØe


23

Closely ContestedElection

I~j~°T/áeƒªfi äÉHÉîàfG

¢ùaaÉæàdG

An election in which there are manyclose races and/or the results are diffi-cult to predict. Closely contested elec-tions may result in one party refusing toacknowledge the declared winner andchallenging the results. See also“Contest an Election.”

An alliance, temporary or perma-nent, of different persons or organiza-tions that unify for a common cause orengage in a joint activity, usuallyfocused on advocating to governmentfor change;

Association of two or more politicalparties constituting a joint force for thepurpose of contesting an election orforming a government. This may alsobe labeled an “Alliance of Parties.” Seealso “Alliance” and “Bloc.”

A parliamentary government createdfrom more than one political party. It issometimes, but not always, created whenno single party has gained an overallmajority in a general election. See also“Government of National Unity.”

An allusion to the rear panels (“tails”)of a gentleman’s frock coat, the termrefers to the ability of a popular office-holder or candidate for office toincrease the chances for victory ofother candidates of the same politicalparty based on the strength of his orher own popularity. This candidate issaid to carry others to victory “on hiscoattails.” This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

hCG Úë°Tôe I~Y ÚH ¢ùaÉæàdG É¡«a Ω~àëj äÉHÉîàfG

ÜGõMC’G ~MCG ¢ aôj ~bh .É¡éFÉàæH qø¡μàdG Ö©°üj

í˘°TôŸG Rƒ˘Ø˘H n±GÎY’G äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G √ò˘˘g á˘˘jÉ˘˘¡˘˘f ‘

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡éFÉ˘à˘æ˘H ø˘©˘£˘dG Qô˘≤˘«˘a ¬˘æ˘Y ø n∏˘©ŸG

.''äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN''

Coalition±ÓàFG

áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,qº° j l∞dÉ–

¿h~Mƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G hCG äÉª¶æŸG øe áYƒæàe

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG hCG ácÎ°ûe á«° b øY ´Éa~∏d ºgOƒ¡L

á©aG~ŸG ∫ÉªYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõ qcôjh ,»æeÉ° J •É°ûf

.Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉH ™a~J »àdG

Iƒb π«μ°ûàd ÌcCG hCG Ú«°SÉ«°S ÚHõM πàμJ

π˘«˘μ˘°ûJ hCG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘˘N π˘˘LCG ø˘˘e á˘˘cÎ°ûe

á˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘cÎdG √ò˘˘g ∞˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘°üJ õ˘˘FÉ÷G ø˘˘˘eh .á˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ ''»Hõ◊G ∞dÉëàdÉH''.''πàμJ''h ''∞dÉ–''

Coalition Government á«aÓàFG áeƒμM

»gh .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ÒZ øe Ú«fÉŸôH qº° J áeƒμM

≥Øîj ÚM ,ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ’ ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ CÉ°ûæJ

‘ á˘˘≤˘˘MÉ˘˘°S á˘˘jÌcCG ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘˘°ü◊G ‘ ~˘˘˘MGh Üõ˘˘˘M

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG.''á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM''

Coattails ôNBG í°Tôe á«Ñ©°T øe IOÉØà°SG

(''πjòdG'') »Ø∏ÿG Aõ÷G ¤EG …õ«∏μfE’G í∏£°üŸG í qª∏j

mIQÉ°TEG ‘ ,á∏jƒ£dG á«ª°SôdG IÎ°ùdG IôNDƒe øe ‹~àŸG

±hô©ŸG Ö°üæª∏d í°TôŸG hCG Ö°üæŸG πZÉ°T IQ~b ¤EG

i~˘d Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ¢Uô˘a IOÉ˘jR ≈˘∏˘Y á˘©˘˘°SGƒ˘˘dG ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘©˘˘°ûH

øe kÉbÓ£fG ¬JGP »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G øe øjôNBG Úë°Tôe

q¿EG mòF~æY ∫É≤o«a .É¡H ™àªàj »àdG á°UÉÿG á«Ñ©°ûdG

ø˘e ø˘j~˘«˘Ø˘˘à˘˘°ùŸG ø˘˘jô˘˘NB’G Úë˘˘°TôŸG'' qô˘˘é˘˘j í˘˘°TôŸG

í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj .RƒØdG ¤EG ''¬à«Ñ©°T

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V kG~j~–


24

Code of Conduct ∑ƒ∏°ùddG ÜGOBG áfh~e

A set of rules of behavior for electoralactors belonging to a specific group(political parties and their supporters,election observers, election officials, etc.)relating to their participation in an elec-tion process, to which groups or individ-uals agree to voluntarily or by mandate oflaw. See also “Neutrality Pledge.”

See “Code of Conduct.”

Calculated for each district by dividingthe number of valid votes cast by thenumber of seats allocated to the district.

Events within the home of a volunteeror supporter their friends are able tomeet a candidate. These have theadvantage of face-to-face contact andare the most persuasive form of votercontact. Coffees can also be used forsmall donor fundraising.

A demographic group similar to or hav-ing similar interests to another demo-graphic group. For example, teachersmay share an interest in improving edu-cation with mothers. Teachers andmothers would be collateral groups.

See “Tabulation of Results.”

iƒ≤dG ∑ƒ∏°S ≈YôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›

á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ á˘©˘HÉ˘à˘dG äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ á˘˘∏˘˘YÉ˘˘Ø˘˘dG

»˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘bGô˘˘˘eh ,É˘˘˘¡˘˘˘jô˘˘˘°UÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘eh á˘˘˘«˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G)

(ºgGƒ°Sh ,äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh ,äÉHÉîàf’G

≥aGƒj »àdGh ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ É¡àcQÉ°ûe á¡÷

ÖLƒÃ hCG º¡JOGQEG AπÃ äÉYƒªÛG hCG OGôaC’G É¡«∏Y

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿ƒfÉ≤dG.''ájOÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH ~¡©J''

Code of Ethics πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG

™LGQ.''∑ƒ∏°ùddG ÜGOBG áfh~e''

Coefficient/Electoral Quotient

á«HÉîàfG áÑ°ùff/»HÉîàfG π°UÉM

≥jôW øY á«HÉîàfG IôFGO πμd áÑ°ùædG √òg Ö n°ùàëoJ

~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H á◊É°üdG áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y áª°ùb

.IôFG~∏d á°ü°üıG

Coffees ∫RÉæŸG ‘ (á«HÉîàfG) äGAÉ≤d

å«M ô°UÉæŸG hCG ´ƒ£àŸG IQGO ‘ äÉ°ù∏÷G ∂∏J ~ n≤©oJ

äÉæ°ùM øeh .í°TôŸÉH AÉ≤àd’G øe √DhÉb~°UCG øqμªàj

,í°TôŸG ™e ô°TÉÑŸG ∫É°üJ’G øqeDƒJ É¡fCG äGAÉ≤∏dG √òg

ádÉªà°SG ≈∏Y kIQ~b ÌcC’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe Èà©oJh

~b á«dõæŸG äGAÉ≤∏dG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .ÖNÉædG

.ÚëfÉŸG QÉ¨°U øe äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG í∏°üJ

Collateral Group áeRÓàe äÉYƒª›

á¡«Ñ°T ídÉ°üe hCG ¢üFÉ°üN É¡d á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒª›

.iôNCG á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒª› ídÉ°üe hCG ¢üFÉ°üîH

iƒà°ùe ™aQ ‘ káë∏°üe kÓãe ¿ƒ°SQ~ŸG ~éj ~≤a

ÚJÉ˘g ∑GPPEG Èà˘©˘oà˘˘a ,äÉ˘˘¡˘˘eC’G i~˘˘d º˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dG

.ÚàeRÓàe ÚàÄØdG

Collation of Results èFFÉàædG ™ªL

™LGQ.''èFFÉàædG ádh~L''


25

Commissionáæ÷/á«°VƒØe

A formal group of individuals broughttogether on a regular or ad hoc basis todebate matters within that sphere ofexpertise, and often with regulatory orquasi-judicial powers such as the abili-ty to license activity or to subpoenawitnesses. Commissions usually alsohave advisory powers to the govern-ment. The organizational form of acommission is often resorted to bygovernments to exhaustively investi-gate a matter of national concern, andis often known as a “commission ofinquiry.” This legal structure can becontrasted with a council, the latternot enjoying quasi-judicial or regulato-ry powers. See also “Council.”

A system in which seats are not onlydivided on a communal basis, but theentire system of parliamentary repre-sentation is similarly based on com-munal considerations. This usuallymeans that each defined communityhas its own electoral roll, and electsonly members of its “own group” tothe legislature.

A register of voters in which set criteriasuch as race, language, or ethnicitydetermine which electors can enroll tovote, and which candidates can be elect-ed, within the wider electoral contest.

The list proportional representationseats in a mixed-member proportionalsystem that are awarded to parties onthe basis of their proportion of thenational vote and designed to correctany disproportions in the results of theelections held in plurality/majority dis-trict seats.

ΩÉ¶àfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe á«ª°SQ áYƒª›

™≤J »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG

á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ™˘à˘ª˘à˘Jh .º˘¡˘°UÉ˘°üà˘˘NG Iô˘˘FGO ø˘˘ª˘˘°V

IQ~≤dG πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH

AÉ˘Y~˘à˘°SG hCG ø˘q«˘©˘e π˘ª˘Y á˘dhGõÃ ¿PE’G í˘æ˘˘e ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

™qàªàJ ,∂dP øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T

ájQÉ°ûà°S’G äÉe~ÿG Ë~≤J á«MÓ°üH kIOÉY á«°VƒØŸG

º«¶æ˘J ¤EG äÉ˘eƒ˘μ◊G CÉ˘é˘∏˘J É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z .á˘eƒ˘μ˘ë˘∏˘d

≥«≤– AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG

áæé∏H'' ∑GòfBG ± nô©oàa ,á«æWh ádCÉ°ùe ∫ƒM πeÉ°T

á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .''≥«≤ëàdG

äÉ˘«˘MÓ˘°üH ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ.''¢ù∏∏›''

Communal Representation

á«∏ÙG äÉYÉª÷G π«ã“

π˘«˘ã“ ¢SÉ˘°SCG ≈˘∏˘˘Y ~˘˘YÉ˘˘≤ŸG ¬˘˘«˘˘a ´ qRƒ˘˘à˘˘J ’ ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

kÉ˘° jCG ¬˘«˘a õ˘μ˘Jô˘j π˘H ,Ö°ùMh á˘˘«˘˘∏ÙG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª÷G

äGQÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YG ≈˘∏˘Y ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ π˘«˘ã˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f π˘˘ª›

¤EG kIOÉY ∂dP »° Øj å«M ,á«∏ÙG äÉYÉª÷G »YGôJ

É¡d áÄa hCG áYƒª› πμH ¢UÉN »HÉîàfG πé°S OƒLh

øe'' AÉ° YCG ’EG ÖîàæJ ’ ‹ÉàdÉH »gh ,É¡°üFÉ°üN

.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ É¡∏«ãªàd ''É¡aƒØ°U ÚH

Communal Roll á°UÉÿG ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L

á«∏ÙG äÉYÉª÷ÉH

hCG áYÉªL πμd I~FÉ©dG ¢üFÉ°üÿG ¬«a ºqμëàJ lπé°S

~j~ëàH ,»æKE’G AÉªàf’G hCG ,á¨∏dG hCG ,¥ô©dÉc ,áÄa

,º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd º¡∏«é°ùJ øμÁ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG

á˘cô˘©ŸG ø˘ª˘°V º˘¡˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG Rƒ˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Úë˘°TôŸGh

.™°ShC’G á«HÉîàf’G

Compensatory Seats á«° jƒ©J ~YÉ≤e

á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ÖLƒÃ ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ´ sRƒJ l~YÉ≤e

áÑ°ùf ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ,á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f πX ‘

ÜÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘˘°üë˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G

øY kÉ° jƒ©J ÜGõMCÓd ~YÉ≤ŸG √òg ´ sRƒoJh .»æWƒdG

πX ‘ …ôŒ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ‘ π°UÉ◊G π∏ÿG

.…ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG


26

Competitive Election á«°ùaaÉæJ äÉHÉîàfG

An election in which at least two politi-cal parties present alternative sets ofcandidates and there is equitable andopen competition for votes withoutgovernment harassment or restrictionof opposition groups. Elections mustbe deemed "competitive" by domesticor international actors to meet interna-tional standards.

A form to be filled out by an observer,monitor, or individual who witnessed acase of electoral fraud to be submitted tothe election management body (EMB) oran independent body (i.e. court of law).

See “Review Process.”

See “By-Election.”

When voting is a legal obligationinstead of a legal right, of all eligible cit-izens. Those who fail to vote and fail topresent a valid reason for abstentionmay face official penalties.

The use of computer programs to ana-lyze an electronic copy of the voterslist for errors and trends. These testsare often conducted by electionauthorities or technical consultants todetect the number of records, missingdata, duplicate and ineligible records,wrong constituencies, additions, dele-tions, and corrections. See also“Voters List Audit.”

¿Gôq«î«a πbC’G ≈∏Y ¿ÉHõM É¡«a ¢ùaÉæàj läÉHÉîàfG

‘ ¿Ó˘N~˘jh ,Úë˘°TôŸG ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ÚH ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

¢V qô©J ¿hO øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH RƒØ∏d ádOÉYh IôM á°ùaÉæe

ø˘˘e Oƒ˘˘«˘˘˘b hCG äÉ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘jÉ˘˘˘° Ÿ á˘˘˘°V pQÉ˘˘˘©ŸG äÉ˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘ªÛG

äÉ˘˘˘HÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G ∞˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘J ¿CG ø˘˘˘e q~˘˘˘H ’h .á˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G

hCG á«∏ÙG á∏YÉØdG iƒ≤dG …CGQ Ö°ùëH ,''á«°ùaÉæàdÉH''

.á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH »ØJ ≈àM ,á«dh~dG

Complaint Form ihÉμ°ûddG Ë~≤àd IQÉªà°SG

∫ÉªYCG ~¡°ûj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG hCG ÖbGôŸG √CÓÁ lêPƒ‰

¤EG ¬e~≤j ¿CG ¬«∏Y øq«©àjh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ôjhõJ

á∏≤à°ùe iôNCG áÄ«g …CG hCG äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g

.(áªμÙÉc)

Complaints Adjudication Process

ihÉμ°ûddG ‘ qâÑdG äGAGôLEG

™LGQ.''á©LGôŸG äGAGôLEG''

ComplementaryElection

á«∏«ªμJ äÉHÉîàfG

™LGQ.''á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG''

Compulsory Voting »eGõdEG âjƒ°üJ

™«ªL ≈∏Y kÉ«fƒfÉb kÉÑLGh ´GÎb’G É¡«a πqãÁ ládÉM

.º¡d kÉ«fƒfÉb kÉ≤M ’ ,âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG

¿CG ¿hO øe ´GÎb’G øY ¿ƒØ∏îàj øjòdG ¿ƒæWGƒŸÉa

äÉHƒ≤©d ¿ƒ°Vô©àj ~b á©æ≤e áéëH º¡HÉ«Z GhQÈj

.á«ª°SôdG äÉ¡÷G øe

Computer Tests ofthe Voter List

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ¢üëa

ôJƒ«ÑªμdG á£°SGƒH

í˘FGƒ˘d π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘d ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘˘dG è˘˘eGÈH á˘˘fÉ˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°S’G

AÉ£NCÓd kG~°UQ ,á«fhÎμdE’G É¡àî°ùf ‘ ,Ö£°ûdG

äGQÉÑàN’G √òg …ôŒ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .âjƒ°üàdG äÉgÉŒGh

Ú«æ≤J øjQÉ°ûà°ùe hCG á«HÉîàf’G á£∏°ùdG ~j ≈∏Y

á˘°übÉ˘æ˘dG äÓ˘˘é˘˘°ùdGh ,äÓ˘˘é˘˘°ùdG O~˘˘Y ~˘˘j~˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘d

ÒZ äÓ˘é˘˘°ùdGh ,IQô˘˘μ˘˘àŸG ï˘˘ n°ù˘ oæ˘˘dGh ,äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

ôFGh~dG ~j~– ‘ AÉ£NC’G øq«Ñàd ∂dòch ,áª«∏°ùdG

á˘˘ahòÙGh á˘˘aÉ˘˘˘° oŸG äÉ˘˘˘fÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dGh ,á˘˘˘«˘˘˘HÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áëë°üŸGh.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''


27

Confidence Level á≤ãdG πeÉY

Confidence levels specify the rela-tionship between a sample and a popu-lation for a parallel vote tabulation(PVT), voters list audit, or other sur-veys that require a population sample.Confidence levels concern how thesample data can be compared to thepopulation; the more confidencerequires that the sample distributionwill reflect the population distribution,the larger the sample has to be;

The term confidence level is alsoused to describe the degree of trust vot-ers have in the electoral process (voterregistration, vote tabulation, etc.). If thegeneral population has a low confi-dence level in the elections, the resultsmay be considered illegitimate.

The date for the commencement of thepreparation of the preliminary lists ofelectors for that election, with respectto an election in an electoral district.Depending on the election law, declara-tion of the confirmation date can betimed by the governing party to putother parties at a disadvantage.

A situation in which someone in a posi-tion of trust or authority, has compet-ing professional or personal interests,which can make it difficult to fulfillduties impartially. A conflict of interestexists even if no unethical or improperact results from it and can create anappearance of impropriety that canundermine confidence in theperson/position/office. Clear guide-lines spelled out in bylaws and memo-randa of understandings serve to pre-vent actual, potential, or perceived con-flicts of interest.

á˘æ˘q«˘©˘dG ÚH º˘FÉ˘≤˘dG §˘HGô˘dG á˘≤˘ã˘dG π˘eÉ˘Y O~˘˘ë˘˘j

,ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L AGREG ¿Éμ°ùdGh á«LPƒªædG

ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dG hCG ,ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d ‘ ≥˘˘«˘˘b~˘˘à˘˘dG ~˘˘æ˘˘Y hCG

Ú©˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG iô˘NC’G á˘«˘YÓ˘£˘à˘˘°S’G äÉ˘˘°SGQ~˘˘dÉ˘˘H

á«Ø«μH ≥∏©àj á≤ãdG πeÉ©a .¿Éμ°ùdG øe áæq«©H

~jõJ ∂dòd ;¿Éμ°ùdG áæq«©H äÉfÉ«ÑdG áæq«Y áfQÉ≤e

QÉÑàYÉH ,É¡ªéM ™°ùJG Éª∏c IQÉàıG áæq«©dÉH á≤ãdG

.ÊÉμ°ùdG n™jRƒàdG ¢ùμ©«°S áæq«©dG o™jRƒJ q¿CG

á≤K i~e ~j~ëàd kÉ° jCG IQÉÑ©dG √òg Ω n~îà°ùoJh

,ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ) á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH ÚæWGƒŸG

èFÉàf Èà©oJ ~b ,‹ÉàdÉHh .(ïdEG ,äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh

¿É˘μ˘°ùdG á˘≤˘K äõ˘Yõ˘J GPEG á˘«˘Yô˘°T ÒZ äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G

.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG äÉjôéÃ áeÉY

Confirmation Date âqÑãe ïjQÉJ

á˘«˘dhC’G ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d Ò° ë˘˘à˘˘H A~˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ~˘˘Yƒ˘˘e

ôFGh~dG iƒà°ùe ≈˘∏˘Y É˘gDhGô˘LEG ™˘eõŸG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d

¿CG øμÁ ,ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¤EG kGOÉæà°SGh .á«HÉîàf’G

qÖ°üj ’ mâ«bƒàH ïjQÉàdG Gòg øY ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G ø∏©j

.iôNC’G ÜGõMC’G áë∏°üe ‘

Conflict of Interest ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J

‘h á≤K n™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ

á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe

πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh

‘ ≈˘à˘M kÉ˘˘° jCG í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQÉ˘˘° J RÈjh .á˘˘jOÉ˘˘«˘˘M

hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY CÉ°ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G

~ p≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b É‰EG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd

∂dòd .øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG

‘ O pônJ »˘à˘dG á˘ë˘°VGƒ˘dG á˘«˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG í˘∏˘°üJ

¿hO ∫hDƒë∏d ºgÉØàdG äGôcòeh á«∏NG~dG áª¶fC’G

hCG kÓªàfi hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG ‘ ÜQÉ° J q…CG ´ƒbh

.πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ kÉ©bƒàe


General agreement that involves seek-ing and taking into account the view ofall parties concerned, and to reconcilingany conflicting arguments. Consensusdoes not imply unanimity. Consensus isa way of making decisions which aimsto include everyone in the process andresolve any objections.

Political representative divisions within astate, the boundaries of which are drawnup by the state legislature. One memberof the House of Representatives is elect-ed per district. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

An individual with a political philoso-phy supporting conserving heritage,traditional values, or an establishedsocial order. He or she does not rejectchange but insists that further changebe organic rather than revolutionary.For antonym, see “Liberal.”

The consolidation of democracy is theprocess by which democracy becomesso broadly and profoundly legitimatizedamong its citizens that it is very unlike-ly to break down. When democracy isconsolidated, it has been accepted bymost citizens as the only game in town.The consolidation of democracyinvolves behavioral and institutionalchanges that normalize democratic pol-itics and narrow its uncertainty. Thisnormalization requires the expansion ofcitizen access, development of demo-cratic citizenship and culture, broaden-ing of leadership recruitment of amature civil society, and more impor-tantly, political institutionalization.Consolidation requires that habituationto the norms and procedures of demo-cratic conflict regulation be developed.A high degree of institutional routiniza-tion is key to such a process.

øª°V »°SÉ«°ùdG π«ãªà∏d ~ nªà©oJ ájQGOEG äÉª«°ù≤J

‘ á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG É˘˘gOh~˘˘M º˘˘°Sô˘˘J ,äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG

øe kG~MGh kGƒ° Y ÖîàæJ ¿CG IôFGO qπμd ≥ëjh .áj’ƒdG

.ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG πNGO »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ kG~j~–

28

Congressional Districts áj’ƒdG øª°V á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

ConservativeßaÉfi

®ÉØ◊G CG~Ñe ~qjDƒJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áØ°ù∏ØdG ÖMÉ°U

»YÉªàL’G ΩÉ¶ædG hCG áKQGƒàŸG º«≤dG hCG çQE’G ≈∏Y

òîàj ¿CG ≈∏Y O~°ûj É‰EG Ò«¨àdG ≈HCÉj ’ ƒ¡a .~FÉ°ùdG

™˘˘LGQ .kÉ˘˘jQƒ˘˘K ’ kÉ˘˘jQƒ˘˘à˘˘°SO k≈˘˘ë˘˘æ˘˘e Ò«˘˘¨˘˘à˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘g

:¢ «≤ædG.''‹GÈ«d''

Consolidation of Democracyâ«ÑãJ/ï«°SôJ/~«WƒJ

á«WGô≤Á~dG

™°ShCG ká«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩÉ¶ædG Ö p°ùμoJ lá«∏ªY

≈∏Y π q¡°ùj ’ mƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh

≈∏Y q∫~j É‰EG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G

¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe

äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S

á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh

É˘˘eCG .É˘˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeÉ˘˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘Jh

á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘˘Y

á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘˘gÉ˘˘Ø˘˘e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘˘Jh ,á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG

õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,á˘˘«˘˘˘WGô˘˘˘≤Á~˘˘˘dG

,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG

.»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘JÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘HÉ˘˘W AÉ˘˘Ø˘˘°VEG

ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢S qôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch

π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dÉ˘H äÉ˘YGõ˘æ˘dG qπ˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG äGAGô˘˘LE’Gh

ìÉ‚ ô°S q¿EG ∫ƒ≤dG øY w»æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG

ÒÑc x~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg

.äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏Y


Consensus≥aGƒJ

±GôWC’G qπc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG

ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG

»æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh

π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH

‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’

.Ú©fÉªŸG I~≤Y qπMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG

The concept that the candidate and theparty are constantly working for thenext election and do not wait for elec-tion time to start delivering a message.

A portion of the population repre-sented by a particular elected leader ororganization;

The electoral district or area, or thepeople in it, which an elected officialrepresents.

A citizen who is represented by anelected official.

Set of basic rules by which the govern-ment of a State is organized that regu-lates the relationships between the leg-islature, the executive, and the judiciary,and enumerates rights and responsibili-ties of citizens.

To strive to be elected, to enter as acandidate in an electoral race;

To dispute the declared result of anelection or to object to the way an elec-toral process was administratively car-ried out. Most electoral laws affordpolitical parties and individual votersthe right to bring cases of electoralfraud before an electoral court or tribu-nal. Individuals may contest electionsbased on violations of the electoral law,which may include misconduct on thepart of poll workers, the ineligibility ofa candidate to hold office, the casting ofillegal votes, or voter intimidation. Seealso “Closely Contested Election.”

An objection of administrative or anynature to activities and decisions relatingto the electoral processes and results.See also “Challenge (Electoral).”

Constituency áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g/ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL

á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

πsãªŸG ¿Éμ°ùdG øe Aõ÷G ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

.äÉª¶æŸG i~MEÉH hCG Ö nîàæe øq«©e ∫hDƒ°ùÃ

hCG ,á«HÉîàf’G á≤£æŸG hCG IôFG~dG ¤EG kÉ° jCG Ò°ûjh

.Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùÃ πãªàJ »àdG ,É¡«a Úª«≤ŸG

29

ConstituentÖNÉf

.Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe ¬∏ãÁ …òdG øWGƒŸG

ConstitutionQƒà°SO

πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›

ÚH äÉ˘˘bÓ˘˘©˘˘dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e

,á«FÉ˘° ≤˘dGh á˘jò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘à˘dGh á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG äÉ˘£˘∏˘°ùdG

.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùeh ÚæWGƒŸG ¥ƒ≤M ≈∏Y ¢üæJh

Contest an Election äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN

(äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W

¤EG kÉ˘«˘©˘°S í˘°Tô˘ª˘c á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘cô˘©ŸG ¢Vƒ˘˘N

.ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY Ö°üæŸÉH RƒØdG

hCG á˘æ˘∏˘©ŸG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G è˘FÉ˘à˘f á˘ë˘°üH ∂«˘μ˘°ûà˘dG

íæ“h .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG IQGOEG á≤jôW ≈∏Y ¢VGÎY’G

á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG nÜGõ˘MC’G á˘«˘ HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG oá˘«˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z

∫ƒ˘M á˘«˘FÉ˘° ≤˘dG ihÉ˘Y~˘dG ™˘aQ ≥˘M kGOGô˘aCG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dGh

á˘°üàıG º˘cÉÙG ΩÉ˘eCG »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘jhõ˘à˘ ˘dG ∫É˘ ˘ª˘ ˘YCG

áë°üH OGôaC’G ø©£j ¿CG Rƒéjh .á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdÉH

¿ƒfÉ≤dÉH á≤MÓdG äÉcÉ¡àf’G ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG äÉHÉîàf’G

ÚØ˘XƒŸG ±ô˘°üJ Aƒ˘°S π˘ª˘°ûJ ~˘b »˘à˘dG »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

π¨°ûd í°TôŸG á«∏gCG Ω~Y hCG ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ Úæq«©ŸG

hCG ,áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ¢ ©H á«Yô°T Ω~Y hCG ,Ö°üæŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG Ö«gôJ.''áeƒªfi äÉHÉîàfG''

Contestation (äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W

hCG á£°ûfC’G ≈∏Y ôNBG πμ°T …CÉH hCG kÉjQGOEG ¢VGÎY’G

èFÉàfh á«HÉîà˘f’G äGAGô˘LE’É˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äGQGô˘≤˘dG

™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG


§°TÉædG ¬∏ªY ‘ Üõ◊Gh í°TôŸG QGôªà°SÉH ∫ƒ≤j CG~Ñe

~Yƒe QÉ¶àfG Ω~˘©˘Hh ,á˘≤˘MÓ˘dG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d kG~˘«˘¡“

.¬àdÉ°SQ π≤f ‘ ´hô°û∏d äÉHÉîàf’G √òg øY ¿ÓYE’G

Constant Campaign Iôªà°ùee á∏ªM

ControlledEnvironment

áWƒÑ° e áÄ«H

Districts comprised of areas which aregeographically adjoined or touching.

A voting environment that meets thefollowing criteria:

Representatives of political contest-ants, non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organizations, and otherappropriately authorized persons arephysically present, and are able toaccess and observe the environment;

Election officials are present, incharge of the process and have legalresponsibilities and powers to ensurethe accuracy and integrity of the elec-toral process;

Access (whether physical or virtual) tothe environment, including the technologi-cal devices, is secured and controlled, and isregulated by a process that is independent-ly auditable and verifiable. For antonym,see “Uncontrolled Environment.”

A meeting of party delegates and lead-ers at any of the three levels of govern-ment (federal, state, or local) in orderto formulate party strategy and tacticswhile also nominating candidates forpolitical office. In addition, the partyplatform is written and approved,detailing where the party “stands” onthe important issues of the upcomingcampaign. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

An increase in a presidential candidate’spopularity, as indicated by public opin-ion polls, in the days immediately fol-lowing his or her nomination for officeat his or her party’s national conven-tion. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.

:á«dÉàdG ÒjÉ©ŸG É¡«a ôaGƒàJ á«HÉîàfG áÄ«H

ácô©ŸG ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG »∏ãªŸ »∏©a Qƒ° M É¡«a πqé°ùoj

án∏ ncƒŸG IRÉë˘æŸG ÒZ á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉª˘¶˘æ˘ª˘∏˘dh ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG

øj~˘ nª˘à˘©ŸG ¢UÉî˘°TC’G ø˘e º˘gÒ ˘dh ,äÉHÉî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGôÃ

.É¡àÑbGôeh áÄ«ÑdG ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG øe ¿ƒæμªàj øjòdG

äÉHÉîàf’G øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG Qƒ° M É¡«a πqé°ùoj

á«HÉîàf’G á«∏˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ±Gô˘°TE’G ¿ƒ˘dƒ˘à˘j ø˘jò˘dG

á«fƒfÉ≤dG äÉ«MÓ˘°üdGh äÉ˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸÉ˘H ¿ƒ˘©˘∏˘£˘° jh

.É¡àgGõfh äÉHÉîàf’G áeÓ°S ¿Éª°V º¡d í«àJ »àdG

á£∏°S ~j ≈∏Y ≥«b~à∏d ™° îJ áq«dBG É¡«a ≥sÑ£oJ

º«¶æ˘Jh á˘Ñ˘bGô˘eh á˘eÓ˘°S ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùà˘a ,á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe

á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG ¤EG (kÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°VGÎaG hCG kÉ˘˘˘j~˘˘˘°ùL ¿EG) ∫ƒ˘˘˘°Uƒ˘˘˘dG

á«LƒdƒæμàdG Iõ¡LC’G ∫ƒ°Uh ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,á«HÉîàf’G

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡«dEG.''áWƒÑ° e ÒZ áÄ«H''

30

Convention »HõM ô“Dƒe

øe iƒà°ùe …CG ~æY ¬JOÉbh Üõ◊G »Hh~æe ´ÉªàLG

hCG »ª«∏bE’G hCG ‹GQ~ØdG) áKÓãdG ºμ◊G äÉjƒà°ùe

¬˘£˘£˘Nh Üõ◊G á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°SG º˘°SQ ±~˘˘¡˘˘H (»˘˘∏ÙG

º˘¡˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ÖfÉ˘˘L ¤EG ,á˘˘«˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘à˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘dG

~ª©j kÉ° jCG ô“DƒŸG Gòg ‘h .á«°SÉ«°ùdG Ö°UÉæª∏d

Üõ◊G èeÉfôH áZÉ«°U ¤EG ¿ƒHh~æŸGh IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒg

™«°VGƒŸG øe Üõ◊G ''∞bƒe'' øjO~fi ,¬«∏Y á≤aGƒŸGh

.á˘eOÉ˘≤˘dG á˘∏˘ª◊G ‘ ìô˘£ oà˘°S »˘˘à˘˘dG IRQÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘dG™«°ûj

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘˘°V kG~˘˘j~– í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫É˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG


Convention Bounce /I~°UQCG ´ÉØJQG

»Hõ◊G ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG º¡°SCG

ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG á«Ñ©°T OÉjORG

»Hõ◊G

Ò°ûJ Ée ~M ≈∏Y ,»°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG á«Ñ©°T OÉjORG

Ö≤©J »àdG ΩÉjC’G ‘ ,ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG ¬«dEG

.Üõë∏d »æWƒdG ô“DƒŸG ‘ Ö°üæŸG Gò¡d ¬à«ª°ùJ




hCG á≤°UÓàe hCG á£HGÎe ≥WÉæe qº° J »àdG ôFGh~dG

.kÉ«aGô¨L á∏°üàe

Contiguous Districts IQhÉéààe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

31

See “Revised Voter’s List.”

The abuse of entrusted power for pri-vate gain.

A formal group of experts broughttogether on a regular basis to debatematters within that sphere of expertise,and with advisory powers to govern-ment. It can be contrasted with a com-mission which, although also a body ofexperts, is typically given regulatorypowers in addition to a role as advisorto the government;

The local body that operates in the townhall to raise local taxes and administer localservices. See also “Commission.”

The process of sorting, tallying, record-ing, and tabulating votes cast in an elec-tion. See also “Tabulation of Results.”

A centralized location in which votesfrom several polling stations are aggre-gated and counted.

Any attempt by the campaign to bringtogether a large group of people or sup-porters. Created events may receivepress coverage and thereby influenceother voters or can also be used to raisefunds and energize supporters. See“Preset Events” and “Rally.”

The positive or negative view votershave of a candidate or party. By creat-ing contrast, campaigns can use theirmessage to raise their candidate’s credi-bility, lower their opponents’ credibili-ty, or both;

CorruptionOÉ°ùaa

π˘ZÉ˘°T É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ø˘ nª nJDƒŸG á˘£˘∏˘˘°ùdG ∫É˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG Aƒ˘˘°S

.á°UÉN Ö°SÉμÃ kÉ©ªW ,Ö°üæŸG

Council¢ù∏∏›

ΩÉ¶àfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG AGÈÿG øe á«ª°SQ áYƒª›

™≤J »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG

kÉ° jCG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ™˘à˘ª˘à˘Jh .º˘¡˘°UÉ˘°üà˘NG Iô˘FGO ø˘ª˘°V

.á˘eƒ˘μ˘ë˘∏˘d á˘jQÉ˘°ûà˘°S’G äÉ˘e~ÿG Ë~˘≤˘J á˘«˘MÓ˘°üH

øe kÉ° jCG ¿ qƒμàJ »àdG á«°VƒØŸÉH ¢ù∏ÛG áfQÉ≤e øμÁh

äÉ˘«˘MÓ˘°üH IOÉ˘Y ™˘à˘ ˘ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J É˘ ˘¡˘ ˘fCG ÒZ AGÈN á˘ ˘Yƒ˘ ˘ª›

.áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°SG áÄ«¡c ÉgQhO ÖfÉL ¤EG á«ª«¶æJ

Ωô˘M ‘ É˘¡˘dÉ˘ª˘YCG ¢SQÉ“ »˘à˘dG á˘«˘˘∏ÙG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG

IQGOEGh á˘˘«˘˘∏ÙG ÖFGô˘˘° dG á˘˘jÉ˘˘Ñ÷ …~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«∏ÙG äÉe~ÿG.''á«°VƒØe''

Count äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ á˘˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘a á˘˘«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ª˘˘˘Y

™LGQ .∫hG~L ‘ É¡ª«¶æJh ,É¡∏«é°ùJh ,É¡à≤HÉ£eh

kÉ° jCG.''èFFÉàædG ádh~L''

Counting Center äGƒ°UC’G Rôa õcôe

øe I~aGƒdG ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ¬«a qÖ°üJ …õcôe ™bƒe

. q~©dG á«∏ª©d kG~«¡“ ´GÎbG ΩÓbCG I~Y

Created Events á°UÉN äÉÑ°SÉæe

.¢SÉædG øe ÒÑc ~°ûM ™ª÷ á∏ª◊G QÉWEG ‘ ádhÉfi …CG

≈∏Y á∏ª◊G ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q¿CG lí«ë°Uh

Gòg q¿CG ’EG ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj º¡©ªL

π° ØH øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj ~b ç~◊G

√òg º«¶æJ í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G á«£¨àdG

¢SƒØf ‘ á°SÉª◊G ÜOh äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG

™LGQ .øjô°UÉæŸG.''(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e''h ''áeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe''

Credibilityá«bG~°üe

Iô¶ædG ¤EG äÓª◊G ¥É«°S ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡«a ô¶æj »àdG á«Ñ∏°ùdG hCG á«HÉéjE’G

É¡ª«≤j »àdG äÉfQÉ≤ŸG ∫ÓN øeh .Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG

õjõ©àd á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ GƒØ qXƒj ¿CG øμÁ ,äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe

hCG ,¬eƒ°üN á«bG~°üe º«£ëàd hCG í°TôŸG á«bG~°üe


™LGQ.''ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''Corrected Voter's List /ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd

áëë°üŸG Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd

32

Cross Cutting Cleavages

á∏NG~àe äÉæjÉÑJ/äÉeÉ°ù≤≤fG

In terms of an electoral system, thisrefers to citizens’ faith in the system inwhich the elections take place and theperception of whether or not electionresults reflect the choice of voters.

Political allegiances of voters which cutacross societal cleavages of ethnicity,religion, or class.

Comparing or referencing variousresponses to questions on a political pollwith responses to other questions ordemographic information. The real infor-mation in a political poll comes from thecross tabs. See also “Political Polling.”

The act of removing the names of can-didates from the ticket or party list byputting a cross over their names and insome cases writing in a different name.Crossing out candidates occurs in abloc vote system.

A sample of voters that considers agegroups, gender, ethnicity in such a waythat reflects a normal distribution.Cross-sections of voters can be used inpublic opinion polls, parallel vote tabu-lation (PVT) samples, and for audits ofthe voters list. See also “Sampling ofResults” and “Voters List Audit.”

Small groupings within the demographicbreakdown that are members of at leasttwo other demographic sets.

A system of voting in which each voter isgiven as many votes as there are positionsto be filled and is allowed to cast those

»àdG ÚÑNÉædG i~d á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGA’ƒdG ‘ ¢ùμ©æJ

ø˘Y á˘Ä˘°TÉ˘æ˘dG á˘«˘©˘ª˘àÛG äÉ˘˘eÉ˘˘°ù≤˘˘f’G ≈˘˘£˘˘î˘˘à˘˘J

.á«≤Ñ£dG hCG á«æj~dG hCG á«bô©dG äGAÉªàf’G

Cross Tabs á©WÉ≤àe ∫hG~L

É¡Mô£j á∏Ä°SCG øY áHƒLCG I~Y ÚH ¿QÉ≤J ∫hG~L

iôNCG á∏Ä°SCG øY áHƒLCÉH á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQBÓd l´Ó£à°SG

‘ áë«ë°üdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉa .á«aGôZƒÁO äÉeƒ∏©Ã hCG

∫hG~÷G ø˘˘e »˘˘JCÉ˘˘J É‰EG äÉ˘˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘˘°S’G √ò˘˘˘g π˘˘˘ã˘˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á©WÉ≤àŸG.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G Ó£à°SG''

Crossing OutCandidates (on theTicket)

áëFÓdG øe) AÉª°SCG Ö«£°ûJJ

(á«HÉîàf’G

ø˘e Úë˘°TôŸG ¢ ©˘H OÉ˘©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG á˘«˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘H ≈˘˘q∏˘˘é˘˘à˘˘j

Ö£˘°ûH Üõ◊G á˘ë˘F’ ø˘e hCG á˘«˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘ë˘˘FÓ˘˘dG

kÉæ«M øjôNBG Úë°TôÃ º¡dG~Ñà°SGh kÉæ«M º¡FÉª°SCG

.á∏àμdG ΩÉ¶f ‘ Ö«£°ûàdG ™«°ûjh .ôNBG

Cross-Section of Voters ÚÑNÉædG øY á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y

í˘FGô˘°ûdG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘Y’G Ú©˘H ò˘NCÉ˘J ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ø˘e á˘æ˘q«˘˘Y

≈∏Y »æKE’G AÉªàf’Gh ,»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædGh ,ájôª©dG

¿CG í∏°üjh .…OÉ©dG ÊÉμ°ùdG ™jRƒàdG ¢ùμ©j mƒëf

äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh ,ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG ~æà°ùJ

¤EG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~àdG á«∏ªYh ,ájRGƒàŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«LPƒªædG áæq«©dG √ògøY áæq«Y OG~YEG''

.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h ''èFFÉàædG

Cross-Sets á∏NG~àe äÉYƒª›

á˘«˘aGô˘ZƒÁ~˘dG á˘Ñ˘«˘˘cÎdG ø˘˘ª˘˘°V IÒ¨˘˘°U äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

Úà˘˘«˘˘aGô˘˘ZƒÁO Úà˘˘ë˘˘jô˘˘°T ™˘˘e É˘˘gDhÉ˘˘° YCG ∑QÉ˘˘°ûà˘˘J

.πbC’G ≈∏Y ÚjôNCG

Cumulative Voting »ªcGÎdG âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf qπμd í«àj âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

¬d í«àjh ,ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG Ö°UÉæŸG O~Y …hÉ°ùj

¬JGƒ°UCG ´Rƒj ¿CG hCG ~MGh í°TôŸ ¬Jƒ°üH ‹~j ¿CG kÉ° jCG


.kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤ëàd

á≤K ¤EG Ò°ûj ƒ¡a ,»HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG ¥É«°S ‘ ÉeCG

¬∏X ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G …ôŒ …òdG ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG

¢ùμ©J äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf q¿CÉH ºgOÉ≤àYG i~e ¤EGh

.ÚÑNÉædG QÉ«N

33

Curtain (for VotingBooth)

∫RÉY/∫RÉY QÉà°S

votes for one candidate or distributethem in any way among the candidates.It is a system of proportional represen-tation in which minorities may be ableto ensure their approximate propor-tional representation by concentratingtheir votes on a subset of candidatescommensurate with their size in theelectorate. See also “ProportionalRepresentation.”

A piece of hung cloth intended to blockor obscure light; a curtain is a criticalfeature of a voting booth to maintainthe secrecy of the vote. See also“Secret Ballot.”

Öé◊ π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ù oJ ¢TÉ˘ª˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘˘«˘˘d~˘˘à˘˘e á˘˘©˘˘£˘˘b

´GÎb’G IQƒ°ü≤e äÉeƒ≤e ~MCG Èà©j ƒgh ;Aƒ° dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G ájô°S ≈∏Y ®ÉØë∏d á«°SÉ°SC’G

.''…ô°S ´GÎbG''


äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf qπμd í«àj âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

¬d í«àjh ,ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG Ö°UÉæŸG O~Y …hÉ°ùj

¬JGƒ°UCG ´Rƒj ¿CG hCG ~MGh í°TôŸ ¬Jƒ°üH ‹~j ¿CG kÉ° jCG

…òdG ΩÉ¶ædG Gò¡a .Úë°TôŸG ≈∏Y ¬d ƒ∏ëj Éªc

ø qμÁ »˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘ª˘˘¶˘˘fCG á˘˘fÉ˘˘N ‘ π˘˘N~˘˘j

x~M ¤EG kÉ«Ñ°ùf kÓ«ã“ É¡°ùØæd øqeDƒJ ¿CG øe äÉ«∏bC’G

ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y É˘˘¡˘˘˘JGƒ˘˘˘°UCG qÖ°U ∫Ó˘˘˘N ø˘˘˘e É˘˘˘e

±ƒØ°U ÚH ¬∏ã“ …òdG ºé◊Gh Ö°SÉæàJ Úë°TôŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''

Dark Horse Oƒ°SCG ¿É°üM

A usually little-known candidate whounexpectedly wins a party’s nominationor an election. See also “Underdog”and “Front-Runner.”

The central location to which electionobservers relay information for a parallelvote tabulation (PVT), reports of fraud, orother relevant information. The mostcommon method of communicatinginformation to the data collection center isby phone, however faxing, and SMS mes-saging are other techniques that are used.

The transfer of data from one database,such as a civil registry, to another, suchas a voter database.

Procedures for election observers,including directions for how and whento report data on the quality of theprocess and the vote count results.

A searchable structured collection ofrecords or data that is stored in a com-puter system. Databases have manyuses in the electoral process: They areused to store information on the elec-torate in the form of voter registries andcivil registries; and campaigns often usedatabases to track information on vot-ers, such as their likeliness to support aparticular candidate, party, or issue.

34

Dí«°TÎH ≈˘¶˘ë˘j É‰EG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘aô˘©˘j É˘ª˘∏˘b í˘°Tô˘e

.™bƒàe ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØj hCG Üõ◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ω~≤àe í°Tôe''h ''ô°SÉN í°Tôe''

Data Collection Center äÉfÉ«ÑdG ™ª÷ õcôe

äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ƒ˘Ñ˘bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘°Sô˘˘j …õ˘˘cô˘˘e ™˘˘bƒ˘˘e

hCG ,á˘jRGƒ˘àŸG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘dh~÷ á˘eRÓ˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

iôNC’G äÉeƒ∏©ŸG hCG ,ôjhõàdG ∫ÉªYCG øY ôjQÉ≤àdG

Gòg ¤EG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG π≤f êQ~jh .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á∏°üàŸG

π˘FÉ˘°Sh ÌcCG √QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘H ∞˘JÉ˘¡˘dG ∫É˘ª˘©˘˘à˘˘°SÉ˘˘H õ˘˘côŸG

iôNCG äÉ«æ≤J ∫Éª©à°SG ÖfÉL ¤EG ,kÉYƒ«°T ∫É°üJ’G

.IÒ°ü≤dG πFÉ°SôdG áe~Nh ¢ùcÉØdÉc

Data Migration äÉfÉ«ÑdG Iôégg

¤hCG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘H I~˘YÉ˘b ø˘e äÉ˘fÉ˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG π˘˘≤˘˘f á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y

I~˘YÉ˘≤˘c á˘«˘fÉ˘K äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘H I~˘YÉ˘b ¤EG Ê~ŸG π˘é˘°ùdÉ˘˘c

.ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

Data Reporting Protocols

äÉfÉ«ÑdG π≤f ∫ƒ°UCG

,äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ƒ˘Ñ˘bGô˘e É˘¡˘©˘Ñ qà˘j äGAGô˘˘LEG á˘˘∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S

π˘≤˘f ~˘˘«˘˘YGƒ˘˘eh á˘˘≤˘˘jô˘˘W ∫ƒ˘˘M äGOÉ˘˘°TQEG ø˘˘ª˘˘° à˘˘J

á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘Yƒ˘æ˘H á˘°UÉÿG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘˘dG

.äGƒ°UC’G Rôa èFÉàfh

Database äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb

πNGO ß nØëoJ »àdG äÉfÉ«ÑdG hCG äÓé°ùdG øe áYƒª›

.åëÑdG äÉ«∏ªY π q¡°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y ôJƒ«ÑªμdG ΩÉ¶f

á«∏ª©dG ‘ äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ΩG~îà°SG ¬LhCG O~©àJh

á≤∏©àŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øjõîàd í∏°üJ »¡a :á«HÉîàf’G

ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG äÓ˘é˘°S π˘μ˘°T ≈˘∏˘Y ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘ª˘˘éÃ

Ée kÉÑdÉZ ,∂dP øY kÓ° a ;á«f~ŸG ~«≤dG äÓé°Sh

»°ü≤àd äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉ≤H äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe Ú©à°ùj

i~e øY ΩÓ©à°S’Éc ,ÚÑNÉædÉH á£ÑJôŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

.áæq«©e á«° b hCG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe ºY~d ºgOG~©à°SG


DatabaseAccountability

äÉfÉ«ÑdGI~YÉb ádAÉ°ùee á«fÉμeEG

A database design requirement thatdirects the database to keep records ofchanges, deletions, and insertions forreview purposes.

Standards set by the election authoritiesthat inform the specifications used byprogrammers to build the database.

Electronic versions of some or all ofthe records in a database intended to beused by another database and thus not“usable” by people.

An output of a database containing acompilation of information available ina variety of formats intended for theend user.

Face-to-face discussion among citizens,candidates, and/or elected officials onissues of concern where different sidesof an argument are presented anddefended. Debates can occur at all threelevels of government, but the most pub-licized on the national level are debatesinvolving the presidential nominees.These are typically broadcast live, caninvolve questions from journalists andaverage citizens, and may reach largenumbers of voters at one time.

Oral or written formal public communi-cation of the result of an electoral event.This may consist of the number of votesreceived by each candidate or politicalparty contesting an election, and of thecandidate(s) and/or party(ies) who sit aselected members/seats under the provi-sions of the electoral law; or of thenumber of votes recorded for each oftwo or more options presented in theuse of direct democracy voting.

I~˘YÉ˘b º˘«˘ª˘°üJ ‘ kÉ˘ª˘μ˘M ô˘aGƒ˘˘à˘˘J á˘˘jQhô˘˘°V Iõ˘˘«˘˘e

äÉfÉ«ÑdG ø˘Y äÓ˘é˘°S ß˘Ø˘ë˘H É˘¡˘e põ˘∏ oà˘a äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG

í«≤æàdG ¢VGôZC’ káe~N ,áLQ~ŸGh áahòÙGh ád~©ŸG

.í«ë°üàdGh

35

äÉ˘˘˘£˘˘˘∏˘˘˘°ùdG É˘˘˘gO q~– »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG ÒjÉ˘˘˘©ŸG ø˘˘˘e á˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª›

~q«≤àj »àdG äÉØ°UGƒŸG É¡ÑLƒÃ í q°VƒJh á«HÉîàf’G

.äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb AÉ°ûfEG ~æY ¿ƒ›ÈŸG É¡H

Database DesignRequirements

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb º«ª°üJ •hô°T

Database Exports äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb äGQG~°UEG

IOƒLƒŸG äÓé°ùdG qπc hCG ¢ ©H øY á«fhÎμdEG ï n°ùof

I~YÉ˘b ‘ É˘¡˘eG~˘î˘à˘°SG í˘∏˘°üj ,äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG I~˘YÉ˘b ‘

.ΩÉ©dG ''ΩG~îà°SÓd í∏°üJ ’'' É‰EG iôNCG äÉfÉ«H

Database Product(or Report)

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ôjô≤J

»˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG I~˘˘YÉ˘˘b ø˘˘e á˘˘LQÉÿG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

∫Éμ°TCG ‘ IôaGƒàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe áYƒª› øª° àJ

.ΩG~îà°SÓd IõgÉ÷Gh áYƒæàe

DebateIôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f

±ƒ˘˘Ø˘ ˘°U ø˘˘ª˘˘°V hCG ÚH ká˘˘¡˘˘LGƒ˘˘e Qh~˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢TÉ˘˘≤˘ ˘æ˘ ˘dG

∫ƒM ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG

¿CG ±GôWCÓd ≈qæ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eÉªàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG

~ n≤©oJh .É¡æY Gƒ©aG~«a áæjÉÑàe ô¶f äÉ¡Lh Gƒ°Vô©à°ùj

»àdG ∂∏J ÉeCG ,çÓãdG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉ°TÉ≤ædG √òg

»¡a »æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y á«fÓYEG á«£¨J ™°ShCÉH ≈¶–

¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG É˘¡˘«˘a ∑QÉ˘°ûj »˘à˘dG á˘«˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG äGô˘XÉ˘æŸG

åH ‘ kIOÉY π n≤æoJ »àdG ,äGôXÉæŸG √òg ∑ pô°ûoJh .¿ƒ«°SÉFôdG

∫Ó˘N ø˘e ÚjOÉ˘©˘˘dG Úæ˘˘WGƒŸGh Ú«˘˘aÉ˘ ˘ë˘˘°üdG ,ô˘˘°TÉ˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘e

πFÉg O~Y É¡©HÉàj ¿CG øμÁh ,á∏Ä°SC’G ìôW ¤EG º¡LGQ~à°SG

.¬JGP âbƒdG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG øe

Declaration of Results èFFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG

¿É«H ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G É¡«dEG ∫hDƒJ »àdG èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG

Gò˘g ø˘ª˘° à˘j ~˘≤˘a .»˘£˘N hCG »˘¡˘Ø˘°T ,»˘ª˘˘°SQ ΩÉ˘˘Y

ÜõM hCG í°Tôe qπc É¡dÉæj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¿É«ÑdG

Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ∂dòch äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj »°SÉ«°S

¿ƒfÉb ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØj/¬HÉîàfG qºàj …òdG

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¿É«ÑdG øª° àj hCG ;ÜÉîàf’G

I~˘Y ø˘e hCG) ø˘jQÉ˘˘«˘˘N ø˘˘e QÉ˘˘«˘˘N π˘˘c É˘˘¡˘˘H ≈˘˘¶˘˘ë˘˘j

.AÉàØà°SÓd áMhô£e (äGQÉ«N


Declaration Votes íjô°üJ ÖLƒÃ âjƒ°üJ

Votes that are sealed in an envelopesigned by the voter and cast when thevoter casts an absent or postal vote.Used when the voter's name cannot befound on the electoral roll, or when thevoter’s name is marked off the electoralroll as already having voted. See also“Absentee Ballot,” “PostalVote/Voting By Mail,” and"Tendered Ballot.”

The ballot of an elector that hasdeclined to vote. In some countries,the ballot may be marked and countedas “declined.” See also “Protest Vote.”

An individual authorized to act as arepresentative for another, as a deputyor an agent, or as a representative to aconference or convention;

A representative, usually choseneither in state caucuses or presidentialprimaries, who will be responsible forchoosing presidential and vice presi-dential nominees at the national partyconventions every four years. Most del-egates are pledged to support a specificcandidate. A majority of the delegates’votes at the convention is needed for apresidential candidate to receive theparty’s nomination. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.

Political system in which the peopleshare in directing the activities of theState, as distinct from governmentscontrolled by a single class, selectgroup, or autocrat. The definition ofdemocracy has been expanded todescribe a philosophy that insists on theright and the capacity of a people, act-ing either directly or through represen-tatives, to control their institutions fortheir own purposes.

Qƒ¡‡ ∞∏ë øª°V ê nQ~oJ á°UÉN IQÉªà°SG AπÃ âjƒ°üJ

~æY âjƒ°üàdG Gòg ~ nªà©oj .ÖNÉædG ™«bƒJ πªëj

Q qò©àj ÚM hCG ,~jÈdG ÈY hCG kÉ«HÉ«Z ÖNÉædG ´GÎbG

ÚM hCG ,ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ÖNÉædG º°SG ≈∏Y Qƒã©dG

≈∏Y kád’O máeÓ©H ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ÖNÉædG º°SG º n°Sƒj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´ÎbGh ≥Ñ°S ¬fCG,''»HÉ«¨dG ´GÎb’G ábQh''

.''á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh''h ,''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h

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Declined Ballot ™pæà‡ äƒ°U

.âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ø˘Y ™˘˘æ˘˘àÁ …ò˘˘dG ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ´GÎbG á˘˘bQh

™æàeCG'' áeÓ©H ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ábQƒdG √òg º n°SƒJh

™LGQ .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Y Ö n°ùàëoJh ,''âjƒ°üàdG øY

kÉ° jCG.''»LÉéààMG äƒ°U''

DelegateÜh~æe

‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢V sƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG

ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG çƒ©ÑŸG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG

.áæq«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY πãªªc »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG

äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG πãªŸG

äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G hCG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘˘°ùe ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y á˘˘˘«˘˘˘Hõ◊G

QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒμ«a ,áj~«¡ªàdG á«°SÉFôdG

ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«˘Fô˘dG ÖFÉ˘fh ¢ù«˘Fô˘dG r»˘˘nÑ˘˘°üæŸ ¬˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e

º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG

»°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿CG kÉª∏Y øq«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG

äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’

.ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj


Democracyá«WGô≤ÁO

á£°ûfCG Ò«°ùàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S lΩÉ¶f

É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG

.§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæq«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW

á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™ q°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿CG ÒZ

º˘ qμ˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘gCGh Ö©˘˘°ûdG ≥˘˘M ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y O q~˘˘°ûJ

¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e m π˘μ˘°ûH É˘eEG ,¬˘JÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒÃ

.á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤–


See “Consolidation of Democracy.”

Grouping of the voting populationbased on age, gender, income, educationlevel, occupation, ethnic background,religion, or any other identifiable group-ing of the voter population. It isassumed that voters who identify with aparticular demographic group will votein a similar way. See also “Targeting”and “Geographic Targeting.”

An attempt to make a computer orcomputer service inaccessible to itsintended users by flooding it with illegit-imate requests that overwhelm it, ren-dering regular use impossible.

An input device that creates an elec-tronic record while simultaneouslymarking specialized paper. The devicerecognizes and records the movementof the pen's point and at the same timeleaves an ink trail on the paper. Thepaper contains microscopic dot pat-terns that allow the digital pen to recog-nize the position of the mark on thedigital paper. Data stored in the pen canthen be uploaded to a computer andsoftware transforms the data into text.

A preventative form of censorshipwhich entails pre-publication review,licensing and registration requirements,and government monopolization. Seealso “Censorship” and “Self-Censorship”.

DemocraticConsolidationâ«ÑãJ/ï«°SôJ/~«WƒJ

á«WGô≤Á~dG

™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG

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DemographicTargeting

‘GôZƒÁO ±G~¡à°SG

´ƒædG hCG ,ôª©dG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› º«°ù≤J

hCG ,»˘ª˘∏˘©˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG hCG ,∫ƒ˘N~ŸG hCG ,»˘ ˘YÉ˘ ˘ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘L’G

hCG ,»æj~dG AÉªàf’G hCG ,á«æKE’G §HGhôdG hCG ,áØ«XƒdG

¢üFÉ°üN äGP kÉªéM ô¨°UCG äÉYƒª› øª°V º¡ª«°ù≤J

ø˘jò˘dG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ä qƒ˘ ˘°üj ¿CG ¢V nÎØŸG ø˘ ˘eh .á˘ ˘ë˘ ˘°VGh

.¬JGP √ÉŒ’G ‘ áæq«©e á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒªéÃ ¿ƒ∏KÉªàj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG''h ''(ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG''

Denial of ServiceAttack (DoS Attack)

áe~ÿG Öé◊◊ Ωƒégg

hCG Üƒ°SÉ◊G RÉ¡L ¤EG Úe~îà°ùŸG ∫ƒ°Uh ™æŸ ádhÉfi

∫É«¡fE’G ∫ÓN øe ¬JÉe~N øe IOÉaE’G ¿hO ∫hDƒ◊G

¬eG~îà°SG ≥«©àa ¬μHôoJ á«Yô°T ÒZ mäÉÑ∏£H ¬«∏Y

.ájOÉY IQƒ°üH

Digital Pen »ªbQ º∏b

âbƒdG ‘ Ωƒ≤jh kÉ«fhÎμdEG kÓé°S Å°ûæj ∫ÉNOEG RÉ¡L

± qô˘©˘à˘j .¢UÉ˘N ¥Qh ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘˘eÓ˘˘Y ™˘˘°Vƒ˘˘H ¬˘˘°ùØ˘˘f

‘ ,kÉcQÉJ É¡∏qé°ùjh º∏≤dG á£≤f ácôM ¤EG RÉ¡÷G

ábQƒdG …ƒà–h .¥QƒdG ≈∏Y È◊G ôKCG ,¬°ùØf âbƒdG

¿CÉH »ªbôdG º∏≤∏d íª°ùJ ájô¡› •É≤æd •É‰CG ≈∏Y

øeh .á«ªbôdG ábQƒdG ≈∏Y áeÓ©dG ™bƒe ¤EG ± qô©àj

‘ áXƒØÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG π«ª– ¿ÉμeE’ÉH íÑ°üj ºK

è˘eÉ˘fô˘H Ωƒ˘≤˘jh ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG Iõ˘¡˘LCG ~˘MCG ¤EG º˘∏˘≤˘˘dG

.¢üf ¤EG äÉfÉ«ÑdG πjƒëàH ôJƒ«ÑªμdG

Direct Censorship Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ

»° à≤j …òdG á«FÉbƒdG áHÉbôdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T

∫ƒ°ü◊G •Î°ûjh ,ÉgQG~°UEG πÑb äÉYƒÑ£ŸG á©LGôe

≥◊G Gòg ô°üMh ,π«é°ùàdG ¥ƒ≤Mh ¢ü«NGÎdG ≈∏Y

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeƒμ◊G ‘äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ≈∏Y) áHÉbQ''

.''á«JGP áHÉbQ''h ''(ΩÓYE’Gh


Direct Data Capture(DDC) Device

Iô°TÉÑe äÉfÉ«ÑdG •É≤àdG RÉ¡L

A device that allows on-the spot entry ofinformation in an electronic format. Thisdata can be transmitted immediately or ata later date from the device to a central-ized repository. DDCs can be used toenter and store voter information duringthe voter registration process.

Sending voters solicitations in the mailasking them to contribute to an organi-zation, political party, or candidate.

A voting technology that allows thevoter to use a keyboard or touch-screenmachine to indicate his/her choice andrecords that information in an electron-ic format on that device. This is to bedistinguished from systems that use acomputer interface to print a scanableballot and do not record voter choices.DRE systems may, however, produce apaper record.

An electronic voting (E-Voting) systemin which votes are tallied directly to com-puter memory. The voting machines typ-ically take the form of an automatic tellermachine or a laptop computer.

Elections in which voters directly electtheir representatives in government.

Any method by which the candidate orthe campaign communicates the messageto potential voters in person, rather thanusing some form of media.

The office or position of a director, aboard of directors, or the entire staff ofa bureau or department.

ÊhÎμ˘dE’G É˘¡˘∏˘μ˘°ûH äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ∫É˘NOEG í˘ª˘°ùj RÉ˘¡˘˘L

,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg ∫É°SQEG ‹ÉàdÉH øμÁh . kGô°TÉÑe k’ÉNOEG

ôNBG …õcôe RÉ¡L ¤EG RÉ¡÷G Gòg øe ,kÉ≤M’ hCG kGQƒa ÉeEG

•É≤àdG RÉ¡L ΩG~îà°SG øμÁ .äÉfÉ«ÑdG ßØ◊ ¢ü q°üfl

ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ∫ÉNOE’ Iô°TÉÑe äÉfÉ«ÑdG

.ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY ∫ÓN ‘ É¡¶ØMh

Direct MailFundraising

/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL

~jÈdG ÈY kIô°TÉÑe äÉYÈàdG

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Ë~˘≤˘J º˘¡˘æ˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘W ~˘jÈdG ÈY ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dÉ˘H ∫É˘˘°üJ’G

.í°Tôe hCG ,»°SÉ«°S ÜõM hCG ,áª¶æŸ äÉªgÉ°ùŸG

Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE)Equipment

ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

á˘Mƒ˘d ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SÉ˘H ÖNÉ˘æ˘∏˘d í˘ª˘°ùj âjƒ˘°üJ RÉ˘˘¡˘˘L

√QÉ«N ~j~ëàd áq«°ùŸ á°TÉ°ûH IOhõŸG ádB’G hCG í«JÉØŸG

≈∏˘Y ÊhÎμ˘dEG m π˘μ˘°ûH á˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ß˘Ø˘Mh π˘«˘é˘°ùJh

…òdG ΩÉ¶ædG øY ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg õ««“ øe q~H ’ .RÉ¡÷G

´GÎbG á˘bQh ™˘Ñ˘£˘d ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG á˘¡˘LGh Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùj

,ÖNÉædG äGQÉ«N πé°ùj ¿CG ¿hO øe ï°ùæ∏d á∏HÉb

…òdG ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎcE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L ±ÓN ≈∏Y

.kÉ«bQh kÓé°S Q~°üj

Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE)Voting System

ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

π«é°ùàH íª°ùj …òdG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

ádBG òîàJh .ôJƒ«ÑªμdG IôcGP ‘ Iô°TÉÑe äGƒ°UC’G

hCG ‹B’G ‹ÉŸG ±Gô°üdG πμ°T ÉeEG kIOÉY √òg âjƒ°üàdG

.∫É≤ædG ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L πμ°T

Direct Suffrage ô°TÉÑe ÜÉîàfG/´GÎbG

¤EG º˘¡˘«˘∏˘ã‡ ∫É˘°üjEÉ˘H ÚÑ˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘∏˘˘d í˘˘ª˘˘°ùj lÜÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG

.ô°TÉÑŸG âjƒ°üàdG ÈY ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe

Direct Voter Contact ÚÑNÉædÉH ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG

í˘˘«˘˘à˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG ∫É˘˘˘°üJ’G π˘˘˘FÉ˘˘˘°Sh ø˘˘˘e á˘˘˘∏˘˘˘«˘˘˘°Sh q…CG

º˘¡˘à˘dÉ˘°SQ nπ˘≤˘f äÓ˘ª◊G »˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸ hCG Úë˘˘°Tô˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d

ÈY É¡∏≤f ¢V nƒpY ,Ú∏ªàÙG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG kÉ«°üî°T

.ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh i~MEG

DirectorateIQGOEG

πeÉc hCG ,IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› hCG ,ôj~ŸG ™bƒe hCG Ö°üæe

.º°ùb hCG Öàμe øª°V Ú∏eÉ©dG ÚØXƒŸG


A ballot that was not placed in a ballotbox after marked by the voter.

The release, transfer, provision ofaccess to, or divulging in any othermanner of information outside the enti-ty holding the information.

Explicit or implicit revocation of, orfailure to grant, the right to vote to aperson or a group of people. Forantonym, see “Enfranchise(ment).”

See “Choice Elimination” and“Choice Transfer.”

The requirement that to win an electiona candidate must not merely win a spec-ified proportion of the vote nationallybut also a specified degree of supportfrom different regions.

See “Electoral District” and“Constituency.”

The number of legislative seats assignedto an electoral district.

All the information and research that acampaign can put together about a rel-evant electoral district. Should be con-ducted at the beginning of a campaign.See also “Research.”

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¥h~˘˘æ˘˘°U π˘˘NGO ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG É˘˘¡˘˘£˘˘≤˘˘°ùj ⁄ ´GÎbG á˘˘bQh

.áeÓ©H É¡ª°Sh ¿CG ~©H ´GÎb’G

Discarded Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh

Disclosure øY ∞°ûcc

hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûf

¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh

.É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dG

Disenfranchise(ment) ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ~jôŒ/¿ÉeôM

âjƒ°üàdG

≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AÉ¨dEG

á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á«æª°V hCG.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe''

Distribution ofPreferences

äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ

äGQÉ«ÿG/á«∏«° ØàdG

™LGQ.''äGƒ°UC’G Ò«Œ''h ''äGQÉ«ÿG OÉ©Ñà°SG''

DistributionRequirements

~«jCÉJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G •ô°T

É«aGô¨L ´ qRƒe

‘ Rƒ˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d í˘˘˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e •hô˘˘˘°ûdG √ò˘˘˘g »˘˘˘˘° à˘˘˘˘≤˘˘˘˘J

≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G øe IO~fi áÑ°ùæH RƒØj ’CG äÉHÉîàf’G

π°üëj ¿CG kÉ° jCG ¬«∏Y πH ,Ö°ùMh »æWƒdG ~«©°üdG

.≥WÉæŸG ∞∏àfl øe ºY~dG øe øq«©e Q~b ≈∏Y

DistrictIôFGO

™LGQ.''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''

District Magnitude IôFG~dG ºéMM

‘ á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG π«ãªàd á°ü°üıG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y

.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG

District Research IôFG~dG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG

ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y π˘°üë˘à˘°ùj »˘à˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘˘©ŸG qπ˘˘c

Gòg »JCÉjh .á∏°U äGP á«HÉîàfG IôFGO ∫ƒM á∏ª◊G

ÉgRÉ‚EG Q~éj »àdG çÉëHC’G πª› ¥É«°S ‘ åëÑdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘.''çÉÉëHCG''


Districting á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ

The process for determining the way inwhich constituency or electoral areaboundaries are drawn; it deals with thedivision of a country into electoral dis-tricts and the allocation of electors toelectoral districts and polling sites. Thelegislature itself or an independent com-mittee may do the districting or redistrict-ing. Districting is also known as boundarydemarcation. See also “BoundaryDelimitation” and “Redistricting.”

Situation in which a multiplicity of per-spectives exist based on religious, polit-ical, racial, or other differences. Seealso “Heterogeneous Population.”

A situation in which one party controlsthe executive office and another partycontrols the legislature. Divided gov-ernment can frequently occur in presi-dential systems.

A national of a country who monitorselection processes, including observingprocedures inside polling places, as partof a non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organization. See also“Election Monitor/Observer.”

A non-partisan domestic organizationthat, on the basis of political impartiali-ty, monitors election processes to pro-mote electoral integrity and ensure thatthe rights of voters are respected in theelectoral process. Such an organizationis comprised of local citizens and doesnot support or detract from a competi-tor in an election. See also “ElectionMonitoring/Observing.”

á˘jQGOE’G äÉ˘ª˘«˘°ù≤˘à˘dG hCG ô˘FGh~˘dG Oh~˘M º˘°Sô˘d á˘«˘dBG

¤EG ~∏ÑdG º«°ù≤àH á«dB’G √òg »° ≤Jh .á«HÉîàf’G

ôFGh~dG ∂∏J ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™jRƒJh á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

á˘˘˘Ä˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘dG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ˘˘˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ .´GÎb’G õ˘˘˘˘cGô˘˘˘˘eh

¤ƒàJ ~b á∏≤à°ùe áæ÷ hCG ,É¡JGP ~ëH ,á«©jô°ûàdG

™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG hCG º«°SôJ

kÉ˘˘° jCGº˘«˘°Sô˘J IOÉ˘YEG''h kÉ˘Ø˘fBG OQGƒ˘dG ¬˘æ˘«˘Y í˘∏˘£˘°üŸG

.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG

40

Diversity´ qƒæJ

¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY qºæj

hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG äÉ˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘dEG É˘˘e hCG á˘˘«˘˘bô˘˘˘©˘˘˘dGÒZ ¿É˘μ˘˘°S''

.''Ú°ùffÉéààe

Divided Government (ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°°SDƒe ÚH) áæcÉ°ùee

á£∏°ùdÉH ºqμëàj ÜGõMC’G ~MCG q¿CG É¡«a øq«Ñàj ládÉM

á£∏°ùdG ≈∏Y ôNBG ÜõM ô£«°ùj Éªæ«H ájò«ØæàdG

á«°SÉFôdG ºμ◊G áª¶fCG ~¡°ûJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á«©jô°ûàdG

.IôgÉ¶dG √òg πãe

Domestic ElectionMonitor (or Observer)

»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

,á«HÉî˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ÖbGô˘j ø˘q«˘©˘e ~˘∏˘H ø˘e ø˘WGƒ˘e

õcGôe πNGO á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G ¬eÉ¡e πª°ûJ å«ëH

IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ,´GÎb’G

™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe.''äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe''

Domestic ElectionMonitoringOrganization

án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ

É¡aÉ°üJG ºμëH ,¤ƒàJ IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe

á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ,»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG OÉ˘«◊É˘H

¥ƒ≤M ΩGÎMG ¿Éª°Vh äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf õjõ©J ±~¡H

Gòg øe áª¶æe qº° J .á«∏ª©dG ∂∏J ‘ ÚÑNÉædG

É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘a …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG OÓ˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘e Úæ˘˘˘WGƒ˘˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG

¢ùaÉæàe …CG ¢VQÉ©J hCG ºY~J ’ »gh äÉHÉîàf’G

™˘˘LGQ .á˘˘«˘˘˘HÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G á˘˘˘cô˘˘˘©ŸG ‘ ∑QÉ˘˘˘°ûjáÑbGôe''

.''äÉHÉîàf’G


A ballot paper marked with preferencesfor candidates without consideration oftheir policies or abilities. A classic don-key vote is one which records prefer-ences straight down the ballot paper inthe same order as the names printed.This term is used specifically within theAustralian electoral system.

One who contributes resources, usuallymoney, to a cause or fund. In politicalcampaigns, donors can be individuals,organizations, or companies. See also“Campaign Donation.”

See “Canvass.”

See “Two-Round System (TRS).”

A data entry technique whereby datais entered by two separate operatorsand compared for inconsistency.Double data entry is used to ensurequality of data.

A ballot that is over voted with exactlytwo marks.

Candidate names for less importantoffices are placed lower on the ballot,and are thus called "down ballot"offices. Often down ballot officesreceive fewer votes due to voter dropoff or voter fatigue. See also “LowProfile Race,” “Voter Drop Off,”and “Voter Fatigue.”

41

Donkey Vote ≈ªYCG/»FGƒ°ûYY âjƒ°üJ

¿hO øe ¬«ë°Tôe ÖNÉædG É¡«a QÉàîj ´GÎbG ábQh

Gò˘g qπ˘©˘dh .º˘¡˘JGQ~˘b hCG º˘¡˘JÉ˘°SÉ˘«˘˘°ùd QÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘YG …CG

ÚM ≈∏éàj ,áj~«∏≤àdG √ôgÉ¶e ÌcCG ‘ ,âjƒ°üàdG

äOQhCG …òdG π°ù∏°ùàdÉH ¬JGQÉ«N ÖNÉædG πé°ùj

.Úë˘˘˘˘°TôŸG AÉ˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘˘°SCG ´GÎb’G á˘˘˘˘˘bQh ¬˘˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘˘a™«°ûj

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘°V kG~˘j~– í˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫É˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG


DonorífÉe

,kIOÉY ∫GƒeCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ,OQGƒŸG Ë~≤àH ºgÉ°ùj øe qπc

,á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G ‘ ÉeCG .øq«©e ¥h~æ°U hCG á«° ≤d

,äÉª¶æŸG hCG ,OGôaC’G áØ°U Gƒ∏ªëj ¿CG øμÁ ¿ƒëfÉŸÉa

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉcô°ûdG hCG.''á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ''

Door-to-Door QGO ¤EG QGO øe (±GƒW)


Double Ballot System Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f

™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG

Double Entry êhhOõe ∫ÉNOEG

É˘¡˘dÓ˘N ø˘e ø˘μÁ äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ∫É˘NOE’ á˘°UÉ˘N á˘«˘æ˘≤˘˘J

áfQÉ≤ŸGh äÉfÉ«ÑdG ∫ÉNOEG ø r« n∏˘°üØ˘æ˘e ø˘r«˘ne~˘î˘à˘°ùŸ

Ω~îà°ùoJ .¢ bÉæJ …CG øe Égƒ∏N øe ~cCÉà∏d Éª¡æ«H

.äÉfÉ«ÑdG IOƒL ¿Éª° d êhOõŸG ∫ÉNOE’G á«æ≤J

Double-Marked Ballot ÚJôe áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

¥ƒØj mƒëf ≈∏Y) kG~j~– ÚàeÓY πª– ´GÎbG ábQh

.(äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG O~Y

Down Ballot kÉfCÉ°T ≈fOC’G Ö°UÉæŸG ÜÉîàfG

Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG AÉ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SCG qπ˘˘˘à– ,ÜÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G Gò˘˘˘g qπ˘˘˘X ‘

,´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ ≈fOCG áÑJôe á«ªgCG πbC’G Ö°UÉæª∏d

Ée kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Z .''kÉ˘fCÉ˘°T ≈˘fOC’G'' Ö°UÉ˘æŸG'' ‹É˘à˘dÉ˘H ≈˘ª˘°ùà˘a

äGƒ°UC’G øe πbCG kGO~Y Ö°UÉæŸG A’Dƒg ÜÉë°UCG ∫Éæj

hCG É¡H á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ™LGÎd

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡dÉ«M º¡à qªg Qƒàa áé«àfácô©e''

iƒà°ùee ¢VÉØîfG''h ,''AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG

.''ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa''h ,''ácQÉ°ûŸŸG


The formula that is used to calculate theminimum number, or quota, of votesrequired to capture a seat in a multi-member constituency. The quota isascertained by the following formula:total vote divided by the number ofseats plus one: [total validpoll/(seats+1)]+1.

An error on the voters registry in whicha voter’s name appears twice.Duplicate registrations can open thedoor to voter fraud allowing voters tovote multiple times.

Droop Quota ÜÉ°ùààM’) ''ÜhQO'' ÉJƒc

(äGƒ°UC’G

42

á°ü◊G hCG ≈fOC’G ~◊G ÜÉ°ùàM’ É¡H ∫ƒª©e ádOÉ©e

IôFGO ‘ ~©≤e ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d äGƒ°UC’G øe áHƒ∏£ŸG

á°ü◊G √ò˘g ¤EG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘dG º˘à˘jh .π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG IO~˘©˘à˘e

O~˘Y ´ƒ˘ª› á˘ª˘°ùb :á˘«˘˘dÉ˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘dOÉ˘˘©ŸG ≥˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘H

= á°ü◊G :~MGh ~FGR ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G

[(1 + ~YÉ≤ŸG)/á◊É°üdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y.1 + ]

Duplicate Registration êhhOõe π«é°°ùJJ

ÖNÉædG º°SG O pôj å«M ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ßnë∏oj CÉ£N

Gò¡d íª°ùj ¿CG øμÁ ÚJôe º°S’G π«é°ùàa .ÚJôe

ΩÉeCG ÜÉÑdG kÉYô°ûe äGôe I~Y âjƒ°üàdÉH ÖNÉædG

.ôjhõàdG ∫ÉªYCG


Early Voting ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ

See “Advance Voting.”

Any coverage of the campaign in thepress that is not purchased is called“earned media,” as opposed to “paidmedia,” because the campaign willoften have to expend a considerableamount of time and energy to receivegood coverage.

Expressed opinions by individuals, news-paper and radio editors, and TV journal-ists intended to persuade viewers and lis-teners by taking one side of a particularissue or supporting one candidate overanother. See also “Endorsements” and“Opinion Leaders.”

An individual holding public office whoreached his or her post through theelectoral process.

Decision-making process throughwhich citizens of a State who are eligi-ble to vote choose an individual orgroup of individuals to hold publicoffice and work on their behalf.

.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG ™LGQ

43

E

Earned Media ´ƒa~e ÒZ ΩÓYEG

Ée Gògh .πHÉ≤e ¿hO øe ΩÓYE’G ‘ á∏ª◊G á«£¨J

ΩÓ˘˘YEÓ˘˘˘d'' kÉ˘˘˘aÓ˘˘˘N ''´ƒ˘˘˘a~ŸG ÒZ ΩÓ˘˘˘YE’É˘˘˘H'' ± nô˘˘˘©˘˘ oj

k’GƒeCG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ≥ØæJ á∏ª◊G q¿C’ ,''´ƒa~ŸG

á˘«˘£˘¨˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°üë˘∏˘d á˘∏˘˘FÉ˘˘g äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘Wh á˘˘∏˘˘FÉ˘˘W

.I~«L á«eÓYEG

Editorialá«MÉààaG

,OGôaC’G ,ô°ü◊G ’ OG~©àdG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y ,É¡æY ôqÑ©j AGQBG

¿ƒ˘∏˘°SGôŸGh ,äÉ˘YGPE’Gh ∞˘ë˘°üdG ‘ ô˘jô˘ë˘à˘dG AÉ˘°SDhQh

Ú©˘ª˘à˘°ùŸGh ø˘j~˘gÉ˘°ûŸG ´É˘æ˘bEG ±~˘¡˘ H ,¿ƒ˘jQÉ˘Ñ˘NE’G

.ôNBG ~°V í°Tôe ºY~H hCG áæq«©e á«° b ¤EG RÉ«ëf’ÉH

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''…CGôdG IOÉb''h ''ºY~dG hCG ~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG''

Elected Official Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùee

á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY áé«àf kÉeÉY kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj ¢üî°T

.ºμ◊G ¤EG ¬à∏°UhCG

ElectionäÉHÉîàfG

Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ qƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY

¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d

á˘eÉ˘©˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG

.º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGh


Advertising used during a campaignperiod to promote or oppose, directlyor indirectly, the election of a candi-date or a registered political party.Election advertising can take variousforms such as flyers, newspapers, mag-azines, billboards, letters, radio, televi-sion, promotional items, signs, andInternet space.

A detailed calendar created and main-tained by the election managementbody (EMB) that highlights key dead-lines and dates in the election periodincluding candidate registration dead-lines, voter registration deadlines,beginning and end of the campaignperiod, announcement of results, thecomplaints period, etc.


The designated responsibility of volun-teers in an election observation missionon election day. Election day assign-ments can include monitoring thepolling stations, answering a hotline forcomplaints, etc.

The procedures or set of rules for elec-tion day. Various stakeholders--theelection management body (EMB),observation missions, political parties,media, and others-- will each have theirown set of election day protocolswhich are essential to achieve theirelection day goal- be it fair elections,preliminary results reporting, electoralvictory, free press, etc.

ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûàd á∏ª◊G I~e ∫GƒW Ω n~îà°ùoJ äÉfÓYEG

hCG π˘é˘°ùe »˘°SÉ˘«˘°S Üõ˘M hCG í˘ ˘°Tô˘ ˘e ÜÉ˘ ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘fG ≈˘˘∏˘ ˘Y

¿CG øμÁh .Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ hCG Iô°TÉÑe á≤jô£H ,¬à°VQÉ©e

,äÉ˘jƒ˘£ŸÉ˘c ∫É˘μ˘°TCG I~˘Y »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿Ó˘YE’G ò˘î˘à˘j

,á«fÓYE’G äÉMƒ∏dGh ,äÓÛGh ,∞ë°üdÉH Ú©à°ùjh

OGƒŸGh ,á˘«˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dGh á˘«˘YGPE’G äÉ˘£ÙGh ,π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dGh

.âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T ≈∏Y äÉMÉ°ùŸGh ,äÉàaÓdGh ,á«FÉY~dG

44

Election Advertising »HÉîàfG ¿ÓYEG

Election Calendar á«HÉîàf’G çGG~MC’G áeÉfRhQ

QGôªà°SÉH É¡«∏˘Y ±ô˘°ûJh É˘g q~˘© oJ á˘∏˘°üØ˘e á˘eÉ˘fRhQ

áeÉfRhôdG √òg ¢Vô©à°ùJh .äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g

»àdG πMGôª∏d IO~ÙG ïjQGƒàdGh iƒ°ü≤dG π¡ŸG RôHCG

IO~ÙG π¡ŸG É¡«a ÉÃ ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG É¡H qô“

π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùà˘˘d IO~ÙG π˘˘¡ŸGh ,Úë˘˘°TôŸG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘˘°ùà˘˘˘d

¿Ó˘YEGh ,É˘¡˘à˘jÉ˘¡˘fh á˘∏˘ª◊G IÎa á˘jG~˘Hh ,ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

.¿ƒ©£dG Ë~≤àd IO~ÙG IÎØdGh ,èFÉàædG

Election Commission /äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷

äÉHÉîàf’G á«°VƒØe


Election DayAssignment (forMonitors/Observers)

Ωƒ«dG (»ÑbGôe ¤EG án∏ ncƒe) ΩÉ¡e

»HÉîàf’G

Ωƒj Ú∏eÉ©dG ÚYƒ£àŸG ¤EG ~ n¡©oJ »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG

.äÉHÉî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e á˘ã˘©˘H QÉ˘WEG ø˘ª˘°V ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

õcGôe áÑbGôe ∫ÉªYCG »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ΩÉ¡e πª°ûJh

»≤∏àd ¢ü°üıG øNÉ°ùdG §ÿG ≈∏Y OôdGh ,´GÎb’G

.ΩÉ¡e øe É¡«dEG Éeh ,ihÉμ°ûdG

Election DayProtocol/Schedule

/»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG äGAGôLEG

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG πªY èeeÉfôH

∫ÉªYCG º q¶æJ »àdG äÉ¡«LƒàdG áYƒª› hCG äGAGôLE’G

≈∏Y ,Ú∏ãªàŸG ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCÉa .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG

,áÑbGôŸG äÉã©Hh ,äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«¡H ,º¡YƒæJ

,º˘˘¡˘˘¡˘˘HÉ˘˘°T É˘˘eh ,ΩÓ˘˘YE’Gh ,á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’Gh

Ωƒ˘j ‘ á˘˘«˘˘YôŸG ∫ƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ¿ƒ˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘qà˘˘«˘˘°S

»˘à˘dG ±G~˘gC’G ≥˘«˘≤˘ë˘à˘˘d á˘˘jQhô˘˘° dGh ,ÜÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

,á¡jõf äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG »gh ,Ωƒ«dG Gò¡d ÉghO~M

¿ƒ°Uh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØdGh ,á«dhC’G èFÉàædG π≤fh

.±G~gCG øe É¡«dEG Éeh ,ΩÓYE’G ájôM


Election Day Report »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ôjô≤J

A report issued by an election observer,either domestic or international,released on election day, which pro-vides an account of election day proce-dures, such as voter fraud and intimida-tion. More detailed findings or conclu-sions can be issued later in a prelimi-nary, interim, or final statement fromthe observation mission.

The day on which the voters come tothe polls and cast their votes to electtheir leaders.

The overall aim of an election cam-paign. In most cases the election goalis to win the seat or office; sometimesit is the specific number of votesrequired to win the seat or office. Inother cases, candidates run for office topromote a particular idea or expose anopponent's record on a particular issueregardless of their likelihood of win-ning the election.

See “Free and Fair Elections.”

An organization or body created toadminister and manage some or all ofthe essential elements of the electoralprocess in accordance with the lawsand regulations of the country. Theseelements may include issuing guide-lines for eligibility to vote, party andcandidate registration and nomination,voter registration, voting, vote tabula-tion, and electoral complaints, amongother processes. In most countries, thebody is made up of independent,appointed individuals who form acommission or board.

,äÉHÉîàf’G »ÑbGôe øY ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj Q~°üj ôjô≤J

kÉ° «Øà°ùe kÉMô°T ¬«a ¿ƒe~≤«a ,Ú«dhO hCG GƒfÉc Ú«∏fi

øY Óãe ∞°ûμdÉc ,»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ AGOC’G á≤jôW øY

¬d ¿ƒ°Vô©àj Éeh ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡ÑμJôj »àdG ôjhõàdG ∫ÉªYCG

…òdG »FÉ¡ædG hCG ,âbDƒŸG hCG ,‹hC’G ¿É«ÑdG ÉeCG .Ö«gôJ øe

á«aÉ°VEG π«°UÉØJ Ω~≤«a áÑbGôŸG áã©H øY kÉ≤M’ Q~°üj

.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG á°UÓN hCG èFÉàædG øY

45

Election Day/PollingDay

»HÉîàfG Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj

´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dG

.º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd

Election Goal äÉHÉîàf’G ±~g

º¶©e »Øa .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G øe ‹ÉªLE’G ±~¡dG

;Ö°üæÃ hCG ~©≤Ã RƒØdG ¤EG á∏ª◊G ±~¡J ,ä’É◊G

ø˘˘e O~fi O~˘˘Y ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘°ü◊G ¤EG ±~˘˘¡˘˘J kÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘MCGh

‘h .Ö°üæŸG hCG ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØ∏d áHƒ∏£ŸG äGƒ°UC’G

±~˘¡˘H Ö°üæ˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ¢üî˘˘°ûdG í˘˘°TÎj ,iô˘˘NCG mä’É˘˘M

πsé°ùoj É qªY ÜÉ≤ædG ∞°ûμd hCG áæq«©e IôμØd èjhÎdG

¢ ¨H áæq«©e á«° b √ÉŒ ∞bGƒe øe ¬ª°üN ≈∏Y

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¬j~d RƒØdG ä’ÉªàMG øY ô¶ædG

Election Legitimacy äÉHÉîàf’G á«Yô°T

™LGQ.''á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG''

Election Management Body (EMB)

äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g

πc hCG ¢ ©H IQGOE’ ÉgDhÉ°ûfEG ºàj áÄ«g hCG áª¶æe

á˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG Ò°ùH á˘˘£˘˘Ñ˘˘JôŸG á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘°SC’G ô˘˘°UÉ˘˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG

‘ É¡H ∫ƒª©ŸG áª¶fC’Gh ÚfGƒ≤∏d kÉ≤ÑW ,á«HÉîàf’G

ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG ~˘˘j~– ô˘˘°UÉ˘˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG √ò˘˘g π˘˘ª˘˘˘°ûJh .~˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG

»à˘dG äGAGô˘LE’Gh ,âjƒ˘°üà˘dG á˘«˘∏˘gC’ á˘«˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG

π˘«˘é˘°ùJ ,ô˘°ü◊G ’ OG~˘©˘à˘dG π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ≈˘∏˘Y ,≈˘˘Yô˘˘J

π˘˘˘«˘˘˘é˘˘˘°ùJh ,º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘à˘˘˘«˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ùJh Úë˘˘˘°TôŸGh ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G

,äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh ,âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªYh ,ÚÑNÉædG

,¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e ‘h .á«HÉîàf’G ihÉμ°ûdG Ë~≤Jh

º¡æ««©J qºàj Ú∏≤à°ùe OGôaCG øe áÄ«¡dG √òg ¿ qƒμàJ

.¢ù∏› hCG á«°VƒØe AÉ°ûfE’


ElectionMonitor/Observer

äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

Accredited person participating in elec-tion observation. Can be domestic orinternational.

Gathering of information regarding anelectoral process by an organizationwhich is not inherently authorized tointervene in the process. Unbiasedaccredited persons, domestic or interna-tional, participate to detect any fraud orcheating in the electoral process, and toassess the integrity of the process and itscompliance with relevant legal instru-ments and international and regionalstandards. See also “Domestic ElectionMonitoring Organization” and“International Election ObservationMission (or Delegation).”

A government official charged withadministering various tasks related tothe election process as determined bythe legal framework and the directive ofthe election management body (EMB).

See “Opinion Poll/s.”

In some systems, a qualified person whodesires to become a candidate for anofficial office may become a candidateby having a petition signed by a specifiednumber of eligible voters of the districtfrom which the candidate seeks election.See also “Ballot Qualification.”

á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘˘∏˘˘d Ü n~˘˘à˘˘æ˘ oj ¢üî˘˘°T

»∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh .äÉHÉîàf’G

.‹h~dG hCG

46

ElectionMonitoring/Observing

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe

≈∏Y á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ™ªéH Ωƒ≤J

√òg ‘ π qN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d í nª°ùoj ’ máª¶æe ~j

,øj~jÉfi l¢UÉî°TCG áª¡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG

q…CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dGh »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj

º««≤Jh ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÖYÓJ hCG ôjhõJ

á«fƒfÉ≤dG ≥«KGƒŸÉH É¡eGõàdGh á«∏ª©dG ágGõf i~e

.á«ª«∏bE’Gh á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ∂dòch á∏°üdG äGP

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ''äÉHÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ á˘«˘∏fi á˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e''

.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ (‹hO ~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H''h

Election Official äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S øY ∫hDƒ°ùee

ΩÉ¡e I~Y IQGOEG ¬«dEG ~ n¡©oJ »eƒμM ∞Xƒe hCG ∫hDƒ°ùe

QÉWE’G ÉgO~ëj Éªc ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH á£ÑJôe

áÄ«˘g ø˘Y IQOÉ˘°üdG äÉ˘ª˘«˘∏˘©˘à˘dG Ö°ùë˘Hh Êƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG

.äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG

Election OpinionSurvey

äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ƒM AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG

™LGQ.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG''

Election Petition á«HÉîàfG á° jôY

…òdG á«∏gC’G …P ¢üî°û∏d Rƒéj ,áª¶fC’G ¢ ©H ‘

∫ÓN øe í°TÎj ¿CG »ª°SQ Ö°üæŸ í°TÎdG ‘ ÖZôj

âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG ø˘˘e O~fi O~˘˘Y Iƒ˘˘YO

É¡æY í°TÎdG …ƒæj »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gò¡H á° jôY ™«bƒJ ¤EG•hô°T''

.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G


47

The right to vote in periodic elections, tostand as a candidate for election, to formand participate in a political party, tocampaign, and to be elected into office.Though electoral laws concerning spe-cific election rights differ from countryto country, these basic rights are afford-ed universally by article 21 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.

See “Legal Framework.”

Activity of overseeing some or all thesteps of the electoral process.

Campaigning for votes.

A standard for tagging and organizingelection information in a way that canbe exchanged among hardware, soft-ware, and service providers that arebuilt to utilize the EML standard.

See “Voter.”



The rules or body of law governing theelectoral process in a specific countrythat establishes the conduct of the elec-tion. See also “Legal Framework.”

Election Rights á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤M

…ôŒ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG hCG ´GÎb’G ≥M

ÜGõ˘MC’G π˘«˘μ˘°ûJh ,äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fÓ˘˘d í˘˘°TÎdGh ,kÉ˘˘jQhO

‹ƒJh ,äÓª◊G º«¶æJh ,É¡«a ácQÉ°ûŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG

q¿CG ™˘eh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y Ö°UÉ˘˘æŸG

IO~fi á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤ëH ≥∏©àJ »àdG ÜÉîàf’G ÚfGƒb

»ŸÉ©dG ¿ÓYE’G øe 21 IOÉŸÉa ,ôNBG ¤EG m~∏H øe ∞∏àîJ

.á«°SÉ°SC’G ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg kÉ«ŸÉY ¢S qôμJ ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊

ElectionRegulations/Rules

äÉHÉîàf’G º«¶æJ ~YGƒb

™LGQ.''ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG''

Election Supervision äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TEG

πc hCG ¢ ©H ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ô¡°ùdG

.É¡ÑfGƒL

Electioneering á«HÉîàfG ájÉYO

.ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCG ádÉªà°S’ äÓªM º«¶æJ

Elections MarkupLanguage (EML)

äÉHÉîàf’G õ«eôJ á¨d

äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’É˘H á˘°UÉÿG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG õ˘˘«˘˘eÎd QÉ˘˘«˘˘©˘˘e

äG~˘˘©˘˘e ÚH É˘˘¡˘˘dOÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘J ø˘˘μÁ å«˘˘ë˘˘H É˘˘¡˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘Jh

áªª o°üŸG äÉe~ÿG …O qhõeh äÉ«›ÈdGh ôJƒ«ÑªμdG

.á¨∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ΩG~îà°S’

Elector´Î≤e

™LGQ.''ÖNÉf''

Electoral Administration



Electoral Authority äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG á£∏°S


Electoral Code/Law »HÉîàfG ¿ƒfÉb/ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb

á«∏ª©dG ≈YôJ »àdG ÚfGƒ≤dG áYƒª› hCG áª¶fC’G

.øq«©e ~∏H ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S º q¶æJh á«HÉîàf’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ..''''ÊÊƒƒffÉÉbb QQÉÉWWEEGG''''


Electoral College »HÉîàfG ™ª›

Voter representative body that official-ly elects the President of the UnitedStates. When Americans vote for apresident and vice president, they actu-ally vote for presidential electors,known collectively as the ElectoralCollege. It is these electors, chosen bythe people, who elect the chief execu-tive. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.


Political parties and candidates compet-ing for elected office and organizedgroups supporting or opposing proposi-tions presented in referendums. See also“Candidate” and “Political Party.”

See “Contest an Election” and“Contestation.”

Court of justice existing in some coun-tries with the exclusive purpose of han-dling and adjudicating electoral disputes,complaints, and challenges. An electoralcourt is also known as an electoral tribu-nal. See also “Review Body.”

Any dispute related to the electoralprocess.

The geographic area delimited for elec-toral purposes. See also “Constituency.”

48

‘ ájQƒ¡ª÷G ¢ù«FQ ÖîàæJh ÚÑNÉædG πã“ áÄ«g

¿ƒÑNÉædG ä qƒ°üj Úëa .á«cÒeC’G I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG

¿ƒJ qƒ°üj É‰EG ,¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«Fô∏d ¿ƒ«cÒeC’G

,¬ÑFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG kÉ«∏©a ¿ƒÑîàæj øjòdG ÚHh~æª∏d

A’Dƒ¡a .»HÉîàf’G ™ªÛÉH áYƒªéªc ¿ƒaô©oj ºgh

ø˘jò˘dG º˘g ,Ö©˘°ûdG º˘˘gQÉ˘˘à˘˘î˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ,¿ƒ˘˘Hh~˘˘æŸG

.OÓ˘Ñ˘dG ‘ ≈˘∏˘YC’G …ò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘à˘dG ∫hDƒ˘°ùŸG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘î˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘j



Electoral Commission äÉHÉîàf’G á«°VƒØe/áæ÷

™LGQ..''''ääÉÉHHÉÉîîààff’’GG IIQQGGOOEEGG ááÄÄ««gg''''

Electoral Competitors ‘ ¿ƒ°ùaaÉæàe (¿ƒë°Tôe)

äÉHÉîàf’G

¿ƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘î˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘˘°TôŸG hCG á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G

äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG ∂dò˘ch ,Ö°UÉ˘æŸÉ˘H Rƒ˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘d äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

äÉMGÎbÓd É¡° aQ hCG Ég~«jCÉJ øY Üô©J »àdG á nª s¶æŸG

™LGQ .AÉàØà°SÓd á©°VÉÿG..''''»»°°SSÉÉ««°°SS ÜÜõõMM''''hh ''''íí°°TTôôee''''

Electoral Contestation äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘ ø©W

™LGQ..kkÉÉØØffBBGG OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG

Electoral Court ¿hDƒ°ûddÉH á°üàfl áªμfi

á«HÉîàf’G

kÉjô°üM ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H É¡Ä°ûæj »àdG ∫~©dG áªμfi

ihÉ˘˘μ˘˘°ûdGh äÉ˘˘YGõ˘˘æ˘˘dG ‘ qâÑ˘˘dGh ô˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ±~˘˘˘¡˘˘˘H

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ¿ƒ©£dGh..''''áá©©LLGGôôŸŸGG ááÄÄ««gg''''

Electoral Dispute »HÉîàfG ´Gõf

.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH ≥∏©àj ´Gõf …CG

Electoral District á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

.á«HÉîàfG ¢VGôZC’ ÉgOh~M º s°SôoJ á«aGô¨L á≤£æe

™LGQ..kkÉÉØØffBBGG OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG


See “Voters List.”

The ratio or percentage of voters cast-ing their votes to eligible voters in aspecific election.

See “Electoral Process.”

All events and processes related to anelection, including but not limited to: reg-istration of parties and candidates, regis-tration of voters, campaigning, mediacoverage of the election, voting and tab-ulation, electoral dispute resolution, certi-fication of results, and the installation ofwinning candidates into office.

The modification of an electoral system,usually through amending the electorallaw, to change the way an electoralprocess is run. Encompasses many dif-ferent aspects of the electoral processsuch as voter and candidate registration,campaign finance reform, and the print-ing of ballots, among others. See also“Amendment of Electoral Law.”

See “Precinct.”

Combination of formulas and mecha-nisms which provides for the electorateto cast the votes and to translate thesevotes into seats in the parliament or thelegislature.

49

Electoral List/Electoral Roll

/á«HÉîàfG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd

ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L

™LGQ..kkÉÉ≤≤MM’’ OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG

Electoral Participation äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûee

áÑ°ùf πHÉ≤e º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~j øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG áÑ°ùf

.øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG

Electoral Procedures äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S

™LGQ..''''áá««HHÉÉîîààffGG áá««∏∏ªªYY''''

Electoral Process á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY

ÉÃ äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG äGAGôLE’Gh çG~MC’G πc

ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ ,ô°ü◊G ’ ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y ,É¡«a

,á∏ª◊G º«¶˘æ˘Jh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJh ,Úë˘°TôŸGh

™ªLh âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªYh ,kÉ«eÓYEG á∏ª◊G á«£¨Jh

è˘˘FÉ˘˘˘à˘˘˘f ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ≥˘˘˘j~˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘dGh ,∫hG~˘˘˘L ‘ äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G

.º¡eÉ¡e øjõFÉØdG ÚÑNÉædG ºq∏°ùJh ,äÉHÉîàf’G

Electoral Reform »HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG

πj~©J ÈY kIOÉY qºàj …òdG »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG Ò«¨J

á≤jô˘W ‘ Ò«˘¨˘J çG~˘MEG ±~˘¡˘H »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG

»HÉîàf’G ìÓ°UE’G ∫É£jh .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG IQGOEG

É¡æe ôcòf ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øe IO~©àe ÖfGƒL

ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ ô˘°ü◊G ’ OG~˘©˘à˘dG π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ≈˘∏˘˘Y

¥GQhCG ™ÑWh ,á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ ΩÉ¶f ìÓ°UEGh ,Úë°TôŸGh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G..''''»»HHÉÉîîààff’’GG ¿¿ƒƒffÉÉ≤≤ddGG ππjj~~©©JJ''''

Electoral Sub-District á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

™LGQ..kkÉÉ≤≤MM’’ OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY ™™∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG

Electoral System »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

A’OE’G ø˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ø˘˘ qμ“ mäÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBGh m ≠˘˘˘«˘˘˘°U è˘˘˘eO

hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG π˘NGO ~˘YÉ˘≤˘e ¤EG É˘¡˘à˘ª˘Lô˘Jh º˘¡˘JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘˘H

.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG


Electoral Tribunal ¿hDƒ°ûddÉH á°üàfl áªμfi

á«HÉîàf’G

See “Electoral Court.”

An infringement, either intentional orunintentional, of the electoral law's reg-ulations on any aspect of the electoralprocess; violations can include voterfraud, irregularities in the voter registra-tion process, campaign abuses, intimi-dation, and other offences. See also“Booth Capturing,” “BribingVoters,”“Campaign Abuse/Violation,”“Vote-Buying,” Voter Fraud,” and“Voter Intimidation/Harassment.”

This is the portion of the population able tovote in a given election. See also “Voter.”

Internet, television, and radio outletsthat use spoken words and/or video, asopposed to the print media, which usesthe written word. See also “MassMedia” and “Print Media.”

An electronic voters list that may haveadditional functions and abilities, suchas connection to a network or centralvoter database.

Voting and/or tabulation that utilizeselectronic technologies. This caninclude the use of paper ballots that arescanned and tabulated by computer,such as in optical mark recognition(OMR) or optical character recognition(OCR) devices, or the use of directrecording electronic (DRE) equipment.Electronic votes are stored digitally in astorage medium such as a tape cartridge,diskette, or smart card (a microchip-based storage unit) before being sent toa centralized location where tabulationprograms compile and tabulate results.


50

Electoral Violation »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG

¿ƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG ΩÉ˘˘μ˘˘MC’ ,~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ÒZ hCG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ,¥ô˘˘N

á«∏ª©dG ÖfGƒL øe ÖfÉL …CÉH á≤∏©àŸG »HÉîàf’G

ô˘jhõ˘à˘dG ∫É˘ª˘YCG äÉ˘bhôÿG √ò˘g π˘ª˘°ûJh ;á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

á«∏ªY ‘ áXƒë∏ŸG AÉ£NC’Gh ,ÖNÉædG É¡ÑμJôj »àdG

,á∏ª◊G ‘ áÑμJôŸG äÉØdÉıGh ,ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉj~©J øe É¡¡HÉ°T Éeh ,Ö«gÎdG ∫ÉªYCGh

,''Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG''h ,''´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ–''

,''äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T''h ,''á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG ''h

.''ÚÑNÉædG πjƒ¡J/Ö«gôJ''h ,''»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ''h

Electorate áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g/ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ´GÎbÓd á∏gDƒŸG á«fÉμ°ùdG áëjô°ûdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÖNÉf''

Electronic Media

ÊhÎμdG ΩÓYEG

á˘«˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG á˘«˘eÓ˘YE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dGh âfÎfE’G ™˘bGƒ˘e

ká˘fQÉ˘≤˘e ,IQƒ˘°üdGh äƒ˘°üdG Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG á˘«˘YGPE’Gh

á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG á˘Yƒ˘Ñ˘£ŸG ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘ H

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áHƒàμŸG.''´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG''h ''ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh''

Electronic Poll Book

ÊhÎμdE’G ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S

(áæq«©e IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG)

∞FÉXh É¡d ¿ƒμJ ~b ÚÑNÉædÉH á«fhÎμdEG áªFÉb

I~˘YÉ˘≤˘H hCG á˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûH •É˘˘Ñ˘˘JQ’É˘˘c á˘˘«˘˘aÉ˘˘°VEG äGQ~˘˘bh

.ÚÑNÉæ∏d ájõcôe äÉfÉ«H

Electronic Voting(E-Voting)

ÊhÎμdEG âjƒ°üJ

äÉ˘«˘æ˘≤˘à˘dG ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SÉ˘H äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘dh~˘L hCG/h ´GÎb’G

¥GQhCG √ò˘g ´GÎb’G á˘≤˘jô˘W Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJh .á˘«˘fhÎμ˘dE’G

Iõ¡LCG á£°SGƒH É¡àdh~Lh É¡î°ùf …ôéj »àdG ´GÎb’G

¤EG »Fƒ˘° dG ±ô˘©˘à˘dG Iõ˘¡˘LCG ∫É˘ã˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ,ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG

âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SG hCG ,±ô˘MC’G hCG äÉ˘eÓ˘©˘dG

π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dG ÈY á˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘°UC’É˘a .ô˘°TÉ˘ÑŸG ÊhÎμ˘dE’G

øjõîàdG πFÉ°Sh i~MEG ‘ kÉ«ªbQ É¡¶ØM ºàj á«fhÎμdE’G

hCG ,Ò¨°U èe~e ¢Uôb hCG ,§jô°T á°TƒWôN ∫Éãe ≈∏Y

äÉbÉbQ ≈∏Y πª©J øjõîJ I~Mh »gh) á«cP ábÉ£H

~ª©J å«M …õcôe ¿Éμe ¤EG É¡dÉ°SQEG πÑb (IÒ¨°U

.∫hG~L ‘ É¡ª«¶æJh èFÉàædG ™ªL ¤EG ádh~÷G èeGôH


A mechanical device using electricity usedfor voting. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) Equipment,”“Electronic Voting (E-Voting),”“Optical Character Recognition(OCR) Devices,” or “Optical MarkRecognition (OMR) Devices.”

An individual who satisfies the legalrequirements to participate in the elec-tion. Those requirements are usuallyrelated to nationality, age, soundness ofmind, and absence of a criminal record.

A method of external voting in whichvoters residing outside a country mayvote at their embassy or consulate. Seealso “Absentee Voting” and “Out ofCountry Voting (OCV).”

Occurs when a voter cannot go to thepolling station on election day (or votein the early voting) for specific reasonsthat meet the requirements of the coun-try or district regulations concerningthis kind of voting. Some countriesallow emergency voting if the person issuddenly hospitalized, or becomes seri-ously ill, or is suddenly called awayfrom home. If this person meets all therequirements, and he cannot be presentat the polling station to express hischoice through voting, an emergencyballot is issued to the authorized repre-sentative of the voter. See also “ProxyVote” and “Substitution of Voter.”

Practice by which an influential individ-ual or group legitimizes a candidate orpolicy. See also “Opinion Leaders.”

á˘bÉ˘£˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘∏˘«˘˘¨˘˘°ûJ º˘˘à˘˘j »˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘fÉ˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘e RÉ˘˘¡˘˘L

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üà∏d Ω n~îà°ùojh á«FÉHô¡μdGRÉ¡L''

,''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdGhCG,''ÊhÎμdEG âjƒ°üJ''

hCG ,''±ôMC’G ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG RÉ¡L''hCGRÉ¡L''

.''äÉeÓ©dG ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG

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Electronic VotingMachine (EVM)

ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

Eligible Voter

âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒe ÖNÉf

á˘˘«˘˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG •hô˘˘°ûdG ¬˘˘«˘˘a ô˘˘aGƒ˘˘à˘˘˘J …ò˘˘˘dG Oô˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘dG

•hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g §˘Ñ˘Jô˘Jh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d

,π≤©˘dG á˘eÓ˘°Sh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘°ùæ÷G π˘eGƒ˘©˘H kIOÉ˘Y

.ΩôL …CG øe ‹~©dG ¬∏é°S qƒ∏Nh

Embassy Voting

äGQÉØ°ùddG ‘ âjƒ°üJ

º«≤ŸG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àJ ÜGÎZ’G OÓH ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d á«dBG

™LGQ .á«∏°üæ≤dG hCG IQÉØ°ùdG ‘ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG êQÉÿG ‘

.''~∏ÑdG êQÉN âjƒ°üJ''h ''»HÉ«Z âjƒ°üJ'' kÉ° jCG

Emergency Voting

áFQÉ£dG ä’É◊G ‘ âjƒ°üJ

¤EG ¬LƒàdG ÖNÉædG ≈∏Y Q qò©àj ÚM ¬«dEG Aƒé∏dG ºàj

πμ°ûH ä qƒ°üj hCG) ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ ´GÎb’G õcôe

áª¶fC’G äÉeõ∏à°ùe ™e ≥aGƒàJ IO~fi ÜÉÑ°SC’ (ôqμÑe

´ƒædG Gòg ¿CÉ°ûH á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG hCG ~∏ÑdG ‘ á«YôŸG

âjƒ˘°üà˘dÉ˘H ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG ¢ ©˘H í˘ª˘˘°ùjh .âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG ø˘˘e

,áFQÉW IQƒ°üH ≈Ø°ûà°ùŸG ¤EG ÖNÉædG πNO GPEG ÇQÉ£dG

øY OÉ©àHÓd ô£°VG hCG ,~j~°T AÉ«YEG øe ÊÉ©j ¿Éc hCG

‘ƒà°ùj ÖNÉædG ¿Éc ∫ÉM ‘ .áÄLÉØe IQƒ°üH ¬dõæe

õcôe ¤EG Qƒ° ◊G ¬«∏Y Q qò©àjh ,É¡∏c •hô°ûdG √òg

¤EG QÉ˘˘°ü˘˘oj ,√QÉ˘˘«˘˘N ø˘˘Y kÉ˘˘HGô˘˘YEG âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d ´GÎb’G

π˘˘ã˘˘ªŸG ¤EG á˘˘˘FQÉ˘˘˘W IQƒ˘˘˘°üH ´GÎbG á˘˘˘bQh QG~˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘°SG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÖNÉædG øe ¢V sƒØŸG''ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ''

.''ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÖNÉf âjƒ°üJ''h

Endorsement

ºY~dG/~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG

,äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› hCG Gƒ˘fÉ˘c kGOGô˘aCG ,Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG ΩÉ˘˘«˘˘b

™LGQ .á°SÉ«°S hCG ÖNÉf …CG ≈∏Y á«Yhô°ûŸG AÉØ°VEÉH

kÉ° jCG.''…CGôdG IOÉb''


End-to-End Test πeÉ°T QÉÑàNG

A test that conducts actual simulationsof the complete voting process thatwill occur on election day. See also“Load Test.”

To grant the privilege of voting to aperson who meets requirements set bythe State for voter eligibility. Morebroadly, enfranchisement can refer tothe process by which an individual orgroup receives the right for some sortof action or voice. For antonym, see“Disenfranchise(ment).”

See “Voter Registration.”

A State-initiated voter registrationprocess in which election officials havethe responsibility of identifying eligiblenon-registered voters. This is typicallydone by trained staff canvassing door-to-door in search of eligible individuals.

An equal entitlement to something(despite race, gender, ethnicity, creed,etc.). Access to concepts like justiceand due process, or to ownership ofproperty or some interest in property,real or personal. These rights includevarious freedoms, protection againstinterference with enjoyment of life andproperty, civil rights enjoyed by citi-zens such as voting and access to thecourts, natural rights accepted by civi-lized societies, human rights to protectpeople throughout the world from ter-ror, torture, barbaric practices, anddeprivation of civil rights and profitfrom their labor.

mQÉÑàN’ É¡∏eÉμH »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG äÉjô› ´É° NEG

.á«∏ª©dG √ò¡d »∏©ØdG ™bGƒdG IÉcÉfi Üƒ∏°SCG ™Ñqàj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''AGOC’G QÉÑàNG''

52

Enfranchise(ment) âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe

¢üî°ûdG ¤EG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©j

Éªc ,âjƒ°üà∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ¬«a ôaGƒàJ …òdG

ƒ¡a ,™°ShC’Gh πª°TC’G √Éæ©e ‘ ÉeCG .ádh~dG ÉgO~–

øq«©e ≥jôa hCG OôØd íª°ùJ »àdG á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Ò°ûj

™LGQ .¬jCGôH A’OE’G hCG Ée ∑ôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ≥M ∫Éæj ¿CÉH

¢ «≤ædG.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''

Enrollment (ÚÑNÉædG) π«é°°ùJJ


Enumeration (ÚÑNÉædG) AÉ°üMEG

¤EG ~¡©J ádh~dG øe IQOÉÑÃ ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY

Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ~j~– á«dhDƒ°ùe äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒe

√òg ¤ƒàjh .íFGƒ∏dG ‘ Ú∏é°ùŸG ÒZ É‰EG âjƒ°üà∏d

QGO øe ±Gƒ£dG ≈∏Y ¿ƒHQ~ŸG ¿ƒØXƒŸG kÉ«F~Ñe áª¡ŸG

.âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒe OGôaCG øY kÉãëH QGO ¤EG

EqualOpportunity/Rights

¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee/¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ

q¢ ¨H) áæq«©e ¢Uôa hCG ¥ƒ≤ëH IGhÉ°ùŸG Ω~b ≈∏Y ™àªàdG

»æKE’G AÉªàfE’G hCG »YÉªàL’G ƒædG hCG ¥ô©dG øY ô¶ædG

øe IOÉaE’Éc ,(πeGƒY øe É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,á«æj~dG I~«≤©dG hCG

∫ƒ°UC’G IÉYGôeh ádG~©dÉH kÓãe á≤∏©àŸG º«gÉØŸG ¢ ©H

∑ÓeCG øe ´ÉØàf’G hCG äÉμ∏àªŸG AÉæàbG hCG ,á«fƒfÉ≤dG

,äÉjô◊G πª°ûJ ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡a .ájQÉ≤Y ÒZ hCG ájQÉ≤Y

∫É˘μ˘°TCG ø˘e π˘μ˘°T …CG ~˘°V ø˘ q°üë˘à˘dGh ,É˘¡˘Yƒ˘æ˘J ≈˘∏˘Y

kÉ° jCG πª°ûJh ,á«μ∏ŸGh IÉ«◊ÉH ™àªàdG ≥M ‘ πN~àdG

´GÎb’G ≥˘ë˘c Úæ˘WGƒ˘ª˘∏˘d á˘Mƒ˘æ˘ªŸG á˘«˘f~ŸG ¥ƒ˘≤◊G

É¡H qô≤J »àdG á«©«Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤◊Gh ,ºcÉÙG ¤EG Aƒé∏dGh

»˘ª– »˘à˘dG ¿É˘°ùfE’G ¥ƒ˘≤˘Mh ,á˘f~˘ª˘àŸG äÉ˘©˘ª˘àÛG

äÉ˘°SQÉ˘ªŸGh Öjò˘©˘à˘dGh ÜÉ˘gQE’G ø˘ ˘e ⁄É˘ ˘©˘ ˘dG Üƒ˘ ˘©˘ ˘°T

øeh á«f~ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg øe É¡fÉeôM ¿hO ∫ƒ–h ájôHÈdG

.É¡dÉªYCG øe ìÉHQC’G Ö°ùc


Equal Suffrage ´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee

Principle according to which every per-son is entitled to one vote (one person,one vote).

Demands that voting operations offerequal opportunities for participation toall eligible voters and political partici-pants. Encompasses aspects of accessi-bility and transparency.

States that have a long history withdemocratic principles and operations,and have undergone a consolidation ofdemocracy. See also “Consolidationof Democracy.”

The label given to powerful, elite indi-viduals or groups who can make impor-tant social, political, and economic pol-icy decisions for the society.

An elected position that oversees therunning of the government, such as amayor, governor, or president. See also“Legislative Office.”

When a voter fails to indicate all prefer-ences in a preferential voting system,thus no further preferences can be deter-mined when distributing preferences.

An assessment of the election resultsobtained by canvassing voters as theyleave the polling stations.

The anticipated rate of voter participa-tion in an upcoming election.

~MGh äƒ°üH A’OE’G Oôa qπμd √É° à≤Ã ≥ëj CG~Ñe

.(~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U)

53

Equity (Electoral) (ÚÑNÉædG) ±É°üfEG

áÄaÉμàe kÉ°Uôa ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ô qaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG

ÜÉ˘î˘à˘˘fÓ˘˘d Ú∏˘˘gDƒŸG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸ

Gò˘g ø˘° à˘ë˘jh .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘˘dG ‘ ÚWô˘˘î˘˘æŸGh

.ádAÉ°ùŸGh á«aÉØ°ûdG ôgÉ¶e ¢ ©H Ωƒ¡ØŸG

Established Democracies

áî°SGQ äÉ«WGô≤ÁO

πª©dGh á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸG ≥«Ñ£àH É¡d ~ n¡°ûoj ∫hO

ºFÉYO âÑ«ãJ ¤EG kI~gÉL â©°S ~bh ,É¡æe m »MƒH

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .É˘˘¡˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘fCG ‘ á˘˘«˘˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dGï«°SôJ''

.''á«WGô≤Á~dG

Establishment PƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG

äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e má˘Ñ˘î˘æ˘d ≈˘£˘© oj lÖ≤˘˘d

I~©°UC’G ≈∏Y áeÉg mäGQGôb òîàJ ¿CG É¡©°ùj »àdG

≈∏Y ∂dòch ,ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«YÉªàL’G

.™ªàéª∏d áeƒ°SôŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ~«©°U

Executive Office …ò«ØæJ Ö°üæe

πª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ¬©bƒe øe ±ô°ûj Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe

hCG ,áj’ƒdG ºcÉM hCG ,áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«Fôc ,áeƒμ◊G ‘

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ájQƒ¡ª÷G ¢ù«FQ.''»©jô°ûJJ Ö°üæe''

Exhausted Votes ~Øæà°SG äƒ°U/~Øæà°ùee äƒ°U

¬JGQÉ«N

¬JGQÉ«N ™«ªL ~j~– øY ™æàÁ …òdG ÖNÉædG ádÉM

(¬d) íª°ùj ’ ÉÃ ,»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f qπX ‘

äGƒ˘°UC’G ™˘jRƒ˘J ~˘æ˘Y á˘«˘aÉ˘°VEG äGQÉ˘«˘N ~˘˘j~˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘H

.á«∏«° ØàdG

Exit Poll ~æY (ÚÑNÉædG) AGQBG ´Ó£à°SG

IQOÉ¨ŸG

AGQBG ø˘Y ΩÓ˘©˘à˘°S’É˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G è˘FÉ˘˘à˘˘f º˘˘«˘˘«˘˘≤˘˘J

.´GÎb’G õcGôe ”QOÉë ~æY ÚÑNÉædG

Expected Turnout á©bƒàŸG ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff

‘ ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG É˘¡˘∏˘é˘°ùj ¿CG ™˘bƒ˘àŸG á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf

.á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’G


Federal

…OÉ–G/‹GQ~a

Of or describing a constitutionallydelineated union of states having a cen-tral government. In the American sys-tem, a federal union is ultimately basedupon national supremacy but is also apolitical arrangement that reservespowers for the states.

An independent regulatory agency cre-ated by the U.S. Congress in 1975. Theduties of the Federal ElectionCommission (FEC) are to disclosecampaign finance information, toenforce provisions of the law on thelimits and prohibitions on contribu-tions, and to oversee public funding ofpresidential elections. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.

National or international political sys-tem in which two levels of governmentcontrol the same territory and citizens.Countries with federal political systemshave both a central government andgovernments based in smaller politicalunits, usually called states, provinces,or territories. These smaller politicalunits surrender some political power tothe central government, relying on it toact for the common good.

Qƒà°S~dG ÉgOh~M º°Sôj äÉj’h OÉ–G ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oJ láØ°U

‘ ‹GQ~ØdG OÉ–’G ÉeCG .ájõcôe áeƒμM IQGOE’ ™° îJh

IOÉ˘˘«˘˘°S ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y kGÒNCGh k’hCG õ˘˘μ˘˘JÒa »˘˘cÒeC’G ΩÉ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG

á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÑ«cÎdG Ö°ùëH ,¬fCG ™e á«æWƒdG áeƒμ◊G

.äÉ«MÓ°üdG ¢ ©H äÉj’ƒdG íæÁ ,É¡H ™àªàj »àdG

54

F

Federal ElectionCommission (FEC)/áæ÷

äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~a á«°VƒØe

ÜGƒ˘æ˘dG ¢ù∏› É˘gCÉ˘°ûfCG á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe á˘«˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘J á˘Ä˘«˘g

á˘«˘°Vƒ˘˘ØŸG √ò˘˘g ¤ƒ˘˘à˘˘Jh .1975 ΩÉ˘˘©˘˘dG ‘ »˘˘cÒeC’G

á˘«˘dÉÃ á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG ø˘˘Y ∞˘˘°ûμ˘˘dG á˘˘ª˘˘¡˘˘e

≈∏Y ¢üæj …òdG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ≥«Ñ£Jh ,á∏ª◊G

,äÉªgÉ°ùŸG ≈∏Y á°VhôØŸG ô¶◊G ∫Éμ°TCGh Oƒ«≤dG

.á«°SÉFôdG äÓªë∏d ΩÉ©dG πjƒªàdG ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’Gh



Federalism

‹GQ~a ΩÉ¶f/á«dGQ~a

øe Újƒà°ùe ¢SQÉÁ ‹hO hCG »æWh »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f

.º˘¡˘°ùØ˘fCG Úæ˘WGƒŸGh É˘˘¡˘˘JGP »˘˘°VGQC’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G

‹GQ~˘Ø˘dG »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ™˘Ñ qà˘J »˘à˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dÉ˘a

äÉeƒμ◊Gh ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d ~MGh m¿BG ‘ ™° îJ

kIOÉY ± nô©oJ kÉªéM ô¨°UCG á«°SÉ«°S äG~Mh ‘ áªFÉ≤dG

√òg ∫RÉæàJh .äÉ©WÉ≤ŸG hCG º«dÉbC’G hCG äÉj’ƒdÉH

á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG É˘˘¡˘˘JÉ˘˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°U ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G

πª©à°S IÒNC’G √òg ¿CÉH É¡à≤ãd ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d

.ΩÉ©dG ÒÿG Ω~îj ÉÃ


Field Director ÊG~«e ôj~e

A person on the campaign staff respon-sible for organizing the direct contactwith the voters by the candidate and thevolunteers.

The last day and time in which a candi-date or political party can file to run for aparticular office. See also “Applying forCandidacy,” “Ballot Qualification,”and “Registration of Parties orCandidates.”

The final outcome of an election certifiedby the election authorities, taking intoconsideration any legal complaints andresolutions, recounts, etc. See also“Declaration of Results,”“Preliminary Results,” and “Results.”

A comprehensive report issued by an elec-tion observation mission, either domesticor international, to provide all the informa-tion that is relevant to understanding theelection and the observation mission'sactivities, including final reflections andrecommendations. The final report can bereleased weeks or even months after anelection and can expand upon and correctany initial inaccuracies in the election day,preliminary, and interim statements. Seealso “Election Day Report,” “InterimStatement on Observation,” and “Post-Election/Preliminary Statement onObservation.”

A list that is generated for use on electionday to determine who is permitted tovote. The list is typically divided by pollingstation into the corresponding number ofvoters lists. See also “Preliminary VotersList” and “Voters List.”

ä’É°üJ’G º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G »ØXƒe ~MCG

.ÚÑNÉædÉH ¿ƒYƒ£àŸGh í°TôŸG É¡jôéj »àdG Iô°TÉÑŸG

55

Filing Deadline Ö∏W Ë~≤àd »FÉ¡f ~Yƒe

(í«°TÎdG)

hCG í°Tôª∏d É¡«a ≥ëj (áYÉ°ùdG + ïjQÉàdG) á∏¡e ôNBG

Ö°üæŸ ¬˘ë˘«˘°Tô˘J Ö∏˘W Ω q~˘≤˘j ¿CG »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG Üõ◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .øq«©e•hô°T''h ,''í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J''

.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°°ùJJ''h ,''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G

Final Results á«FÉ¡f èFFÉàf

á£∏°ùdG øe káb~°üe ,ÜÉîàfÓd á«FÉ¡ædG á∏«°ü◊G

ihÉ˘μ˘°ûdG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘Y’G Ú©˘H ò˘NCÉ˘J »˘gh .á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

IOÉYEG á«∏ªYh ,É¡fCÉ°ûH IQOÉ°üdG ΩÉμMC’Gh á«fƒfÉ≤dG

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .É˘˘˘¡˘˘˘«˘˘˘dEG É˘˘˘eh ,äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘a¿ÓYEG''

.''(äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf''h ''á«dhCG èFFÉàf''h ,''èFFÉàædG

Final Statement onObservation

»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe áã©H øY Q~°üj πeÉ°T ôjô≤J

äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc Ë~≤J ±~¡H ,á«dhO hCG á«∏fi âfÉcCG

,áã©ÑdG á£°ûfCGh äÉHÉîàf’G QÉ°ùe º¡Ød ájQhô° dG

ô°ûf Rƒéjh .á«FÉ¡ædG É¡JÉ«°UƒJh É¡FGQBG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ

™«HÉ°SCÉH äÉHÉîàf’G AÉ¡àfG ~©H »FÉ¡ædG ôjô≤àdG Gòg

äOQh AÉ£NCG q…CG ¤EG ¥ô£àj ¿CG øμÁh ô¡°TCÉH ≈àM hCG

ÚfÉ«ÑdG ‘h ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj QOÉ°üdG ¿É«ÑdG ‘ kÓ°UCG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .É˘¡˘ë˘ë˘˘°ü«˘˘a ,»˘˘∏˘˘MôŸGh ‹hC’Gôjô≤J''

¿É«H''h ,''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ,''»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG

.''äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG

Final Voters List á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

qºàj ,âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG AÉ˘ª˘°SCÉ˘H á˘ë˘F’

á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG √ò˘g º˘ s°ù≤ oJh .ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j É˘¡˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘J

ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d ø˘˘e Ö°SÉ˘˘æ˘˘e O~˘˘Y ¤EG á˘˘«˘˘FÉ˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G õcGôe Ö°ùëH ÚYRƒŸGíFGƒd''

.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h ''á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG


Instructions and data which are directlyand semi-permanently programmedinto the circuitry of an electronic device.

A voting system in single-member dis-tricts under which the candidate whogains the most votes is elected. Only asimple majority, not an absolute majori-ty, is required to win the contested seat.

Method in preferential voting in whichchoices are moved into order of prefer-ence, not assigned a particular number.See also “Instant Run-Off Voting.”

A database in which all information isin a single table. Flat databases are easi-ly observed but not practical for man-aging large amounts of data.

A method of sociological research inwhich a small group of people is broughttogether and asked a series of questions.The aim is to receive qualitative informa-tion about public attitudes and test reac-tions to various messages and informa-tion. See also “Political Polling.”

See “Valid Vote.”

The style of data organization thatdetermines the possible operations thatmay be conducted using the database.

The right to vote. See also“Disenfranchise(ment)” and“Enfranchise(ment).”

56

Firmware âHÉK èeeÉfôH

ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH èeÈoJ »àdG äÉfÉ«ÑdGh äÉª«∏©àdG

.ÊhÎμdE’G RÉ¡÷G áÑ«côJ ‘ ºFGO ¬Ñ°Th

First Past the Post /∫hC’G õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f

äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCÉH õFÉa

RƒØj ¿CÉH »° ≤jh ájOôØdG ôFGh~dG ‘ ≥qÑ£oj âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

.äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘

π˘H á˘≤˘∏˘£ŸG á˘jÌcC’G ∫É˘æ˘j ¿CG í˘°TôŸG Gò˘¡˘d á˘LÉ˘M ’h

.¬«∏Y ¢ù naÉæàŸG ~©≤ŸG ‘ RƒØ∏d ájOÉ©dG ájÌcC’G

First Preference äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JôJ

ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG É˘¡˘«˘a ÖJô˘j »˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘à˘dG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d á˘«˘˘dBG

º¡«dEG Ö°ùæoJ Óa ,á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG

™LGQ .áæq«©e ΩÉbQCG.''äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ''

Flat Database áë£°ùee äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb

‘ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG É˘¡˘«˘a ô˘aGƒ˘à˘J á˘£˘«˘°ùH äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘H I~˘YÉ˘b

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ¤EG kIOÉY ´ƒLôdG π¡°ùj .~MGh m ∫h~L

äÉ«ªc IQGOEG ‘ á«∏ªY â°ù«d É¡æμdh áë£°ùŸG

.äÉfÉ«ÑdG øe IÒÑc

Focus Group õ«cÎdG áYƒª›

¤EG ≈˘˘˘Y~˘˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘˘°U á˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª›

±~¡j .á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S É¡«∏Y ìô£«d ´ÉªàL’G

∫ƒ°ü◊G á«YÉªàL’G çÉëHC’G ‘ ~ªà©ŸG è¡æŸG Gòg

øe áYƒªÛG AÉ° YCG ∞bƒe øY á«Yƒf äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y

º¡∏©a äGOQ QÉÑàNGh áYƒæàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh πFÉ°SôdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡gÉŒ.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''

Formal Vote •hô°ûddG ‘ƒà°ùee äƒ°U

™LGQ.''ídÉ°U äƒ°U''

Format of the VoterRecord

ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S á¨«°U

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''

.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸGh ''´GÎb’G

Franchise âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe

äÉ˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG O~˘ë˘j …ò˘dG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG º˘˘«˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘à˘˘d §‰

ΩG~îà°SG ∫ÓN ‘ É¡H ΩÉ«≤dG øμÁ »àdG á∏ªàÙG

.äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb


Free and Fair Elections á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG

The definition of a free and fair electionis about more than just a smooth techni-cal process, but also includes the respectfor basic civil and political rights, such asfreedom of expression, of movement, ofassociation and assembly; as well as theabsence of barriers to the full participa-tion of all citizens, without any form ofdiscrimination; the absence of any formof intimidation; and the complianceoverall with the rule of law.

A form of list proportional representa-tion in which voters may vote for aparty, grouping, one or more candi-dates, whether or not those candidatesare nominated by that party or group-ing. See also “Closed List,” “OpenList,” and “Party List.”

Political condition that permits freedomof choice of action for individuals andalso for individuals and groups to partic-ipate in the decisions and operations ofthe society and political system. See also“Freedom of Expression,” “Freedomof Press,” and “Freedom of Speech.”

The right of expressing oneself aboutany subject and in any forum, be it oral-ly, written, in print, on the Internet, or inart forms. Built into freedom of expres-sion is the right to seek, receive, andimpart information and ideas. Freedomof expression is considered a universalright as it is guaranteed by Article 19 ofboth the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rightsand is a cornerstone of democracy.

57

å«˘M ø˘e ,á˘¡˘jõ˘˘æ˘˘dGh Iô◊G äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ô˘˘°üà˘˘≤˘˘J ’

É‰EG ,á°SÓ°ùH …ôŒ á«æ≤J á«∏ªY Oô› ≈∏Y ,∞jô©àdG

äÉjô◊G ΩGÎMG CG~Ñe »YGôJ á«∏ªY ¤EG kÉ° jCG Ò°ûJ

π≤æàdGh ÒÑ©àdG ájôëc á«°SÉ°SC’G á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG

√ò˘g q∫~˘J ∂dò˘ch ;äÉ˘˘«˘˘©˘˘ª÷G ¢ù«˘˘°SCÉ˘˘Jh ™˘˘ qª˘é˘à˘ dGh

ácQÉ°ûe ¿hO ∫ƒ– ≥FGƒY …CG ÜÉ«Z ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G

øe πμ°T q…CG øY kG~«©H á∏eÉc ácQÉ°ûe ÚæWGƒŸG qπc

øe ô¡¶e …C’ º¡°V qô©J Ω~Y ≈∏Yh ;õ««ªàdG ∫Éμ°TCG

.¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCÉH k’ÉªLEG ~q«≤àdGh ;Ö«gÎdG ôgÉ¶e

Free List IôM áëF’

¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d õ«˘é˘j ,á˘«˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ~˘MCG

hCG í°TôŸ ¬àjƒ°üJ ÖfÉL ¤EG ™ªéàd hCG Üõ◊ ä qƒ°üj

í°Tôe ÒNC’G Gòg ¿Éc GPEG ÉªY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H ,ÌcCG

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .Qƒ˘˘˘còŸG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘é˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG hCG Üõ◊GáëF’''

.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ,''áMƒàØe áëF’''h ,''á≤∏ë

FreedomájôM

∑ôëàdG ájôM OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ±hô¶dG

A’Dƒ¡dh äÉYƒªéª∏d íª°ùJh ,•ô°T hCG ~«b ¿hO øe

∫É˘˘ª˘˘YC’Gh äGQGô˘˘≤˘˘˘dG ‘ á˘˘˘cQÉ˘˘˘°ûŸÉ˘˘˘H kÉ˘˘˘° jCG OGô˘˘˘aC’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædGh ™ªàÛÉH á£ÑJôŸG

.''ΩÓμdG ájôM''h ,''ΩÓYE’G ájôM''h ,''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''

Freedom of Expression ÒÑ©àdG ájôM

…CÉHh ´ƒ°Vƒe …CG ‘ ¬jCGQ øY ÒÑ©àdG ‘ OôØdG ≥M

ΩCG ,kÉ˘«˘£˘N ΩCG ,¿É˘c kÉ˘«˘¡˘Ø˘°TCG ,∫É˘˘μ˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e π˘˘μ˘˘°T

,ájô◊G √òg øe m »MƒHh .á«æa ∫Éμ°TCÉH ΩCG ,kÉYƒÑ£e

äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G Ö∏£j ¿CG kÉ° jCG OôØ∏d ≥ëj

¿ÓYE’G q¿CG ÉÃh .Égô°ûæj ¿CGh ,ÉgÉ≤∏àj ¿CGh ,QÉμaC’Gh

~¡©dGh ,¬æe 19 IOÉŸG ‘ ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG

,á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG OôØdG ¥ƒ≤ëH ≥∏©àŸG ‹h~dG

ônÑà©oJ ájô◊G √ò¡a ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ÉªgÓc ¿ÓØμj

.»WGô≤Á~dG ΩÉ¶ædG Iõ«cQh á«ŸÉ©dG ¥ƒ≤◊G øe


Freedom of Press ΩÓYE’G ájôM

The right to publish, either in print or onthe Internet, and broadcast ones ideasfreely without censorship or limitation.See also “Freedom of Expression.”

The right to speak freely without censor-ship or limitation. Freedom of speech isone aspect of freedom of expression,though the terms are often used synony-mously and international standardsexpand free speech to include non-oralforms of expression, such as written,printed, and Internet-based expression.See also “Freedom of Expression.”

The practice of scheduling state partycaucuses and state primary electionsincreasingly earlier in advance of thegeneral election. By moving their pri-maries to early dates, states hope tolend decisive momentum to one or twopresidential candidates and thus havedisproportionate influence on eachparty's nomination. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.

The label given to the candidate who, ina primary or general campaign, is in thelead over other opponents and/or is thefavorite to be elected, according to pollsand/or political pundits. For antonyms,see “Dark Horse” and “Underdog.”

List that includes all the candidates.

See “Proportional Representation.”

A ballot in which all information - e.g.all of the offices and candidates to bevoted on - are presented on a singlesheet of paper or a single screen. Seealso “Single-Ballot System.”

ÈY hCG äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ‘ ÉeEG ,ô°ûæj ¿CG ‘ OôØdG ≥M

¿hO øe ájôM πμH √QÉμaCG qåÑj ¿CGh ,âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Oƒ«b hCG áHÉbôd ´ƒ° ÿG.''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''

58

Freedom of Speech ΩÓμdG ájôM

hCG áHÉbôd ´ƒ° ÿG ÒZ øe ájôëH ΩÓμdG ‘ OôØdG ≥M

á˘jô˘M √ƒ˘Lh ø˘e kÉ˘¡˘Lh ΩÓ˘μ˘dG á˘jô˘M Èà˘©˘Jh .Oƒ˘«˘b

Ö∏ZCG ‘ øjÒÑ©àdG øjòg ÚH §∏ÿG ºZQ ,ÒÑ©àdG

ájôM Ωƒ¡Øe ™ q°SƒJ á«dh~dG ∑ƒμ°üdG q¿CG ™eh ,¿É«MC’G

É¡«a ÉÃ ,á«¡Ø°ûdG ÒZ ÒÑ©àdG ∫Éμ°TCG πª°û«d ΩÓμdG

≈∏Y IõμJôŸGh ,áYƒÑ£ŸGh ,áHƒàμŸG ÒÑ©àdG ∫Éμ°TCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T ∫Éª©à°SG.''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''

Front-Loading äÉHÉîàfÓd ôμÑe ~Yƒe ~j~–

(áj~«¡ªàdG)

äGô“DƒŸG ~«YGƒe ~j~– á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oJ á«ª°ùJ

πÑb äÉj’ƒdG ‘ áj~«¡ªàdG äÉHÉîàf’G hCG á«Hõ◊G

,äÉj’ƒdG πeCÉJh .áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G øe á∏jƒW IÎa

»£©J ¿CG ‘ ,áj~«¡ªàdG É¡JÉHÉîàfG ~«YGƒe Ë~≤àH

ôqKDƒJ ¿CGh ,Ú«°SÉFQ Úë°Tôe hCG í°TôŸ kGÒÑc kÉªNR

.ÜõM qπc äÉë«°TôJ ≈∏Y kÉJhÉØàe kGÒKCÉJ ‹ÉàdÉH



Front-Runner Ω~≤àe í°Tôe

¬eƒ°üN ≈∏Y Ω q~≤àj …òdG í°TôŸG ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oj lÖ≤d

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ‘ kÉ¶M ôahC’G í°TôŸG ≈∏Y hCG øjôNB’G

…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG Ö°ùëH ,áeÉ©dG hCG áj~«¡ªàdG

Ú° «˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘dG ™˘˘LGQ .Ú«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG AGÈÿG hCG/h AGQBGh

.''ô°SÉN í°Tôe''h ''Oƒ°SCG ¿É°üM''

Full List á∏ªàμe áëF’

.º¡∏c Úë°TôŸG qº° J áëF’

Full Representation πeÉc »Ñ°ùff π«ã“

™LGQ.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''

π˘˘˘˘eÉ˘˘˘˘c I~˘˘˘˘MGh á˘˘˘˘°TÉ˘˘˘˘°T hCG I~˘˘˘˘MGh á˘˘˘˘bQh Úª˘˘˘˘˘° J

Ö°UÉ˘˘æŸG ô˘˘FÉ˘˘°ùH á˘˘≤˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘àŸG ∂∏˘˘à˘˘˘c ,äÉ˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡d âjƒ°üàdG øq«©àj …òdG Úë°TôŸGh

.''I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f''

Full-Face Ballot á∏ªàμe ´GÎbG ábQh


A test that determines if the data entryinterface design is appropriate and doesnot contribute to data entry errors.

An external funding source that entersinto an agreement with a person or anorganization to support research,instruction, public service, or othersponsored electoral activities. Fundersinclude private businesses, corpora-tions, foundations and other not-for-profit organizations, and universities.

An event planned with the goal ofraising money for a campaign cause ororganization;

A person who raises the funds forthe campaign by any method.

Any method used to raise money forthe campaign, or resources required tosuccessfully implement it.

»æ«ÑdG í£°ùdG º«ª°üJ ¿Éc GPEG Ée O q~ëj QÉÑàNG

ÜÉμJQG ¿hO ∫ƒëjh kÉªFÓe äÉfÉ«ÑdG ∫ÉNOEÉH ¢UÉÿG

Gò˘g AGô˘LEG ø˘μÁh .äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ∫É˘NOEG ~˘æ˘Y AÉ˘£˘˘NC’G

.ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ ábO i~e øe ~cCÉà∏d QÉÑàN’G

Functionality Test á«dÉ©ØdG QÉÑàNG

59

Funder/Sponsorm ´GQ/∫ uƒ‡

hCG m ¢üî°T ™e kÉbÉØJG ~≤©j πjƒªà∏d »LQÉN OQƒe

áe~ÿG hCG ,äÉª«∏©àdG hCG ,çƒëÑ∏d kÉªYO ,áª¶æe

≈˘˘¶– »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘£˘˘°ûfC’G hCG ,á˘˘eÉ˘˘˘©˘˘˘dG

,á°UÉÿG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG Úd qƒªŸG o∞«Ød πª°ûjh .ájÉYôdÉH

äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒŸG ø˘˘˘e É˘˘˘gG~˘˘˘Y É˘˘˘eh ,∫É˘˘˘ª˘˘˘YC’G äÉ˘˘˘cô˘˘˘°Th

.äÉ©eÉ÷Gh ,á«ëHôdG ÒZ äÉª¶æŸGh

Fundraiser äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ πØM

äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL

hCG á∏ª◊ kÉªYO ,∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H º s¶æoj ç~M

.áæq«©e áª¶æe hCG á«° b

…ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG ¤EG kÉ˘˘° jCG í˘˘∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘˘g Ò°ûj

.âfÉc á∏«°Sh ájCÉH á∏ªë∏d mäÉYÈJ ™ªéj

Fundraising äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL

áeRÓdG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H Ω n~îà°ùoJ »àdG á∏«°SƒdG

.ìÉéæH Égò«ØæJ ¿Éª° d áHƒ∏£ŸG OQGƒŸG hCG á∏ªë∏d


Gender Mainstreaming /»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J

äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG ‘ Ú°ùææ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉÉeOEG

IQ~æL/èeeGÈdGh

Process of ensuring that the prioritiesof men and women in policies and pro-grams are given adequate considerationfor equal rights and access to partici-pate in civic, political, and other socialenvironments.

An election for national bodies in whichall members of a given political body areup for election. The term is generally usedto refer to elections held for a nation'sprimary legislative body, as distinguishedfrom by-elections and local elections. Seealso “National Election.”

See “Free and Fair Elections.”

Grouping the voting population basedon where people live and determiningpatterns based on geography. It isassumed that voters who live in a partic-ular area and voted one way in the pastwill probably vote the same way in thefuture, barring any extreme change intheir situation. See also “DemographicTargeting” and “Targeting.”

The deliberate manipulation of bound-ary delimitation to give advantages ordisadvantages to particular politicalinterests, parties, or candidates. Seealso “Boundary Delimitation.”

General Election áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG

Genuine Elections á«≤«≤M äÉHÉîàfG

ICGôŸGh πLôdG äÉjƒdhCG ≈¶– ¿CG ≈∏Y ¢Uô– lá«∏ªY

øª° Jh ;èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ ΩRÓdG ΩÉªàg’ÉH

≥˘˘˘˘˘M ‘h ICGôŸGh π˘˘˘˘˘Lô˘˘˘˘˘˘dG ÚH ¥ƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ˘˘˘˘˘˘°ùŸG

ÉgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG áÄ«ÑdG ‘ Éª¡àcQÉ°ûe

.á«YÉªàL’G äÉÄ«ÑdG øe

¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M á«æWƒdG äÉÄ«¡∏d äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG

.á«æ©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ™«ªL ÜÉîàfG

äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd káeÉY í∏£°üŸG Ω n~îà°ùojh

,á«æWƒdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ÜÉîàf’ º s¶æoJ »àdG

äÉHÉîàf’Gh á˘«˘Yô˘Ø˘dG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ø˘Y õ˘jÉ˘ª˘à˘dÉ˘Hh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«∏ÙG.''á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG''

™LGQ.''á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG''

G60

Geographic Targeting ‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG

Gerrymandering á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dÉH ÖYÓJ

(áYhô°ûee ÒZ ¢VGôZC’)

º¡àeÉbEG ¿Éμe ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL ™jRƒJ

≈˘∏˘Y º˘¡˘j~˘d IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG äÉ˘˘gÉŒG ~˘˘j~–h

q¿CÉ˘˘H OÉ˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘Y’G Oƒ˘˘°ùjh .‘Gô˘˘¨÷G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘jRƒ˘˘J ¢SÉ˘˘°SCG

øjòdGh áæq«©e á≤£æe ‘ ¿ƒ°û«©j øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG

≈˘∏˘Y ¿ƒ˘J qƒ˘°ü«˘°S »˘˘°VÉŸG ‘ ø˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e √ÉŒÉ˘˘H Gƒ˘˘J qƒ˘˘°U

¿h~°üàj å«ëH ,πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ ¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH íLQC’G

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘˘°Vh O~˘˘˘¡˘˘˘j …Qò˘˘˘L Ò«˘˘˘¨˘˘˘J q…C’

.''(ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG''h ''‘GôZƒÁO ±G~¡à°SG''

ídÉ°üŸ káe~N á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~ëH kG~ªY åÑ©dG

kÉæ©W hCG ,Ú«°SÉ«°S Úë°Tôe hCG ,á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMCG hCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡◊É°üÃ.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ''


"Get Out The Vote" or GOTV is theterm used to remind voters to go to thepolls and vote for your candidate.Often a campaign will expend a consid-erable amount of effort just before elec-tion day to make sure that your sup-porters turn out and vote. See “BlindPull” and “Pull.”

The persons (or committees or depart-ments) who make up a body for the pur-pose of administering something, suchas a State, company, or organization.

System of social control under which theright to make laws, and the right toenforce them, is vested in a particulargroup in society. There are many classi-fications of government. According tothe classical formula, governments aredistinguished by whether power is heldby one person, a few, or a majority.

Broad coalition governments includingall major parties in the legislature oftenformed during times of war or nationalemergency. Some countries withnumerous divergent political parties orreligious and ethnic groups use govern-ments of national unity as the preferredform of government to build consensus.See also “Coalition Government.”

An individual who is involved in thepublic administration of a governmentwho attained his or her post eitherthrough an election, appointment, oremployment.

The chief executive of a state or of agovernorate. See also “Governorate.”

GOTV = Get Out The Vote

âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ

¤EG ¬qLƒà˘dÉ˘H ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG Òcò˘à˘d Ω~˘î˘à˘°ù˘oj lí˘∏˘£˘°üe

.í°Tôª∏d º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G πLCG øe ´GÎb’G õcGôe

ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj πÑb kGÒÑc kG~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ

á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ ¿ƒ˘cQÉ˘°û«˘°S ø˘jô˘°UÉ˘æŸG ¿CG ø˘e ~˘cCÉ˘à˘˘∏˘˘d

™LGQ .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~ojh ´GÎb’G¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO''

.''âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO''h ''õ««“ ¿hO âjƒ°üàdG

Governing Authority

áªcÉM á£∏°S/ºμ◊G á£∏°S

πqμ°ûàj øjòdG (äGQGOE’G hCG ¿Éé∏dG hCG) ¢UÉî°TC’G

hCG ,ádh~dG IQGOEÉc ,ájQGOEG ΩÉ¡Ã π ncƒŸG RÉ¡÷G º¡æe

.áª¶æŸG hCG ,ácô°ûdG

Government

ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°°SDƒe/áeƒμM

qø˘°S ≥˘M ~˘ n¡˘©˘ oj å«˘˘M ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG ¿hDƒ˘˘°T IQGOE’ lΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

I~Y ≥n∏£oJh .øq«©e ≥jôØd É¡≤«Ñ£J ≥Mh ÚfGƒ≤dG

,É¡à«ª°ùJ ∞∏àîJ »àdG áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y äÉØ«æ°üJ

±ÓàNÉH ,~ nªà©ŸG …~«∏≤àdG ∞«æ°üàdG ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG

hCG kGOôØæe kÉ°üî°T ¿ÉcCG á£∏°ùdG ¢SQÉÁ …òdG ±ô£dG

.ájÌcC’G hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe á∏b

61

Government ofNational Unity

á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM

Government Official »eƒμM ∞Xƒe/∫hDƒ°ùee

Governor (¿ÉæÑd) ßaÉfi/áj’ƒdG ºcÉM

á«°SÉ°SC’G ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL qº° j ™°SGh ∞dÉ– øY qºæJ

‘ πqμ°ûàJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ á∏ãªàŸG

¢ ©H CÉé∏jh .áFQÉW m±hôX qπX ‘ hCG Üô◊G äGÎa

hCG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¬˘HGõ˘MCG O~˘©˘à˘H õ q«˘ª˘à˘j …ò˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘˘dG

π«μ°ûJ ¤EG AGQB’G áæjÉÑàŸG á«æKE’Gh á«æj~dG ¬JÉYÉªL

á«eƒμM áÑ«côJ ÒN É¡àØ°üH ,áeƒμ◊G √òg πãe

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .≥aGƒàdG AÉæH ‘ º¡°ùJ.''á«aÓàFG áeƒμM''

iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG IQGOEG ‘ •ôîæj ¢üî°T

hCG ,ÜÉîàf’ÉH ÉeEG Gòg ¬Ñ°üæe π¨°ûjh ,áeƒμ◊G

.∞«XƒàdG hCG ,Ú«©àdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á¶aÉfi hCG áj’h ‘ …ò«ØæàdG ¢ù«FôdG

.''á¶aÉfi''


In Arab countries, the territory ruledover by a governor. A governorate mayinclude several electoral districts andcities. See also “Governor.”

The involvement of citizens in politicallife, typically at the local level.

The selection of a governor by a state'svoters.

Governorateá¶aÉfi

»àdG á≤£æŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ,á«Hô©dG ¿G~∏ÑdG ‘

¿~e I~Y á¶aÉÙG qº° J ¿CG øμÁh .ßaÉÙG É¡fhDƒ°T ôj~j

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàfG ôFGhOh.''áj’ƒdG ºcÉM/ßaÉfi''

Grassroots á«Ñ©°T ~YGƒb

≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ,á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG IÉ˘˘˘«◊G ‘ Úæ˘˘˘WGƒŸG •Gô˘˘˘î˘˘˘fG

.IOÉY »∏ÙG iƒà°ùŸG

Gubernatorial Election áj’ƒdG ºcÉM ÜÉîàfG

.áj’ƒdG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCÉH ºcÉ◊G QÉ«àNG

62 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

HHagenbach-BischoffFormula

ñÉÑæZÉg ádOÉ©e-±ƒ°û««H

See “Droop Quota.”

A chad that did not completely detachfrom the ballot. When there is a hang-ing chad, that vote may not be countedcorrectly. See also “Chad.”

Terms used to differentiate betweencampaign funding that is and is notregulated by federal campaign financelaw. “Hard money” is a term used todescribe donations by individuals andgroups made directly to political can-didates running for federal office thatare regulated by law. “Soft money”describes donations not regulated bylaw that can be spent only on civicactivities such as voter registrationdrives, party-building activities,administrative costs, and in supportof state and local candidates. Softmoney contributions may not, by law,be used to directly support a candi-date for federal office.

The mechanical, magnetic, electronic,and electrical components making up acomputer system. For example, harddiscs, screens, keyboards, and wires.

ÉJƒc ™LGQ.''ÜhQO''

Hanging Chad

(´GÎb’G ábQh ‘) ≥dÉY Ö≤K

π°üØæj ⁄ …òdG ´GÎb’G ábQh øe Üƒ≤ãŸG Aõ÷G

ø˘ª˘°V á˘bQƒ˘dG √ò˘g Ö°ùà˘ë oJ ’ ~˘bh .kÉ˘«˘˘∏˘˘c É˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘Y

.É¡H kÉ≤dÉY Ö≤ãdG Gòg AÉ≤Ñd kGô¶f á◊É°üdG ¥GQhC’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤K''

Hard Money/SoftMoney

~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“/~q«≤e πjƒ“

π˘jƒ“ ÚH õ˘«˘«˘ª˘à˘∏˘d ¿É˘ë˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG ¿Gò˘˘g Ω n~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘ oj

‹GQ~ØdG ¿ƒfÉ≤∏d ™° îj ’ hCG ™° îj …òdG äÓª◊G

¤EG ''~q«≤ŸG πjƒªàdG'' Ò°û«a .äÓª◊G πjƒªàH ≥∏©àŸG

kIô°TÉÑe äÉYƒªÛGh OGôaC’G É¡e~≤j »àdG äÉYÈàdG

»gh ,á«dGQ~ØdG Ö°UÉæª∏d Úë°TÎŸG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ¤EG

πjƒªàdG'' ÉeCG .QƒcòŸG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG áHÉbôd ™° îJ läÉYÈJ

™˘˘° î˘˘J ’ »˘˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘YÈà˘˘dG ¤EG Ò°û«˘˘˘a ''~˘˘˘q«˘˘˘≤ŸG ÒZ

á£°ûfC’G ≈∏Y ’EG É¡bÉØfEG Rƒéj ’ »àdGh ,¿ƒfÉ≤∏d

á˘£˘°ûfC’Gh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ äÓ˘˘ª˘˘ë˘˘c á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG

,ájQGOE’G ∞«dÉμàdGh ,Üõ◊G äGQ~b AÉæÑd áª¶æŸG

Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG ºYO ¤EG á«eGôdG á£°ûfC’Gh

π˘μ˘°T ò˘î˘à˘J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘YÈà˘dÉ˘a .»˘∏ÙGh »˘ª˘«˘∏˘bE’G

,¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÖLƒÃ ,Ω n~îà°ùoJ ’ ~b ~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“

. kGô°TÉÑe kÉªYO ‹GQ~ØdG Ö°üæª∏d í°TôŸG ºY~d

Hardware

ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L äG~©e

á«fhÎμdE’Gh á«°ù«£æ¨ŸGh á«μ«fÉμ«ŸG äÉf qƒμŸG

…CG ,ôJƒ«Ñªμ˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f π˘μ˘°ûJ »˘à˘dG á˘«˘FÉ˘Hô˘¡˘μ˘dGh

,äÉ°TÉ°ûdGh ,áÑ∏°üdG ¢UGôbC’G :∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y

.∑Ó°SC’Gh ,í«JÉØŸG äÉMƒdh

63NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

Hare Quota

(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''…QÉg'' ÉJƒc

Used in largest remainder proportionalrepresentation electoral systems todetermine how seats are awarded. Thequota is ascertained by the followingformula: total vote divided by the num-ber of seats. See also “ProportionalRepresentation.”

A group of people, often inhabitants of thesame geographic area, who differ in demo-graphic characteristics such as race, ethnic-ity, religion, social-economic class, etc. Seealso “Diversity” and for antonym, see“Homogenous Population.”

An election campaign for a particularoffice that voters are interested in andwant to hear about. High profile racesoften receive the highest voter turnout.For antonym, see “Low Profile Race.”

A formula used with proportional repre-sentation list systems to translate votesinto seats. Party vote totals are dividedby a series of devisors, under d'Hondt(by 1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Lagu (by 1,3,5,etc.) formulas. After each stage, the partywith the highest average wins the seat.The count continues with party votetotals being divided by sequential num-bers until all seats are filled. See also“Proportional Representation.”

A group of people, often inhabitants ofthe same geographic area, sharing thesame characteristics, such as race, ethnic-ity, religion, social-economic class, etc.For antonym, see “HeterogeneousPopulation.”

»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG áª¶fCG qπX ‘ á°ü◊G √òg ~ nªà©oJ

~j~ëàd ÈcC’G/≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£H πª©J »àdG

ÉJƒμdG √òg ¤EG π°UƒàdG ºàjh .~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ á≤jôW

äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› áª°ùb :á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG ≥«Ñ£àH

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''

HeterogeneousPopulation

Ú°ùffÉéààe ÒZ ¿Éμ°S

á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ‘ ¢û«˘˘©˘˘J É˘˘e kÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘dÉ˘˘Z ,¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TCG á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

É¡°üFÉ°üN å«M øe õjÉªàJ É‰EG ,É¡JGP á«aGô¨÷G

,øj~dGh ,»æKE’G AÉªàf’Gh ,¥ô©dÉc ,á«aGôZƒÁ~dG

á«YÉªàL’G á≤Ñ£dGh-™LGQ .É¡«dEG Éeh ,ájOÉ°üàb’G

kÉ° jCG'' qƒæJ''¢ «≤ædGh.''¿ƒ°ùffÉéààe ¿Éμ°S''

High Profile Race

áÑNÉ°U á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

É¡«a ¿ƒÑNÉædG ºà¡j øq«©e Ö°üæŸ á«HÉîàfG á∏ªM

á«HÉîàf’G ∑QÉ©ŸG ≈¶– Ée kÉÑdÉZ .É¡©ÑàJ ‘ ¿ƒÑZôjh

.ácQÉ°ûŸG øe áÑ°ùf ≈∏YCÉH IÒÑc ájÉY~H áHƒë°üŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG ácô©e''

Highest Average Method

™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G §°SƒàŸG á≤jôW

(~YÉ≤ŸG

»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG íFGƒd áª¶fCG ‘ ~ nªà©oJ ládOÉ©e

√ò˘˘g ÖLƒÃh .~˘˘YÉ˘˘≤˘˘e ¤EG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G π˘˘jƒ– ±~˘˘¡˘˘H

Üõ◊G É¡dÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º n°ù≤oj ,ádOÉ©ŸG

''âfƒg …O'' ádOÉ©Ã kÓªY ,º°SGƒ≤dG øe á∏°ù∏°S ≈∏Y

hCG (∂«dGhO Gòμgh ,3h ,2h ,1 ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y áª°ùb)

,3h ,1 ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y áª°ùb) ''»Z’ âfÉ°S'' ádOÉ©Ã

~©≤ŸÉH RƒØj ,á∏Môe qπc ~©Hh .(∂«dGhO Gòμgh ,5h

.äGƒ°UC’G øe ≈∏YC’G §°SƒàŸG ∫Éæj …òdG Üõ◊G

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› áª°ù≤H äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ôªà°ùjh

Aπe ÚM ¤EG á∏°ù∏°ùàŸG ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y Üõ◊G É¡dÉf

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏c ~YÉ≤ŸG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''

HomogenousPopulation

¿ƒ°ùffÉéààe ¿Éμ°S

á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ‘ ¢û«˘˘©˘˘J É˘˘e kÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘dÉ˘˘Z ,¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TCG á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

É˘¡˘°üFÉ˘°üN å«˘M ø˘e ¬˘HÉ˘˘°ûà˘˘Jh É˘˘¡˘˘JGP á˘˘«˘˘aGô˘˘¨÷G

,øj~dGh ,»æKE’G AÉªàfE’Gh ,¥ô©dÉc ,á«aGôZƒÁ~dG

á«YÉªàL’G á≤Ñ˘£˘dGh-øe É˘¡˘«˘dEG É˘eh ,á˘jOÉ˘°üà˘b’G

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .¢üFÉ°üN.''Ú°ùffÉéààe ÒZ ¿Éμ°S''


Horse Race

Ö«JÎd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

Úë°TôŸG

Polling questions or analysis focused onwhich candidates are ahead and whichare behind. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

A question on a political poll that asks,“If the election were held today, wouldyou vote for candidate X or candidateY?” This type of information is often oflittle use to the campaign because itdoes not provide a reason for the deci-sion. The only horse race question thatcounts is at the polls on election day.This term is used specifically within the U.S.electoral system. See also “PoliticalPolling.”

Tracking polls may be taken every dayby a candidate, especially during thelater stages of a campaign, so that he orshe can see if progress is being madetoward victory. Tracking polls canreveal the true nature of the political“horse race,” i.e., who is in the lead andwho is trailing. This term is used specifical-ly within the U.S. electoral system.

Cards handed out to voters by civicgroups or party supporters at voting cen-ters showing how supporters of a partyor candidate should fill in their ballotpapers. See also “Voter Education.”

The rights people are entitled to simplybecause they are human beings, irrespec-tive of their citizenship, nationality, race,ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, or abili-ty. Human rights become enforceablewhen they are codified as conventions,covenants, or treaties, or as they becomerecognized as customary international law.

≈∏Y õ qcôJ á«YÓ£à°SG π«dÉ– AGôLEG hCG á∏Ä°SCG ìôW

.º¡H Ú≤MÓdG Úë°TôŸGh Úe~≤àŸG Úë°TôŸG ~j~–



Horse Race Question

~j~ëàd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

ÖNÉædG QÉ«N

á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘˘°SG QÉ˘˘WEG ‘ ì nô˘˘£˘ oj ∫GDƒ˘˘°S

~ n≤©oJ ¿CG äÉHÉ˘î˘à˘fÓ˘d Q u~˘ ob ƒ˘d'' :á˘«˘dÉ˘à˘dG á˘¨˘«˘°üdÉ˘H

Éª∏b ''?∑Gòd hCG í°TôŸG Gò¡d ä qƒ°üàd âæcCG ,Ωƒ«dG

ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘˘g ø˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G äÓ˘˘ª◊G ~˘˘«˘˘Ø˘˘J

PÉîJG AGQh áæeÉμdG ÜÉÑ°SC’G Q qÈj ’ ¬fC’ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

‘ ¢Vô¨dÉH »ØJ »àdG I~«MƒdG á∏Ä°SC’G ÉeCG .QGô≤dG

õcGôe ~æY ì nô£oJ »àdG á∏Ä°SC’G »¡a ∫É◊G √òg πãe

.ÜÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G Ωƒ˘˘˘j ‘ ´GÎb’GGòg ∫Éª˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj

äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG

.I~ëàŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''

Horse race Tracking

™qÑààd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

í°TôŸG áq«©°Vh

kÉ˘«˘˘eƒ˘˘j AGQB’G ´Ó˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°SG ¤EG í˘˘°TôŸG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘j ¿CG ø˘˘μÁ

øe á«FÉ¡ædG πMGôŸG ‘ Éª«°S ’ ,¥ÉÑ°ùdG ™qÑàààd

…òdG Ω~≤àdG i~e øe ≥≤ëàdG ¬d ≈qæ°ùàj »c ,á∏ª◊G

ø˘˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘¡˘˘˘a .Rƒ˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘dG ≥˘˘˘«˘˘˘≤– √ÉŒÉ˘˘˘H √Rô˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘j

á˘«˘©˘°Vh ø˘Y ÜÉ˘≤˘æ˘dG ∞˘˘°ûμ˘˘j …CGô˘˘dG äÉ˘˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°SG

øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øY …CG Ö«JÎdG ‘ á«≤«≤◊G Úë°TôŸG

‘ ¿ƒq∏ëj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øYh á©«∏£dG ‘ ¿ƒq∏ëj

.á«dÉàdG ÖJGôŸGkG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V

How-to-Vote Cards

á≤jôW º«∏©àd ábÉ£H

âjƒ°üàdG

hô˘°UÉ˘æ˘e hCG á˘«˘f~ŸG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG É˘¡˘˘YRƒ˘˘J läÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘˘H

»gh ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ~æY ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G

¥GQhCG Aπe á≤jôW í°TôŸG hCG Üõ◊G …ô°UÉæŸ ìô°ûJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''

Human Rights

¿É°ùffE’G ¥ƒ≤M

,kÉfÉ°ùfEG ¬fƒc OôÛ OôØdG É¡H ™àªàj »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊G

,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ¬æWƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh

¬˘dƒ˘«˘e hCG ,¬˘°ùæ˘L hCG ,¬˘à˘¨˘d hCG ,»˘æ˘KE’G ¬˘˘FÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘fG hCG

ÚM ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùjh .¬JGQ~b hCG ,á«°ùæ÷G

ÚM hCG äG~gÉ©ŸG hCG Oƒ¡©dG hCG äÉ«bÉØJE’G É¡Y qô°ûJ

.á«dh~dG ÚfGƒ≤dG áeƒ¶æe ‘ kÉaôY ê nQ~oJ


Hype

»eÓYEG èjjhôJ/á«eÓYEG áé°°V

Slang for political ads, e.g., slick, shortTV commercials. The term may alsorefer to exaggerated promises or state-ments made by a candidate (or his sup-porters) on the campaign trail. Thisterm is used specifically within the U.S. elec-toral system.

á«fƒjõØ∏àdG äÉjÉY~dG πμ°T òîàJ á«°SÉ«°S äÉfÓYEG

Gò˘˘˘g Ò°ûj ¿CG ø˘˘˘μÁh .á˘˘˘YGÈH á˘˘˘˘dƒ˘˘˘˘¨˘˘˘˘°ûŸG IÒ°ü≤˘˘˘˘dG

á˘fÉ˘æ˘£˘dG í˘jQÉ˘˘°üà˘˘dG hCG Oƒ˘˘Yƒ˘˘dG ¤EG kÉ˘˘° jCG í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG

QÉ°ùŸG ∫ƒM (√hô°UÉæe hCG) í°TôŸG É¡≤∏£j »àdG áfÉfôdG

.á∏ª◊G ¬μ∏°ùJ …òdGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj



IImage

í°TôŸG IQƒ°U

Impartiality

RÉ«ëf’G hCG õq«ëàdG Ω~Y/O qôŒ

Imperiali Quota

(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''‹ÉjÈeEG'' ÉJƒc

Impersonation

á«°üî°ûddG ∫ÉëàfG

The character projected to the public, asby a person or institution, especially as itis interpreted by the mass media.Politicians are often very concerned withtheir image and may hire “image makers”to psychoanalyze how the voters willinterpret the way a candidate dresses andthe way he or she appears in the media.See also “Campaign Professionals.”

Dealing with matters in a fair and unbi-ased manner. It is the operationalexpression of neutrality. See also“Non-Partisan.”

Sometimes used in largest remainderproportional representation electoralsystems to determine how seats areawarded. The quota is ascertained bythe following formula: total vote divid-ed by the number of seats plus two. Seealso “Proportional Representation.”

In the electoral context, this term isused to describe a person who assumesthe identity of another person with theintent of voting in his/her place.Impersonating a voter is considered atype of voter fraud.

GƒfÉc kÉ°UÉî°TCG ,¿ƒ«æ©ŸG πª©j »àdG áeÉ©dG IôμØdG

¢üNC’ÉHh ,Ö©°ûdG i~d É¡æjƒμJ ≈∏Y ,äÉ°ù°SDƒe ΩCG

qºà¡j Ée kGÒãμa .ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh É¡æY ôqÑ©J Éªc

Gƒæ«©à°ùj ¿CG q~M ¤EG ,º¡JQƒ°U ≥«ªæàH ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG

Gƒ∏∏ë«a ''ΩÓYE’G ‘ º¡JQƒ°U ¿hRõ©j AGÈîH'' kÉfÉ«MCG

,º¡°ùÑ∏e á≤jôW ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ô¶æ«°S ∞«c kÉ«°ùØf

™˘LGQ .á˘«˘eÓ˘YE’G º˘¡˘J’Ó˘WEGh ,á˘eÉ˘©˘dG º˘¡˘˘JQƒ˘˘°Uh

kÉ° jCG''.äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ AGÈN''

¤EG QÉ°ûoj .á«Yƒ°Vƒeh ∫~Y πμH QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdG

.OÉ« p◊G áª∏μd ÊÓª©dG ÒÑ©àdG ƒg í∏£°üŸG Gòg q¿CG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''õq«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ''

»àdG »Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG áª¶fCG qπX ‘ kÉfÉ«MCG ~ nªà©oJ

™jRƒJ á≤jôW ~j~ëàd ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£H πª©J

≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘H É˘Jƒ˘μ˘dG √ò˘g ¤EG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘dG º˘à˘jh .~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG

O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› áª°ùb :á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .2 ~FGR ~YÉ≤ŸG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''

¤EG ,»˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ¥É˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ‘ ,í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g Ò°ûj

âjƒ°üàdG áq«æH ôNBG ¢üî°T ájƒg πëàæj ¢üî°T

ôNBG ÖNÉf ájƒg ∫ÉëàfG Èà©oj ∂dòd .¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH

.»HÉîàf’G ôjhõàdG Ühô°V øe Üô°V


ImproperCampaigning

á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG áØdÉfl

Contravention of campaign regulationsset by the electoral code/law, such asrestrictions on campaign finance, mediause, advertising, etc.

Refers to a voter registration processthat includes all groups and categoriesof citizens.

A candidate running again for an elect-ed position that he or she already holds.

The government that currently holdsoffice.

Ink that cannot be washed off. In manycountries, voters are required to dip a fin-ger into a bottle, which produces an indeli-ble ink stain to prevent multiple voting.

An organization that has been qualifiedby the U.S. Election AssistanceCommission to test and/or certify vot-ing equipment. This term is used specifical-ly within the U.S. electoral system.

Any persons, candidates or members,unaffiliated with a political party.

A figure that illustrates the collectivedisparity between the votes cast for par-ties in an election and the seats in thelegislature the parties win.

The creation of an electronic voterrecord at a later date and/or separatelocation using previously collectedvoter registration data.

º«¶æJ ≈YôJ »àdG ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG

,á˘∏˘ª◊G π˘jƒ“ ≈˘∏˘Y á˘°Vhô˘ØŸG Oƒ˘«˘≤˘dÉ˘c ,äÓ˘ª◊G

.É¡«dEG Éeh ,»HÉîàf’G ¿ÓYE’Gh ,ΩÓYE’G ΩG~îà°SGh

Inclusive Registration

πeÉ°T π«é°°ùJJ

π˘ª˘°ûJ »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ á˘«˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y ¤EG Ò°ûj

.º¡JÉÑ©°ûJh º¡JÉÄa ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,ÚæWGƒŸG

Incumbent Candidate

¬àj’h á«¡àæe í°Tôe

øq«©e Ö°üæÃ RƒØ∏d kGO~› äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj í°Tôe

.øgGôdG âbƒdG ‘ ¬∏¨°ûj

IncumbentGovernment

á«dÉM áeƒμM

.ºμ◊G ¿hDƒ°T kÉ«dÉM ôj~J »àdG áeƒμ◊G

Indelible Ink ∫hõj ’ ÈM

ÖNÉædG øe Ön∏£oj ,¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e »Øa .√ƒfi Q qò©àj lÈM

…òdG È◊G øe ká©≤H ¬«∏Y ∞q∏îJ IÈfi ‘ ¬©Ñ°UEG qπpÑj ¿CG

.äGôe I~Y âjƒ°üàdG øe ¬©æŸ ∂dPh ,∫hõj ’

Independent TestingAuthority

äGQÉÑàN’G AGôLE’ á∏≤à°ùee áÄ«g

I~YÉ°ùª∏d á«cÒeC’G áæé∏dG ÉgÈà©J »àdG áª¶æŸG

hCG/h âjƒ°üàdG äG~©e QÉÑàN’ ká∏ qgDƒe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘

.É¡«∏˘Y ≥˘j~˘°üà˘∏˘dí∏£˘°üŸG Gò˘g ∫É˘ª˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj


Independents¿ƒ∏≤à°ùee

¬d •ÉÑJQG ’ áÄ«g ƒ° Y hCG í°Tôe hCG ¢üî°T …CG

.»°SÉ«°S ÜõëH

Index ofDisproportionality

Ö°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒe

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¥QÉØdG ´ƒª› RÈj lºbQ

»àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Üõ◊G É¡dÉæj

.iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ É¡H RƒØj

‘ hCG/h ≥M’ mâbh ‘ ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÊhÎμdEG πé°S AÉ°ûfEG

π«é°ùJ äÉfÉ«H ΩG~îà°SG ∫ÓN øe π°üØæe m¿Éμe

.≥HÉ°S mâbh ‘ â©ªoL »àdG ÚÑNÉædG

Indirect Recording ô°TÉÑe ÒZ π«é°°ùJJ


Indirect Vote ô°TÉÑe ÒZ âjƒ°üJ

A vote that delegates the power tochoose an elected leader to a representa-tive, either an individual or organization.

A donation of time, expertise, space, orgoods. These might include officespace or lunch for a meeting, officesupplies, technical assistance, or occa-sional administrative work. See also“Campaign Donation.”

A method of voting in a single-memberdistrict in which voters have one voteand rank candidates in order of prefer-ence. If no candidate receives a majori-ty of first preference rankings, the can-didate with the fewest number of votesis eliminated and those votes are redis-tributed to the voters’ next preferencesamong the remaining candidates.

Polls set up in particular health carefacilities (including hospitals and per-sonal care homes). See also “MobileVoting Center.”

Groups characterized by the will toinfluence political decision-making, inorder to successfully implement certainpolitical goals or values. Interest groupstend to be integrated into the politicalprocess. See also “Lobby” and“Political Action Committee (PAC).”

A statement issued by an electionobservation mission, either domestic orinternational, that provides moredetailed findings or conclusions about acontinuing event (i.e. unsettled disputesand resolution of certain problems).The interim statement is typically pub-lished after the preliminary statement

IOÉ≤dG QÉ«àNG á«MÓ°U ´Î≤ŸG ¬«a ¢V qƒØj ´GÎbG

ΩCG kGOôa πãªŸG Gòg ¿ÉcCG ,¬æY πã‡ ¤EG ÚÑîàæŸG

.áª¶æe

In-kind Contribution á«æ«Y äÉYÈJ

hCG âbƒdG :á«dÉàdG ∫Éμ°TC’G ~MCG òNCÉJ »àdG äÉÑ¡dG

√òg πª°ûJ ¿CG Rƒéjh .OGƒŸG hCG ¿ÉμŸG hCG äGÈÿG

á˘Ñ˘Lh hCG Öà˘μ˘ª˘c á˘e~˘î˘à˘˘°ùŸG á˘˘MÉ˘˘°ùŸG äÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘¡˘˘dG

,á«ÑàμŸG ΩRGƒ∏dG hCG ,´ÉªàLG AÉæKCG áe~≤ŸG AG~¨dG

áfÉeCG ∫ÉªYCÉH kÉàbDƒe ΩÉ«≤dG hCG ,á«æ≤àdG I~YÉ°ùŸG hCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ô°ùdG.''á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ''

Instant RunoffVoting (IRV)

äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ

‹~j ’ å«M ájOôØdG IôFG~dG ‘ ≥sÑ£oJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG

Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG ¿ƒÑJôjh ~MGh mäƒ°üH ’EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG

í°Tôe q…CG nßëj ⁄ ∫ÉM »Øa .º¡j~d á«∏° aC’G áLQO

,Úë°Tôª∏d Ö«JôJ ∫hCG Ö°ùëH äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCÉH

øe áÑ°ùf ≈fOCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG OÉ©Ñà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj

≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ∂∏J ™jRƒJ OÉ©oj ¿CG ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G

á˘«˘dÉ˘à˘dG ÖJGôŸG ‘ ¿ƒ˘∏˘ë˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG Úë˘˘°TôŸG »˘˘bÉ˘˘H

.á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH

Institutional Polls äÉ°ù°°SDƒŸG ‘ ´GÎbG

á«ë°üdG ájÉYôdÉH á°UÉÿG äBÉ°ûæŸG ‘ ´GÎb’G …ôéj

á˘«˘ë˘°üdG á˘jÉ˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG QhOh äÉ˘˘«˘˘Ø˘˘°ûà˘˘°ùŸG É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘a ÉÃ)

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(á°UÉÿG.''∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe''

Interest Groups ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›

™˘æ˘°U ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG ‘ É˘¡˘à˘Ñ˘Zô˘H õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J läÉ˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

¢ ©H ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ìÉéædG ±~¡H á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGô≤dG

‘ •Gôîf’G ƒëf ´õæJh á«°SÉ«°ùdG º«≤dG hCG ±G~gC’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG''§¨° dG äÉYƒª›''

.''»°SÉ«°ùddG πª©dG áæ÷''h

Interim Statement onObservation

»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

ÉeEG ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe áã©H øY Q~°üj l¿É«H

ø˘Y á˘«˘aÉ˘˘°VEG π˘˘«˘˘°UÉ˘˘Ø˘˘J Ω q~˘˘≤˘˘jh ,á˘˘«˘˘dhO hCG á˘˘«˘˘∏fi

ç~M É¡«dEG ¢üo∏N »àdG èFÉàædG hCG äÉLÉàæà°S’G

~©H π°UƒàdG Ω~©d kGô¶f) ~©H ¬dƒ°üa p¬àæJ ⁄ øq«©e

.(πcÉ°ûŸG ¢ ©H qπMh äÉYGõædG ¢ ©H ‘ qâÑdG ¤EG

≥Ñ°ùjh ‹hC’G n¿É«ÑdG ~©H IOÉY »∏MôŸG o¿É«ÑdG »JCÉj


but before the more comprehensive finalreport. Findings in the interim report arestill considered preliminary. See also“Final Statement on Observation”and “Post-Election/PreliminaryStatement on Observation.”

A foreign national, who as part of aninternational election mission or dele-gation engages in international electionobservation. See also “ElectionMonitor/Observer.”

The organized efforts of intergovernmen-tal and international non-governmentalorganizations and associations to conductinternational election observation. See also“Election Monitoring/Observing.”

A method of voter contact using com-puters and communications networksand involves developing campaignpages on the World Wide Web. Whilethis can be an inexpensive way to con-vey a lot of information to those inter-ested in the candidate and the campaign,it is not an effective voter contactmethod because it does not go to thevoters. Instead voters have to go to it.

The act of casting a ballot on a comput-er via the World Wide Web. Internetvoting can take place remotely, fromany home computer, or at specific com-puters under the control of a pollingauthority, as in poll-site Internet votingor kiosk voting. See also “KioskVoting,” “Poll-Site Internet Voting,”and “Remote Internet Voting.”

»àdG èFÉàædG q¿CG ’EG ,k’ƒª°T ÌcC’G »FÉ¡ædG ôjô≤àdG

èFÉàf Èà©J ∫GõJ ’ »∏MôŸG ôjô≤àdG É¡«dEG ¢ü∏îj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«dhCG¿É«H''h ,''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''

.'' äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG

70

International ElectionMonitor (or Observer)

‹h~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

á«dhO áã©H ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ,∑QÉ°ûj »ÑæLCG øWGƒe

áÑbGôŸG Oƒ¡L ‘ ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ ‹hO ~ah hCG

™LGQ .äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dh~dG.''äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe''

International ElectionObservation Mission(or Delegation)

áÑbGôŸ (‹hO ~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H

äÉHÉîàf’G

ÒZ äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸGh á˘˘«˘˘dh~˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG

±~¡H ÉgOƒ¡L ≥°ùæJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷Gh á«eƒμ◊G

™˘LGQ .‹h~˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘cGƒ˘˘e

kÉ° jCG.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe''

Internet Campaigning âfÎfE’G ÈY äÓª◊G º«¶æJ

Iõ¡LCG Ω~îà°ùJ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh

IOÉY á∏«°SƒdG √òg Ωƒ≤Jh .∫É°üJ’G äÉμÑ°Th ôJƒ«ÑμdG

á˘μ˘Ñ˘°T ≈˘∏˘Y á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d äÉ˘ë˘Ø˘°U ¢ü«˘°üî˘J ≈˘∏˘˘Y

ÒZ á∏«°Sh q~©oJ √òg ∫É°üJ’G á∏«°Sh q¿CG ™eh .âfÎfE’G

¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ¤EG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘e xº˘c ∫É˘°üjE’ á˘Ø˘ ˘∏˘ ˘μ˘ ˘e

ádÉ©a á∏«°Sh Èà©J ’ »¡a ,¬à∏ªëHh í°TôŸÉH Úªà¡ŸG

,ÖNÉædG ¤EG É¡≤jôW ∂∏°ùJ ’ É¡fC’ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd

.É¡«dEG ¬≤jôW ~éj ¿CG ¬°ùØf ÖNÉædG øe Ö∏£àJ É‰EG

Internet Voting âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ

á˘˘μ˘˘Ñ˘˘°T ÈY ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH A’OE’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÖNÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ΩG~˘˘˘bEG

âfÎfE’G ÈY ÖNÉædG ä qƒ°üj ¿CG Rƒéjh .âfÎfE’G

…òdG ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG RÉ˘¡˘L ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SÉ˘H É˘eEG ,~˘©˘H ø˘Y

ôJƒ«Ñªc Iõ¡LCG ΩG~îà°SÉH hCG ¬dõæe ‘ ¬e~îà°ùj

á˘Ä˘«˘g ±Gô˘°TEG â– ™˘°Vƒ˘˘J ¢Vô˘˘¨˘˘dG Gò˘˘¡˘˘d á˘˘°ü°üfl

âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ˘°üà˘˘dG ‘ ∫É◊G »˘˘g É˘˘ª˘˘c ,º˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘dG

™LGQ .∑É°ûcC’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG hCG ´GÎbE’G ™bƒe øª°V

ø˘ª˘°V ~˘˘©˘˘H ø˘˘Y âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''∑É˘˘°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üJ''

.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''´GÎbE’G ™bƒe


Invalid Votes á◊É°U ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

See “Rejected Ballot.”

The annulment of elections due tomistabulation, fraud, or other activitiesdetermined by a legal entity to haveerroneously impacted the outcome ofthe election.

A subject or interest for advocates ordecision-makers. See also “PublicPolicy Issue.”

A person who does not reside in anydistrict, but whose name has beenplaced on the register of electors. Thisterm is used specifically within the Australianelectoral system.

™LGQ.''á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh''

Invalidation of Results ÜÉîàf’G èFFÉàf AÉ¨dEG

ádh~L ‘ π∏N OƒLh áé«àf äÉHÉîàf’G ¿Ó£H ¿ÓYEG

…CG ÜÉμJQG ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ hCG ,äGƒ°UC’G

â q∏˘NCG É˘¡˘fCÉ˘H á˘«˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘g qô˘˘≤˘˘J iô˘˘NCG ∫É˘˘ª˘˘YCG

.äÉHÉîàf’G á∏«°üëH

IssueádCÉ°ùee/á«° b

»˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘°VƒŸG hCG ¿CÉ˘˘°ûdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äGQGô≤dG »©fÉ°U hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM

.''áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùddG ¿hDƒ°T''

Itinerant Elector ∫ uƒéààe ÖNÉf/´Î≤e

º«≤j ’ ¬fCG ™e ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ¬ª°SG O pôj l¢üî°T

.á«HÉîàfG IôFGO …CG ‘í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj



JJargon

á«MÓ£°UG á¨d

The specialized language of a particularprofession, trade, or industry.

The power of the judiciary branch ofgovernment, to annul the acts of theother branches when these branches arenot in accordance with a higher norm.

The geographical area over which acourt or government body has thepower and right to exercise authority.

áYÉæ°U hCG IQÉŒ hCG áæ¡e ‘ ádhG~àŸG ¢UÉ°üàN’G á¨d

.áæq«©e

Judicial Power á«FÉ° b á£∏°S

∫É£HEÉH á«FÉ° ≤dG áÄ«¡dG ¤EG π ncƒJ »àdG á£∏°ùdG

Újô˘NC’G Úà˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ø˘Y IQOÉ˘°üdG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G ∫ƒ˘©˘Ø˘e

.É¡«∏Y ± nQÉ©àŸG É«∏©dG ÒjÉ©ŸG ™e ≥aGƒàJ ’ ÚM

Jurisdiction ¥É£f/¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U

ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe/á£∏°ùddG

hCG áªμÙG É¡«∏Y §°ùÑJ »àdG á«aGô¨÷G áMÉ°ùŸG

¿CG É¡d ≥ëjh ÉgPƒØf ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øe á°ù°SDƒe …CG

.ÉgOh~M øª°V É¡à£∏°S ¢SQÉ“


KKiosk Voting

∑É°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ°üJ

Internet voting that is conducted at anyvoting center within a voter's electoraldistrict on designated computers thatare controlled and monitored by elec-tion officials. See also “Poll-SiteInternet Voting” and “RemoteInternet Voting.”

A term used to describe the key advi-sors to a candidate informally organizedso as not to attract attention.

âjƒ°üJ õcôe …CG ‘ ÖNÉædG ¬jôéj âfÎfE’G ÈY ´GÎbG

º«≤j »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V á©bGƒdG õcGôŸG øe

á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ ™˘° î˘J IO~fi ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘c Iõ˘¡˘LCG ÈYh ,É˘¡˘«˘a

™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒeøª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ''

.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h '' ´GÎb’G ™bƒe

Kitchen Cabinet ÚHô≤ŸG øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG ≥jôa

Rô˘˘HCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y á˘˘d’~˘˘∏˘˘d í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘˘g Ω n~˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘°ù˘˘˘oj

¿ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘à˘j ø˘jò˘dG í˘°TôŸG ø˘e ÚHô˘≤ŸG ø˘jQÉ˘°ûà˘°ùŸG

.√ÉÑàf’G âØ∏d kÉÑæŒ á«ª°SQ ÒZ á≤jô£H


LLandslide

/äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ≥MÉ°S Rƒa

á≤MÉ°S ájÌcCG hCG á«Ñ∏ZCG

An election in which one candidatedefeats the other by a very large margin.

A method of translating votes into seatsin a proportional representation list sys-tem according to determined quotas.There are two stages to this method ofcounting. First, parties are awardedseats in proportion to the number ofquotas they fulfill (quotas vary depend-ing on which of three systems are used).Second, remaining seats are awarded toparties on the basis of the left overvotes they possess after the ‘quota’stage of the count. Largest remainderseats are allocated in order of vote size.

A general body of rules and regulationsofficiated by authority. Laws are gener-ally found in constitutions, legislation,and judicial opinions.

The strict enforcement of the law andthe consequent social stability thatcomes from the enforcement of lawwithin a given society.

Large signs with the candidate’s nameon them and the office they are seeking,which can be placed on lawns and otherareas near roads. Lawn signs are good

¬˘«˘°ùaÉ˘æ˘e ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ Úë˘°TôŸG ~˘MCG Rƒ˘a

.äGƒ°UC’G øe ÒÑc ¥QÉØH

Largest RemainderMethod (Rarely Used)

™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jôW

(∫Éª©à°S’G IQOÉf) (äGƒ°UC’G

ΩÉ¶f qπX ‘ ~YÉ≤e ¤EG äGƒ°UC’G É¡«a ∫ qƒëàJ á≤jôW

á≤jôW ô“h .IO~ÙG ¢ü°üë∏d kÉ≤ah á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG

,¤hC’G á∏MôŸG ‘ .Úà∏MôÃ √òg äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG

O~Y ™e Ö°SÉæàdÉH ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ …ôéj

∞∏àîJ á°ü◊G √òg q¿CG kÉª∏Y) É¡H GhRÉa »àdG ¢ü°ü◊G

ÉeCG .(áKÓãdG áª¶fC’G ÚH øe ~ nªà©ŸG ΩÉ¶ædG ±ÓàNÉH

≈˘∏˘Y á˘«˘≤˘Ñ˘àŸG ~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG ´ qRƒ˘à˘à˘a ,á˘«˘fÉ˘ã˘dG á˘∏˘MôŸG ‘

~©H É¡d ≈ q≤ÑàJ »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G

, mòF~æY .''ÉJƒμdG ΩÉ¶æd'' kÉ©ÑJ äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG á∏Môe

≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£d kÉ≤ÑW á«≤ÑàŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG ´ sRƒoJ

.É¡àdÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ºéM Ö°ùëH ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y

Law¿ƒfÉb

i~MEG É¡°SôμJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›

ÒJÉ°S~dG ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG êQ~æJ ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHh .äÉ£∏°ùdG

.á«FÉ° ≤dG äGOÉ¡àL’Gh äÉ©jô°ûàdGh

Law and Order øeCÓd kGõjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J

ΩÉ¶ædGh

¤EG …ODƒj mƒëf ≈∏Y kÉeQÉ°U kÉ≤«Ñ£J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J

PÉ˘Ø˘fEG ø˘Y œÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘L’G QGô˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘°S’G AÉ˘˘°SQEG

.øq«©e ™ªà› ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG

Lawn Signs ∞jô©à∏d) áYRƒe äÉàa’

(í°TôŸÉH

74

…ò˘˘dG Ö°üæŸGh í˘˘°TôŸG º˘˘°SG π˘˘ª– IÒÑ˘˘˘c äÉ˘˘˘à˘˘˘a’

ø˘e á˘ Hô˘≤˘e ≈˘∏˘Yh ∫RÉ˘ ˘æŸG ΩÉ˘ ˘eCG ¢S nô˘ ˘ ˘ oJh ¬˘ ˘d í˘ ˘°TÎj

~jõJ É¡fCG äÉàaÓdG √òg äÉæ°ùM øeh .áeÉ©dG äÉbô£dG


75

for increasing name recognition of thecandidate and reminding people tovote. See also “Visibility.”

Someone who rules, guides, or inspiresothers. A leader can be someone incharge of others or someone membersof a community follow.

The ability to lead, gain followers andto influence others towards theachievement of political goals.

The particular traits people are lookingfor in those who represent them.

Voters legally excluded from registeringand voting on grounds including suchconditions as property ownership,wealth, literacy, race, gender, incarcera-tion, military service, and mental fitness.

Structure of political processes consist-ing of the constitutional rules, laws,complementary regulations, and explic-it or implicit codes of conduct. Withregards to elections, collectively thelegal framework consists of the consti-tutional rules, electoral laws, comple-mentary regulations, and explicit orimplicit codes of conduct that dictatethe electoral system and direct theadministration of electoral processes.See also “Electoral Code/Law.”

A revision or change brought to thelaw of a country in accordance with aformal procedure. See also“Amendment of Electoral Law” and“Electoral Reform.”

âjƒ°üàdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ô qcòJh í°TôŸG ¤EG ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬d.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ''

Leaderº«YR/~FÉb

hCG ,ø˘jô˘NB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘à˘£˘∏˘°S §˘°ùÑ˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

kÉ˘° jCG ƒ˘gh .º˘¡˘d ΩÉ˘¡˘dEG Q~˘°üe ¿ƒ˘μ˘j hCG ,º˘˘¡˘˘¡˘˘Lƒ˘˘j

hCG øjôNB’G ¿hDƒ°T ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

.áYÉª÷G AÉ° YCG ¬©Ñàj …òdG

Leadership ájOÉ«b ìhQ

≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘«˘dÉ˘Jh …OÉ˘jQ Qh~˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’G ≈˘∏˘˘Y IQ~˘˘≤˘˘dG

ÒKCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG kÉ° jCG »gh .´ÉÑJC’G ádÉªà°SG

±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf º¡¡«LƒJh ´ÉÑJC’G A’Dƒg ≈∏Y

.IOƒ°ûæŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG

Leadership Qualities ájOÉ«b äGõ«e/äÉØ°U

øe ¢üî°T ‘ OôØdG É¡æY åëÑj »àdG á°UÉÿG íeÓŸG

.¬∏qãÁ

Legal Exclusion ÊƒfÉb AÉ°übEG

âjƒ°üàdGh π«é°ùàdG øY kÉ«fƒfÉb ÚÑNÉædG OÉ©Ñà°SG

,IhÌdGh ,á«μ∏ŸÉc áæq«©e πFÉ°ùÃ ≥∏©àJ mÜÉÑ°SC’

,øé°ùdGh ,»˘YÉ˘ª˘à˘L’G ´ƒ˘æ˘dGh ,¥ô˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘eC’Gh

.á«∏≤©dG á«∏gC’Gh ,ájôμ°ù©dG áe~ÿGh

Legal Framework ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG

πª°ûJ »àdG á«°SÉ«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘æ˘H ‘ ≈˘∏˘é˘à˘j

Éeh ,ÚfGƒ≤dGh ,~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y …ƒ£æJh äÉHÉîàf’G

∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äÉ˘fh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj

.Qƒà°S~dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG

™˘ª˘é˘«˘a äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’É˘H ¢UÉÿG Êƒ˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG QÉ˘˘WE’G É˘˘eCG

É˘eh ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dGh ,á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘dG ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’G

∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äÉ˘fh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj

»HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG ≈YôJ »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG

.É¡∏MGôe qπμH á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG IQGOEG ¤ƒ˘à˘Jh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb''

Legislative Amendment

äÉ©jô°ûààdG πj~©J

hCG á©LGôª∏d ~∏ÑdG ‘ É¡H ∫ƒª©ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ´É° NEG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ©ÑJ Ò«¨àdGπj~©J''

.''»HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG''h ''»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG


76

Legislative Office »©jô°ûJJ Ö°üæe

A position in a parliament, assembly, orcongress.

A mechanism through which citizenscan remove a public official fromoffice. Legislative recalls are authorizedby constitutional or statutory provi-sions, which differ per country or state.Typically legislative recalls commencewith the filing of a petition with signa-tures supporting the removal of an offi-cial from office. If the petition gains acertain level of support (as specified bythe relevant provision) the official iseither removed from office as a resultof the petition, or an election may beheld to determine whether to removethe official. Special elections are subse-quently held to elect a successor. Insome cases, non-elected public officialscan also be recalled.

An officially elected or otherwise select-ed body of people vested with theresponsibility and power to make lawsfor a political unit, such as a state ornation. Sometimes called a parliament,assembly, or congress.

All free and legitimate government isbased on governing the interactionsbetween sovereign individuals throughmutually accepted contracts.

The act of giving equal opportunities todifferent participants or players.

To use personal or institutional influ-ence or position to gain support and/orfinancial backing of other people and/orinstitutions in a mutual endeavor.

hCG ,á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘˘ª÷G hCG ,¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ Ö°üæ˘˘˘e

.»©jô°ûàdG ¢ù∏ÛG

Legislative Recall ÖFÉf hCG ∫hDƒ°ùee) ∫õY/ádÉbEG

»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üàH (ÊÉŸôH

hCG »eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe ádÉbEÉH ÚæWGƒª∏d íª°ùJ á«dBG

É˘eEG á˘«˘dB’G √ò˘g ~˘ nª˘à˘©˘oJh .¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘e ø˘e ÊÉŸô˘˘H ÖFÉ˘˘f

»àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG ¢Uƒ°üædG hCG Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ

‘ ò˘î˘à˘Jh ,∫h~˘dG hCG ¿G~˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ±Ó˘˘à˘˘NÉ˘˘H ∞˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘î˘˘J

¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› É¡© qbƒJ má° jôY πμ°T ¢SÉ°SC’G

ø˘e ÚdhDƒ˘°ùŸG ~˘MCG á˘dÉ˘bEG Ö∏˘£˘d kÉ˘ª˘YO É˘¡˘H Ω q~˘≤˘˘à˘˘Jh

~«jCÉàdG øe øq«©e q~ëH á° jô©dG â¶M GPEG .¬Ñ°üæe

ÉeEÉa ,(á∏°üdG äGP á«fƒfÉ≤dG ¢Uƒ°üædG √O~– Ée ≥ah)

ká˘HÉ˘é˘à˘°SG ¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘e ø˘˘e ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùŸG á˘˘dÉ˘˘bEG ¤EG QÉ˘˘°ü˘ oj ¿CG

Ö∏˘˘˘˘£ŸG Gò˘˘˘˘g ´É˘˘˘˘° NEG ¤EG hCG ,á˘˘˘˘° jô˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘dG Ö∏˘˘˘˘˘£Ÿ

∫hDƒ°ùŸG ádÉbEG á«fÉμeEG i~e øe åÑãà∏d âjƒ°üà∏d

äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG á∏MôŸG √òg Ö≤©j ¿CG ≈∏Y , q»æ©ŸG

¤EG kÉ° jCG IQÉ°TE’G øe q~H ’ .¬d m∞∏N QÉ«àN’ á°UÉN

±hô˘X qπ˘X ‘ ‘ á˘«˘dB’G √ò˘g ¤EG Aƒ˘é˘˘∏˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘fÉ˘˘μ˘˘eEG

.Ö nîàæe ÒZ »ª°SQ ∫hDƒ°ùe ádÉbE’ áæq«©e

Legislature á«©jô°ûJJ á£∏°S/áÄ«g

kÉaÓN hCG É¡HÉîàfG …ôéj »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª›

á˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùe É˘¡˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘© oJ »˘à˘dGh ,É˘˘gQÉ˘˘«˘˘à˘˘NG ∂dò˘˘d

I~˘Mh ø˘ª˘°V …ô˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG qø˘°S á˘«˘MÓ˘˘°Uh

QÉ°ûoj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeC’G hCG áj’ƒdÉc áæq«©e á«°SÉ«°S

.¢Sô¨fƒμdG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG á«©ª÷G hCG ¿ÉŸÈdÉH É¡«dEG

LegitimateGovernment

á«Yô°T áeƒμM

õμJôjh kÉ«fƒfÉb kÉ©HÉW πª– »àdG Iô◊G áeƒμ◊G

ºg mOGôaCG ÚH á«∏YÉØJ äÉbÓY ájÉYQ ≈∏Y É¡ªμM

á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶– äÉ«bÉØJG ÖLƒÃ ∂dPh ,ºgQGôb OÉ«°SCG

.Úaô£dG Óc

Level Playing Field ¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ

∞∏àı áMÉàŸG ¢UôØdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùŸG ≈Yôj …òdG CG~ÑŸG

.AÉbôaC’G hCG ÚcQÉ°ûŸG

LeveragePƒØf

Éª¡©bƒŸ hCG ÉªgÒKCÉàd á°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG ∫Ó¨à°SG

ø˘˘˘e ‹ÉŸG º˘˘˘Y~˘˘˘dG hCG/h ~˘˘˘«˘˘˘jCÉ˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG Ö°ùc π˘˘˘LCG ø˘˘˘e

.iôNC’G äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG/h ¢UÉî°TC’G


77

Liberal‹GÈ«d

An individual who generally believes inthe power of an activist government toresolve society’s many domestic prob-lems, protect the interests of the poor, andimprove the lives of individual citizensthrough specific governmental programs.For antonym, see “Conservative.”

An electoral system used in multi-mem-ber districts in which voters can votefor more than one candidate, but forfewer candidates than are running foroffice. The candidates with the highestvote totals win the seats, in the sameway as in a bloc vote or single non-transferable vote. See also “Bloc Vote”and “Single Non-Transferable Vote(SNTV).”


A system in which each party presents alist of candidates for an electoral dis-trict, voters vote for a party, and partiesreceive seats in proportion to theiroverall share of the vote. Winning can-didates are taken from the party lists.See also “Closed List,” “Free List,”and “Open List.”

Evaluation of the voters list whichchecks that names on the voters listactually belong to eligible voters. Thetest also verifies the voter information ofeach selected name on the list. See also“People-to List Audit (of the VotersList)” and “Voters List Audit.”

qπM ≈∏Y á£°TÉædG áeƒμ◊G IQ~≤H káeÉY øeDƒj Oôa

,™ªàÛG É¡æe ÊÉ©j »àdG IÒãμdG á«∏ÙG πcÉ°ûŸG

iƒ˘à˘°ùe ™˘aQh ,IÒ≤˘Ø˘dG á˘≤˘Ñ˘£˘dG í˘dÉ˘°üe á˘˘jÉ˘˘ª˘˘Mh

è˘eGô˘H ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘˘e Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG i~˘˘d á˘˘°û«˘˘©ŸG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á°UÉN á«eƒμM.''ßaÉfi''

Limited Vote (LV) Oh~ÙG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG IO~˘©˘àŸG ô˘FGh~˘dG ‘ ~˘ nª˘à˘©˘oj ´GÎbG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

É‰EG ,~MGh í°Tôe øe ÌcC’ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh

¿ƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘î˘˘˘j ø˘˘˘jò˘˘˘dG Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG O~˘˘˘Y ø˘˘˘e qπ˘˘˘bCG O~˘˘˘©˘˘˘d

¿ƒ∏°üëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØjh .äÉHÉîàf’G

É˘ª˘c kÉ˘eÉ“ ,äGƒ˘°UC’G ´ƒ˘ª› ø˘e á˘Ñ˘°ùf ≈˘˘∏˘˘YCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

äƒ˘°üdGh ,…ƒ˘∏˘à˘μ˘dG âjƒ˘°üà˘dG »˘eÉ˘¶˘f ‘ π˘˘°üë˘˘j

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .Ò«˘˘é˘˘à˘˘∏˘˘d π˘˘HÉ˘˘≤˘˘dG ÒZ ~˘˘MGƒ˘˘˘dGΩÉ¶f''

.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''h ''á∏àμdG

List of Electors ÚYÎ≤ŸG íFGƒd

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''

List ProportionalRepresentation (List PR)

á«Ñ°ùæædG áªFÉ≤dG/áëFÓdG ΩÉ¶f

Ω q~≤j ¿CG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûe ÜõM qπμd í«àj ΩÉ¶f

.áæq«©e á«HÉ˘î˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘d Úë˘°Tô˘e á˘ë˘F’

≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G π°ü–h ,Üõë∏d ¿ƒÑNÉædG ä qƒ°ü«a

»˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘°üM ™˘e Ö°SÉ˘æ˘à˘dÉ˘H ~˘˘YÉ˘˘≤ŸG O~˘˘Y

í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG ø˘e É˘gƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘e Rƒ˘Ø˘«˘a ,∫É˘ª˘LE’É˘H É˘¡˘dÉ˘æ˘˘J

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ á«Hõ◊G,''IôM áëF’''h ,''á≤∏ë áëF’''

.''áMƒàØe áëF’h

List-to-People Audit(of the Voters List)

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J

¢SƒØædG πé°°S ™e

≥≤ëàdG ≥jôW øY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd áë°U i~e º««≤J

kÉ«∏©a Oƒ©J ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ áLQ~ŸG AÉª°SC’G q¿CG øe

í∏°üj ,∂dP øY kÓ° a .´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG

øY IOQGƒdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG áë°U ‘ ≥«b~à∏d QÉÑàN’G Gòg

≈˘∏˘Y QÉ˘«˘à˘N’G ™˘≤˘j á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG ‘ π˘˘é˘˘°ùe ÖNÉ˘˘f π˘˘c

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬ª°SG™e ¢SƒØædG πé°°S á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J''

.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h ''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd


78

Literature Drop á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe ™jRƒJ

A voter contact method in which vol-unteers go door-to-door to leave cam-paign literature at each home of votersin the district. See also “CampaignLiterature.”

A voter contact method in which vol-unteers hand campaign literature topotential voters gathered in any largegroups, such as workers leaving a facto-ry, commuters waiting for a train, orshoppers at a market. See also“Campaign Literature.”

A test to determine how well electronicequipment can perform under the levelof usage that can be expected on elec-tion day. See also “End-to-End Test.”

People who support some commoncause, business, principle, or sectionalinterest; a group of people who tryactively to influence legislation. Seealso “Interest Group” and “PoliticalAction Committee (PAC).”

An election held in a particular localityto choose between candidates or tovote on ballot measures; election for alocal governing body, such as a citycouncil, municipal council, mayor, orcommunity board. See also “NationalElection” and “State Election.”

See “Operations Division.”

An election campaign for a particularoffice that may generate minimal voterinterest. See also “Down Ballot.” Forantonym, see “High Profile Race.”

¿ƒYƒ£àŸG ~ª©j ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh

OGƒe ´G~jEG ¢Vô¨H QGO ¤EG QGO øe ±Gƒ£dG ¤EG É¡dÓN

Úª«≤ŸG ÚÑNÉædG øcÉ°ùe øe øμ°ùe πc ~æY á∏ª◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ‘.''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

Literature Handout á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe º«∏°ùJJ

¿ƒYƒ£àŸG Ωƒ≤j ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh

Ú∏ªàÙG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG á∏ª◊G OGƒe º«∏°ùàH É¡dÓN

~˘æ˘Y ∫É˘ª˘©˘dÉ˘c ,º˘î˘°V ™˘ qªŒ q…CG ø˘ª˘°V ø˘˘j~˘˘LGƒ˘˘àŸG

‘ Úª˘«˘≤ŸG hCG ,ΩGh~˘dG á˘jÉ˘¡˘f ‘ ™˘˘æ˘˘°üŸG º˘˘¡˘˘JQOÉ˘˘¨˘˘e

AÉæKCG Úbƒ°ùàŸG hCG ,QÉ£≤dG QÉ¶àfG ~æY »MGƒ° dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¥ƒ°ùdG ‘ º¡dGƒŒ.''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

Load Test AGOC’G QÉÑàNG

‘ á«fhÎμdE’G äG~©ŸG AGOCG ~j~– ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j QÉÑàNG

™LGQ .ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j á˘©˘bƒ˘àŸG ΩG~˘î˘à˘°S’G ±hô˘X

.''πeÉ°T QÉÑàNG''

Lobby á£ZÉ°V iƒb/§¨° dG äÉYƒª›

hCG k’ÉªYCG hCG á«° b ¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’ÉH πãªàJ

;øq«©e ´É£≤H á∏°U äGP ídÉ°üe hCG ácÎ°ûe ÇOÉÑe

ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG x~éH ≈©°ùJ ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒªÛG √ògh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ©jô°ûàdG ≈∏Y''ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›''

.''»°SÉ«°ùddG πª©dG áæ÷''h

Local Election á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG

π˘LCG ø˘˘e ø˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e ¿É˘˘μ˘˘e ‘ …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

AÉàØà°SG ¢Vô©e ‘ âjƒ°üàdG hCG Úë°TôŸG ÚH QÉ«àN’G

ºμ◊G äÉÄ«g i~MEG ÜÉîàf’ kÉ° jCG º s¶æoJ »gh ;ΩÉY

¢ù«FQ hCG ,…~∏ÑdG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG áæj~ŸG ¢ù∏éªc ,á«∏ÙG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»∏ÙG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG ,áj~∏ÑdGäÉHÉîàfG''

.''äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùee ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàfG''h ''á«æWh

Logistic Division »à°ùLLƒ∏dG º«¶æàdG º°ùbb

™LGQ.''äÉ«∏ª©dG º°ùbb''

Low Profile Race øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

AGƒ°VC’G

≈˘≤˘∏˘J ’h ø˘q«˘©˘e Ö°üæÃ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d º˘ s¶˘æ˘oJ á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘∏˘ª˘M

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG i~d kGÒÑc kÉeÉªàgGÖ°UÉæŸG ÜÉîàfG''

'' kÉfCÉ°T ≈fOC’G ¢ «≤ædGh.''áÑNÉ°U á«HÉîàfG ácô©e''


79

Lower House äÉj’ƒdG) ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏∏›

Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏∏›/(I~ëàŸG

(É«fÉ£jôH)

In a bicameral legislature, the chamberwhich generally has a larger electedmembership and is thereby more repre-sentative. Typically, it is the more pow-erful of the two chambers if power isunequal among them. For example, theHouse of Representatives is the “lowerhouse” in the U.S. federal government.See also “Bicameral Legislature” and“Upper House.”

á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG QÉ˘WEG ‘ ,í˘∏˘£˘°üŸG Gò˘g Ò°ûj

qº° j …ò˘dG ÜGƒ˘æ˘dG ¢ù∏› ¤EG ,π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘FÉ˘æ˘ã˘dG

™àªàjh ,ÚÑîàæŸG AÉ° YC’G øe ÈcCG kGO~Y káeÉY

¢ù∏ÛG Gòg ônÑà©ojh .™°ShCG á«∏«ã“ áØ°üH ‹ÉàdÉH

Ω~˘˘Y ∫É˘˘M ‘ Ú°ù∏ÛG ÚH kGPƒ˘˘Ø˘˘˘f ÌcC’G kÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘F~˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘e

.É˘¡˘JGP äÉ˘£˘∏˘°ùdÉ˘H É˘˘ª˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘à“á˘Ä˘˘«˘˘g'' kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ

/ñƒ˘«˘°ûddG ¢ù∏∏›''h ''π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘FÉ˘æ˘˘K á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûJJ

.äGOQƒ∏dG/øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG/¿É«YC’G


80

MA voter contact method in which cam-paign literature is sent through the postto voters via a voter file or mailing listtargeted to voters based on geographyor demographics. See also “CampaignLiterature.”

Voter registration through the postalsystem. An alternative or supplement toenumeration or registration centers.

An electoral formula in which the win-ning candidate must receive more thanhalf (50% + 1) of the votes cast. Seealso “Simple Majority.”


In the electoral context, the uneven distri-bution of voters among electoral districts.

The authority granted by the elec-torate to act as its representative;

The period of time that an electedrepresentative stays in office.

A public declaration of intentions asissued by a political party or govern-ment. See also “Platform.”

Mail Outreach/Direct Outreach

ÈY (ÚÑNÉædÉH)ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG

~jÈdG

∫É°SQEÉH »° ≤J ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh

´ƒf ¤EG kGOÉæà°SGh .~jÈdG ÈY ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG á∏ª◊G OGƒe

¿CG øμÁ ,áj~jÈdG øjhÉæ©dG áªFÉb hCG ÖNÉædG πé°S

º¡Y qRƒJ ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG á∏«°SƒdG √òg ±~¡à°ùJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .‘GôZƒÁ~dG hCG ‘Gô¨÷G.''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

Mail Registration ~jÈdG ÈY (ÚÑNÉædG) π«é°°ùJJ

.…OÉ©dG ~jÈdG ΩÉ¶f ΩG~îà°SÉH ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ

hCG ∫G~˘Ñ˘à˘°SG ¤EG √ò˘g π˘«˘é˘˘°ùà˘˘dG á˘˘≤˘˘jô˘˘W í˘˘∏˘˘°üJh

.AÉ°üME’G hCG π«é°ùàdG õcGôe πªY ∫Éªμà°SG

Majority System (á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f

õFÉØdG í°TôŸG π°üëj ¿CÉH »° ≤J á«HÉîàfG á¨«°U

~MGh äƒ°U ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ∞°üf ≈∏Y

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(1+%50)''ájOÉY ájÌcCG''.

Majority-Runoff Ú∏°UÉ◊G Úë°Tôª∏d á«fÉK ádƒL

äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y

™LGQ.''Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f''

Malapportionment (ÚÑNÉædG) º«°ù≤≤J/™jRƒJ Aƒ°S

Ω~Y ¤EG ,»HÉîàf’G ¥É«°ùdG ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™jRƒJ ‘ DƒaÉμàdG

Mandate¢ jƒØJ

áj’ƒdG I~e

¿ƒÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘ë˘æÁ …ò˘dG ∞˘«˘∏˘μ˘à˘dG hCG π˘«˘cƒ˘à˘dG

.º¡ª°SÉH ºμ◊G ¢SQÉÁ ¿CG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG º¡∏ãªŸ

¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘˘e ‘ ÒNC’G Gò˘˘g É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘° ≤˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG IÎØ˘˘dG

.ºμ◊G ‘ ¬àj’h I~Ã É° jCG ± nô©oàa

Manifesto »ª°SQ (»HÉîàfG) ¿É«H

»°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G øY Q~°üj Éªc ,ÉjGƒæ∏d ΩÉY ¿ÓYEG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeƒμ◊G hCG.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''


81

Manipulation of thePress

á«eÓYEG äGQhÉæe

The misrepresentation or skillful presen-tation of news or information so as tochange its meaning without presentingany falsified material. For example, theomission of a critical detail can change themeaning of an entire story. Media manip-ulation is frequently used in electoral cam-paigns to discredit the competition.

A majority in which a single party winsless than 50 % of the valid votes, but anabsolute majority of the parliamentaryseats - usually occurs in a plurality/major-ity system.

In a political poll or parallel vote tabu-lation (PVT), the plus or minus rangewithin which the final percentages mayfall due to sampling error.

The disparity between the number ofvotes gained by the winning candidateand the number of votes gained by therunner-up.

An imprint on a ballot made with a penor pencil that a scanner would detect.May be deliberate marks for a listedcandidate, denote the presence of apossibly valid write-in vote, or they maybe erasures and stray marks that havebeen erroneously identified by themachine as “votes.”

A ballot on which alternate candi-dates/parties appear, and the voterplaces only a single mark to indicate hisor her preference.

hCG á˘£˘dÉ˘¨˘e á˘≤˘jô˘£˘H äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG hCG QÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘NC’G ¢Vô˘˘Y

.É¡≤«Ø∏J ¿hO øe É¡fƒª° e ‘ kGÒ«¨J ç~– máμæëH

~æY ¬˘∏˘eÉ˘μ˘H ÈÿG iƒ˘ë˘a ô˘q«˘¨˘à˘j ¿CG kÓ˘ã˘e Rƒ˘é˘«˘a

CÉ˘é˘∏˘J É˘e kGÒã˘ch .á˘eÉ˘¡˘dG ¬˘∏˘˘«˘˘°UÉ˘˘Ø˘˘J ~˘˘MCG ∫É˘˘Ø˘˘ZEG

äGQhÉ˘æŸG ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ¤EG á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G äÓ˘˘ª◊G

.á«HÉîàf’G á°ùaÉæŸG ágGõæH ∂«μ°ûà∏d á«eÓYE’G

ManufacturedMajority

áÑ qcôe/á©æ£°üe ájÌcCG

øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 øe πbCG ~MGh ÜõM É¡«a ∫Éæj ládÉM

~YÉ≤e øe á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’ÉH RƒØj É‰EG ,á◊É°üdG äGƒ°UC’G

.…ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ kIOÉY ájÌcC’G √òg ≥≤ëàJh .¿ÉŸÈdG

Margin of Error CÉ£ÿG ¢ûeeÉg

Ö n°ùpædG øY èàæj ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ~FGõdÉH hCG ¢übÉædÉH ¥QÉØdG

ádh~L hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQBÓd ´Ó£à°SG QÉWEG ‘ á«FÉ¡ædG

.äÉæq«©dG QÉ«àNG ‘ CÉ£N ÖÑ°ùH ,ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G

Margin of Victory RƒØdG ¢ûeeÉg

í°TôŸG É¡dÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ÚH ºFÉ≤dG ¥QÉØdG

π°üM »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Yh äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ õFÉØdG

.á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG ‘ qπM …òdG í°TôŸG É¡«∏Y

Mark áeÓ©H (´GÎb’G ábQh) º°Sh

º∏b ∫Éª©à°SÉH ,´GÎb’G ábQh É¡H º°SƒJ läÉeÓY

á˘dBG É˘¡˘«˘dEG ± qô˘©˘˘à˘˘Jh ,ÖdÉ˘˘¨˘˘dG ‘ ¢UÉ˘˘°Uô˘˘dG hCG È◊G

Ò°ûJ máeÓY πμ°T äÉeÓ©dG √òg òîàJ ~bh .í°ùŸG

‘ ¬ª°SG êQ~ŸG í°Tôª∏d …OGQE’G ÖNÉædG QÉ«àNG ¤EG

á◊É°U ,´GÎbG pábQh OƒLh ≈∏Y ∫~J hCG ,áëFÓdG

~b hCG ,í°TôŸG º°SG ÖNÉædG É¡«a ¿ qhO ,íLQC’G ≈∏Y

É¡«dEG ± qô©àJ áHƒ£°ûe hCG á«ë‡ äÉeÓY QÉKBG ô¡¶J

.'' p Î≤e äƒ°U'' É¡fCG ≈∏Y kCÉ£N í°ùŸG ádBG

Mark-Choice Ballot ~j~ëàH áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

äGQÉ«ÿG

ÜGõMC’G/Úë°TôŸG AÉª°SCG É¡«a ô¡¶J ´GÎbG ábQh

kG~j~– I~MGh áeÓ˘©˘H ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG É˘¡˘ª˘ p°ùjh ,ÜhÉ˘æ˘à˘dÉ˘H

.π° ØŸG ¬ë°TôŸ


82

Mark-Sense System IAGô≤dG á£°SGƒH âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

´GÎb’G ábQƒd á«Fƒ° dG

See “Optical Character Recognition(OCR) Devices” and “Optical MarkRecognition (OMR) Devices.”

Any independent press that has a largeaudience. See also “ElectronicMedia,” “Press” and “Print Media.”

Public money that is given to presiden-tial candidates in an amount equal tothe amount that the campaign hasraised privately. See also “PublicFunding/Public Financing.”

Tangible assets such as money, equip-ment, modes of communication, andtransportation. One of four interlinkedresources (including time, information,and manpower) essential to consider inany planning of an electoral campaignor civic action.

Chief official of a city. Can be electedor appointed.

Elections for the chief official of a city.

A question or proposal submitted in anelection to obtain an expression of thevoters’ will on the matter. Also knownas a proposition or motion. See also“Referendum.”

The degree to which political com-petitors can use the media to reachvoters. The purpose of this policy is toensure that privacy, security, and legalissues concerning the Internet andother forms of electronic communication,

™LGQRÉ¡L''h ''±hô◊G ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG RÉ¡L''

.''äÉeÓ©dG ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG

Mass Media ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

™LGQ .™°SGh Qƒ¡ªéH ≈¶ëj π≤à°ùe »eÓYEG Èæe …CG

kÉ° jCG.''´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG''h ,''¿ƒ«eÓYEG''h ,''ÊhÎμdEG ΩÓYEG''

Matching Funds πHÉ≤e πjƒ“

Q s~≤oJh Ú«°SÉFôdG Úë°TôŸG ¤EG ínæªoJ áeÉY ∫GƒeCG

ø˘e á˘∏˘ª◊G â qæ˘μ“ »˘à˘dG ≠˘dÉ˘ÑŸG á˘ª˘«˘≤˘H É˘¡˘à˘ª˘˘«˘˘b

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¢UÉN mOƒ¡éÃ É¡©ªLπjƒ“/ΩÉY πjƒ“''

.''»eƒμM

Material Resources ájOÉe OQGƒe

π˘FÉ˘°Shh äG~˘©ŸGh ∫Gƒ˘˘eC’É˘˘c á˘˘°Sƒ˘˘ª˘˘∏ŸG äGOƒ˘˘LƒŸG

i~MEG äGOƒLƒŸG √òg πqμ°ûJh .π≤æàdGh ∫É°üJ’G

πeÉY ÖfÉL ¤EG) É¡æ«H Ée ‘ á£HGÎŸG á©HQC’G OQGƒŸG

Öéj »àdG (ájô°ûÑdG ábÉ£dGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh ,âbƒdG

á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G º«¶æJ ~æY ¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ ò nNDƒJ ¿CG

.ôNBG Ê~e ∑ô– q…CG hCG

Mayor (¿ÉæÑd) QÉàfl/áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù««FQ

Rƒ˘é˘j .á˘æ˘j~ŸG ¿hDƒ˘°T ô˘j~˘j ≈˘∏˘YCG »˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùe

.¬æ««©J hCG ¬HÉîàfG

Mayoral Race áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù««FQ ÜÉîàfG ácô©e

.áæj~ŸG ‘ ≈∏YC’G ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ÜÉîàf’ º s¶æoJ

Measure AÉàØà°SÓd ìhô£e ìGÎbG

ÖNÉædG êGQ~à°S’ âjƒ°üà∏d ìô£oj ìGÎbG hCG ádCÉ°ùe

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gòg ‘ ¬àÑZQ øY ÒÑ©àdG ¤EG

.''ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG''

Media Access ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG hCG ΩG~îà°SG ≥M

ΩÓYE’G

ΩG~îà°SG ≈∏Y Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Ú°ùaÉæàŸG IQ~b i~e

á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg ±~¡Jh .ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd ΩÓYE’G

áeÓ°ùdGh á«°Uƒ°üÿG ¿hDƒ°T á÷É©e ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G ¤EG

øe ÉgGƒ°Sh âfÎfE’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG á«fƒfÉ≤dG πFÉ°ùŸGh

~jÈdG πª°ûJ »àdG á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh


including e-mail, voice-mail, electronicfax, bulletin boards, television accesschannels, electronic subscription serv-ices, and any other electronic commu-nication forums are addressed, and thata policy is formally established to defineappropriate use of these tools. Manycountries require equal access to themedia for all political competitors.

Legal or independent mechanism towhich political competitors, citizens, orjournalists may turn for redress of viola-tions of political rights by the media,inappropriate governmental interference,or failure to protect press freedoms.

The geographic area reached by themass media in a particular region, par-ticularly by radio, newspaper, and tele-vision. Each type of media has its ownmedia market.

The systematic examination of the cov-erage given to a certain issue in themedia. It is often done by three sepa-rate parties- the election managementbody (EMB), international electoralobservation missions, and non-govern-mental and civil society organizations-to determine whether parties and candi-dates have adhered to the regulations orlaws governing media behavior duringelections, whether the media has beenable to contribute to making an electionfree and fair, and whether local groupshave been able to monitor the electionsfreely. See also “Media MonitoringMethodology.”

,ÊhÎμdE’G ¢ùcÉØdGh ,á«Jƒ°üdG πFÉ°SôdGh ,ÊhÎμdE’G

‘ á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG Iõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG äÉ˘£fih ,äGô˘˘°ûæ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘Mƒ˘˘dh

,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG ‘ ∑GÎ°T’G áe~Nh ,∫hÉæàŸG

»gh .á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh …CGh

É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG q¿CG øe ~cCÉàdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG ±~¡J

∫Éª©à°SG á¡Lh ~j~– ¤EG »eôJ É‰EG á«ª°SôdG äÉÄ«¡dG

q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .áªFÓŸG ¥ô£dÉH äGhOC’G √òg

™«ªL π°üëj ¿CG IQhô° H »° ≤j ¿G~∏ÑdG øe ÒãμdG

á˘˘Ä˘˘aÉ˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘e ¢Uô˘˘a ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y Ú«˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG Ú°ùaÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘àŸG

.ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°S’

83

Media ComplaintMechanism

ΩÓYE’G ~°V ihÉμ°ûddG ™aQ á«dBG

¿ƒ˘°ùaÉ˘æ˘àŸG É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘j á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe hCG á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘b á˘«˘dBG

…~°üàdG á«¨H ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG hCG ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG hCG ,¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG

~j ≈∏Y á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¥ƒ≤◊G É¡d ¢Vô©àJ »àdG äÉcÉ¡àfÓd

hCG ,ºFÓe ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y áeƒμ◊G πN~àd hCG ,ΩÓYE’G

.á«eÓYE’G äÉjô◊G ájÉªM ‘ ¢ùYÉ≤àdG ∫Éμ°TC’

Media Market á«eÓYEG á«£¨J

ΩÓYE’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh É˘¡˘«˘£˘¨˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘aGô˘¨÷G á˘≤˘£˘æŸG

,∞ë°üdGh ,äÉYGPE’G Éª«°S ’ ,áæq«©e á≤£æe øª°V

πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh πμ∏a .á«fƒjõØ∏àdG äÉ£ÙGh

.É¡H á°UÉÿG á«eÓYE’G É¡à«£¨J ΩÓYE’G

Media Monitoring ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe

‘ áæq«©e á«° b É¡H ≈¶– »àdG á«£¨àdG áæjÉ©e

áÑbGôe ¤ƒ˘à˘J É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Zh .»˘é˘¡˘æ˘e m π˘μ˘°ûH ΩÓ˘YE’G

ø˘Y á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe çÓ˘K äÉ˘¡˘L äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ΩÓ˘˘YE’G

hCG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEG á˘Ä˘«˘g »˘gh ,¢ ©˘Ñ˘dG É˘¡˘˘° ©˘˘H

äÉª¶æŸG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ á«dh~dG äÉã©ÑdG

∂dPh ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘eh á˘˘«˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ

Úë°TôŸGh ÜGõMC’G ΩGõàdG i~e øe ≥≤ëàdG ±~¡H

ΩÓYE’G á«μ∏°ùe ≈YôJ »àdG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG áª¶fC’ÉH

ΩÉ¡°SE’G ≈∏Y ΩÓYE’G IQ~b i~eh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN

IQ~˘˘b i~˘˘eh ,á˘˘¡˘˘jõ˘˘fh Iô˘˘M äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘fG AGô˘˘˘LEG ‘

πμH äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe ≈∏Y á«∏ÙG äÉYƒªÛG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ájôM.''ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe á«dBG''


84

Media MonitoringMethodology

ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe á«dBG

In elections, media monitoring entailscounting and measuring the numberand length of items devoted to differentparties, length in column inches, timingand number of direct access programs,etc. Media monitors can also evaluatethe quality of the coverage that partiesand candidates receive.

A report, often issued by non-govern-mental organizations (NGOs) andwatchdog organizations, which pres-ents verifiable findings of a media mon-itoring effort, and may make conclu-sions and recommendations.

A means through which news or infor-mation is disseminated, such as newspa-pers, magazines, radio stations, TV sta-tions, TV networks, and the Internet.

An agency or organization charged withenforcing uniform standards, codes ofconduct, and ethics to regulate all formsof the media, including electronic com-munications media, television, printmedia, radio, Internet, and other infor-mation services. Media regulatory bod-ies may be State run or independent,and in the case of elections, the electionmanagement body (EMB) may beresponsible for regulating the media.

Any person elected to a legislature; Person who voluntarily joins an organ-

ization or campaign, and has certain rightsand responsibilities within the decision-making structure. Members of organiza-tions play various roles, including volun-teer recruitment, participation in generalassembly sessions, and public relations.

¢SÉ«bh AÉ°üMEG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe Ωõ∏à°ùJ

ÉgOO~Y å«M øe ¿EG ,ÜGõMC’G ∞∏àı á°ü°üıG OGƒŸG

O~Yh ,ä’É≤ŸG ∫ƒWh ,É¡àMÉ°ùe hCG É¡J~e ∫ƒW á¡÷ hCG

‘ Ω s~≤oJ »àdG/AGƒ¡dG ≈∏Y Iô°TÉÑe åÑJ »àdG èeGÈdG

»ÑbGôŸ ≥ëjh .É¡«dEG Éeh ,É¡ãH äÉbhCGh ô°TÉÑe åH

≈¶ëj »àdG á«£¨àdG á«Yƒf Gƒªq«≤j ¿CG kÉ° jCG ΩÓYE’G

.Úë°TôŸGh ÜGõMC’G øe wπc É¡H

Media MonitoringReport

ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe ∫ƒM ôjô≤J

á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG øY ÖdÉ¨dG ‘ Q~°üj ôjô≤J

äÉ˘LÉ˘à˘æ˘à˘°S’G ¢Vô˘©˘à˘°ù«˘a ,á˘Ñ˘bGôŸG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘eh

≥≤ëàdG π¡°ùj »àdGh áÑbGôŸG Oƒ¡L øY á≤ãÑæŸG

.äÉ«°UƒàdG ™aQ ¤EG ¢ü∏îJ ºK ,É¡æe

Media Outlets ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

,∞ë°üdÉc ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉÑNC’G ô°ûæH íª°ùJ πFÉ°Sh

,á˘˘«˘˘fƒ˘˘jõ˘˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘dGh á˘˘˘«˘˘˘YGPE’G äÉ˘˘˘£ÙGh ,äÓÛGh

.âfÎfE’Gh IõØ∏àdG äÉμÑ°Th

Media RegulatoryBody

ΩÓYE’G º«¶æJ áÄ«g

ÒjÉ©˘e ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J á˘ª˘¡˘e É˘¡˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘© oJ á˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e hCG á˘dÉ˘ch

º«¶æàd πª©dG ÜGOBGh ∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~YGƒb äÉfh~eh ,I~Mƒe

É¡«a ÉÃ ,É¡dÉμ°TCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh πªY

ΩÓ˘YE’Gh ,¿ƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dGh ,á˘«˘fhÎμ˘dE’G ∫É˘°üJ’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh

ø˘e É˘ ˘¡˘ ˘¡˘ ˘HÉ˘ ˘°T É˘ ˘eh ,âfÎfE’Gh ,äÉ˘ ˘YGPE’Gh ,´ƒ˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘£ŸG

º«¶æJ RÉ¡L ™° îj ~bh .äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Ë~≤àd mäÉe~N

kÉª∏Y ,á∏≤à°ùe áØ°U πªëj hCG ádh~dG á£∏°ùd ΩÓYE’G

É˘¡˘°ùØ˘æ˘ H ¤ƒ˘à˘J ¿CG ø˘μÁ äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEG á˘Ä˘«˘g q¿CG

.äÉHÉîàf’G QÉWEG ‘ ΩÓYE’G º«¶æJ á«dhDƒ°ùe

Memberƒ° Y

á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ájƒ° ©H ≈¶ëj ¢üî°T …CG

.ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY

hCG áª¶æŸG ¤EG ¬JOGQEG AπÃ qº° æj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

¢ ©ÑH ™∏£˘° jh ¥ƒ˘≤◊G ¢ ©˘Ñ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘«˘a ,á˘∏˘ª◊G

Ö©˘˘∏˘˘jh .QGô˘˘≤˘˘dG PÉ˘˘î˘˘JG Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘NGO äÉ˘˘«˘˘dhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG

ô ncòoj ,QGhOCG I~Y Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ AÉ° YC’G

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸGh ,ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG ‘ ºgQhO É¡æe

.áeÉ©dG äÉbÓ©dG ~«WƒJh ,áeÉ©dG á«©ª÷G äÉ°ù∏L


85

Message (á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ

A body of truthful information that isconsistently conveyed by a candidate,party, or civic campaign to provide per-suasive reasons for an audience tochoose, and act on behalf of thatchoice. See also “Characteristic of aMessage.”

A campaigning exercise which requiresthe campaign to consider the candi-date's strengths and weaknesses on anissue, the opponent's strengths andweaknesses on an issue, and how tobest frame the message based on theseconsiderations.

An election for seats in the U.S. Senateand House of Representatives thatoccurs without a simultaneous presi-dential election - that is, two years intothe four-year presidential cycle. Theresults are sometimes interpreted as apopular referendum on that president'sperformance for the first two years ofhis term. Midterm elections determinesome members of the U.S. Senate andall members of the House ofRepresentatives, as well as many stateand local officials. This term is used specif-ically within the U.S. electoral system.

A system in which the choicesexpressed by voters are used to electrepresentatives through two differentsystems: one proportional representa-tion system and one plurality/majoritysystem. The main aim of a mixed sys-tem is to combine the relative advan-tages of the two systems while dissuad-ing their disadvantages.

,É¡H ¥ƒKƒe mäÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y ô°üà≤j »°ù«FQ ¢üf

≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á∏ª◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÖXGƒjh

¬©a~J á©æ≤e kÉHÉÑ°SCG Qƒ¡ª÷G AÉ£YEG ±~¡H ÉgOGOôJ

.QÉ«ÿG ∑GP øe m »MƒH πª©dGh √QÉ«N øY ÜGôYE’G ¤EG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e''

Message Box ádÉ°SôdG ™Hôe

øe »Y~à°ùjh á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ QÉWEG ‘ ≥qÑ£oj øjô“

∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG øWGƒe GƒæjÉ©j ¿CG á∏ª◊G »ª¶æe

∂dòch ,áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG i~MEG ∫É«M í°TôŸG i~d

á«° ≤dG ∫É«M ¬eÉ°üNCG i~d ∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG øWGƒe

á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dG á˘ZÉ˘«˘°üd á˘∏˘«˘°Sh ™‚CG ø˘Y kÉ˘ã˘˘ë˘˘H ,É˘˘¡˘˘JGP

.äGQÉÑàY’G ∂∏J ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG

Midterm Election áj’ƒdG ∞°üàæe äÉHÉîàfG

‘ ÜGƒædGh ñƒ«°ûdG »°ù∏› ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG AπŸ läÉHÉîàfG

™˘e ø˘eGõ˘à˘dÉ˘H …ôŒ ’ É˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘μ˘˘dh ,I~˘˘ë˘˘àŸG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG

IQh~dG øe Úàæ°S ~©H º s¶æoJ πH ,á«°SÉFôdG äÉHÉîàf’G

»àdG èFÉàædG ÉeCG .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG ≈∏Y I~àªŸG á«°SÉFôdG

≈∏Y »Ñ©°T AÉàØà°SG áHÉãÃ kÉfÉ«MCG ônÑà©oàa É¡∏é°ùJ

O~–h .¬àj’h øe ÚdhC’G ÚeÉ©dG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ∑GP AGOCG

¢ù∏› AÉ˘˘° YCG ¢ ©˘˘H á˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG ∞˘˘°üà˘˘æ˘˘e äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘˘fG

áaÉ°VEG ,ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG πch »cÒeC’G ñƒ«°ûdG

äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG øe ÒÑc O~Y ¤EG

.á˘˘«˘˘˘∏ÙG ¢ùdÉÛGhí∏£˘°üŸG Gò˘g ∫É˘ª˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj


Mixed ElectoralSystem

§∏àfl »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

ÜÉîàf’ º¡JGQÉ«N øY ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ôqÑ©j lΩÉ¶f

π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f :ÚØ∏àfl ÚeÉ¶f ∫ÓN øe º¡«∏ã‡

OÉ˘ª˘˘à˘˘YG ø˘˘e IÈ©˘˘dGh .…ÌcC’G ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dGh »˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùæ˘˘dG

øe IOÉaE’G ‘ »°SÉ°SCG πμ°ûH øªμJ §∏àıG ΩÉ¶ædG

,¿ÉeÉ¶ædG ¿Gòg É¡H õq«ªàj »àdG á«Ñ°ùædG äÉæ°ù◊G

.Éª¡FhÉ°ùŸ …~°üàdG ¤EGh , ká©ªà›


86

Mixed-MemberProportional System(MMP)

á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f

A mixed electoral system in which allvoters use a first electoral system, usual-ly the plurality/majority system, to electsome of the representatives to an elec-toral body. The remaining seats are thenallocated to parties using the secondelectoral system. Often list proportion-al representation is the second system,as it is used to compensate for dispro-portionality in representation whichresults from the majoritarian system.

See “Mobile Voting Center.”

Election day observers, either domestic orinternational, who move around from onepolling station to another throughout thecourse of the voting. Mobile teams can-not provide a comprehensive assessmentof what transpires at any given polling sta-tion, but this approach maximizes thegeographical reach of the observation andthe quantity of polling stations and votersobserved. See also “Stationary Teams(Observers/Monitors).”

A training methodology in which train-ing teams are formed and prepared atthe central level, individual teams divideand cover sections of the country untiltraining has taken place everywhere.This system preserves uniformity andquality. It is economical but requirestime. See also “National TrainingDay (Training Methodology)” and“Pyramid/Cascade System(Training Methodology).”

Voting facilities that operate outside ofassigned polling places, in which elec-tion officials take portable ballot boxesand voting compartments directly to

¿ƒÑNÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘«˘a Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùj §˘∏˘àfl »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG ΩÉ˘¶˘f

,kÉ˘æ˘q«˘©˘e kÉ˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG kÉ˘eÉ˘¶˘f ¤hCG á˘∏˘Mô˘e ‘ º˘¡˘∏˘˘c

¢ ©˘H ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’ ,…ÌcC’G ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dÉ˘H kIOÉ˘Y π˘ã˘ª˘à˘˘j

á«bÉÑdG ~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG É˘eCG .á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Ä˘«˘g ¤EG º˘¡˘«˘∏˘ã‡

ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dG ¢SÉ˘˘°SCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ´ qRƒ˘˘ oà˘˘˘a

ΩÉ¶æH ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ πqãªàŸG ,ôNB’G »HÉîàf’G

‘ π°UÉ◊G π∏ÿG øY kÉ° jƒ©J ,á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG

.…ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ´ÉÑJG áé«àf π«ãªàdG

Mobile Polling Station ∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG º∏b

™LGQ.''∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe''

Mobile Teams(Observers/Monitors)

ád uƒéààŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa

øjòdG ,¿ƒ«dh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«∏ÙG ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ƒÑbGôe

á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ∫Gƒ˘W ô˘NBG ¤EG ´GÎbG õ˘cô˘e ø˘e ¿ƒ˘∏˘≤˘æ˘˘à˘˘j

’ á˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘àŸG ÚÑ˘˘bGôŸG ¥ nô˘˘˘ pa q¿CG lí˘˘˘«˘˘˘ë˘˘˘°U .´GÎb’G

øe ¬ qØ°ûà°ùJ ÉªY kÓeÉ°T kÉª««≤J Ω q~≤J ¿CG ™«£à°ùJ

í˘ª˘°ùJ á˘˘HQÉ˘˘≤ŸG √ò˘˘g qø˘˘μ˘˘d ,ø˘ q«˘˘©˘˘e ´GÎbG õ˘˘cô˘˘e

õcGôe øe O~Y ÈcCG kÉ«aGô¨L Gƒ£¨j ¿CÉH ÚÑbGôª∏d

.º¡àÑbGôe º¡d ≈qæ°ùàj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædGh ´GÎb’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''áàHÉãdG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa''

Mobile Teams(TrainingMethodology)

á«dBG) ád uƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG ¥ nôpa

(ÖjQ~J

¥ nô˘˘ pa OG~˘˘YEGh π˘˘«˘˘μ˘˘°ûà˘˘H í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ÖjQ~˘˘J á˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBG

¥ nôpa ´ qRƒàJ ºK ,…õcôŸG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ÖjQ~àdG

,≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«ÑjQ~J äGQhO º«¶æàd IOôØæe

.~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG AÉ˘ë˘fG qπ˘c ÖjQ~˘à˘dG Gò˘˘g »˘˘£˘˘¨˘˘j ¿CG ¤EG

ÖjQ~àdG I~Mh ≈∏Y Gòg ÖjQ~àdG ΩÉ¶f ßaÉëjh

¥ô¨à°ùj É‰EG ,á«dÉY áØ∏c ÖqJôj ’h ,¬à«Yƒfh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .kÓjƒW kÉàbh''ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj''

.''»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG ΩÉ¶f''h

Mobile Voting Center ∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe

¥É˘£˘f êQÉ˘N …ô˘°ùJ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G π˘«˘¡˘°ùà˘˘d äGAGô˘˘LEG

ƒ˘Ø˘Xƒ˘e É˘¡˘Ñ˘˘LƒÃ π˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘jh ,IO~ÙG ´GÎb’G õ˘˘cGô˘˘e

¤EG ádGƒ÷G ´GÎb’G IQƒ°ü≤eh ≥jOÉæ°U äÉHÉîàf’G

´GÎb’G õcGôÃ ÖdÉ£j Ée kÉÑdÉZ .Iô°TÉÑe ÚÑNÉædG


voters. Mobile voting centers can oftenbe requested by eligible voters who can-not travel to their polling station, andare often used to assist electors in suchplaces as hospitals, nursing homes, orparticularly remote areas to cast a vote.

Process of organizing and motivatingcitizens to take part in civic organizing,including public advocacy campaigns,elections, or community activities.

A report issued by either domestic orinternational election monitors on thefindings of their delegation, which isused to judge the legitimacy of an elec-tion. Monitors can release both preand post-election reports. See also“Election Day Report,” “FinalStatement on Observation,” “InterimStatement on Observation,” “MediaMonitoring Report,” and “Post-Election/Preliminary Statement onObservation.”

Negative, often personal, sometimesexaggerated or inaccurate attacks direct-ed at the political opposition by candi-dates and/or political parties.

An electoral district from which morethan one representative is elected to alegislature or elected body. See also“Single-Member District.”

System in which more than two partiescompete for control of government.Most of the world's democracies aremulti-party systems. For antonym, see“Single-Party System.”

’ øjò˘dG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d ¿ƒ˘∏˘gDƒŸG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘cô˘ë˘àŸG

É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Zh ,´GÎb’G õ˘cGô˘˘e ¤EG ∫É˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘f’G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘°ùj

,ø˘cÉ˘eC’G ¢ ©˘H ‘ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG I~˘˘YÉ˘˘°ùŸ Ω n~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘˘oJ

≥WÉæŸG ‘ ká°UÉN hCG ,ájÉYôdG QhO hCG ,äÉ«Ø°ûà°ùŸÉc

.º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd ,á«FÉædG

87

Mobilization ÚæWGƒŸG áÄÑ©J/~°ûMM

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ƒëf º¡©aOh ÚæWGƒŸG º«¶æJ á«∏ªY

á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ∫ÓN øe Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ¿hDƒ°T ÒH~J

.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG á£°ûfCG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G hCG ,áeÉ©dG

Monitoring Report ÚÑbGôŸG ôjQÉ≤J

hCG Ú«∏ÙG äÉHÉëàf’G »ÑbGôe øY Q~°üJ ôjQÉ≤J

É¡«dEG â˘ n°ü o∏˘N »˘à˘dG äÉ˘LÉ˘à˘æ˘à˘°S’G ∫ƒ˘M Ú«˘dh~˘dG

i~e º««≤àd É¡«dEG ¿h~æà°ùj »àdGh ,áÑbGôŸG áã©H

πÑb Ée ôjQÉ≤J ¿ƒÑbGôŸG Q~°üjh .äÉHÉîàf’G á«Yô°T

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .AGƒ°ùdG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Éehôjô≤J''

¿É«H''h ''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ,''»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG

,''ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe ∫ƒM ôjQÉ≤J''h ,''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG

.''äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h

Mudslinging á©ª°ùddG ¬jƒ°ûJJ/Ò¡°ûJJ

¤EG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG/h Úë°TôŸG (¢ ©H) ¬tLƒJ

Ö∏ZCG ‘ ¬°üî°ûH q¢ùÁ ,mÜÉf ΩÓμH »°SÉ«°ùdG º°üÿG

.áb~dG ¤EG ô≤àØj kÉfÉ«MCG º qî° e m ΩÓμH hCG ,¿É«MC’G

Multi-Member District /~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO

π«ãªàdG IO~©àe

~˘MGh í˘°Tô˘˘e ø˘˘e ÌcCG Öî˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘J á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG Iô˘˘FGO

RÉ˘¡˘L q…CG ‘ hCG á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ É˘˘¡˘˘∏˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘d

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ôNBG Ö nîàæe.''ájOôa IôFGO''

Multi-Party System á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f

‹ƒJ ≈∏Y ÚHõM øe ÌcCG ¬«a ¢ùaÉæàj …òdG ΩÉ¶ædG

á˘ª˘¶˘˘fC’G á˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘∏˘˘ZCG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ˘˘°û˘˘oj .º˘˘μ◊G ~˘˘«˘˘dÉ˘˘≤˘˘e

.á«Hõ◊G á˘jO~˘©˘à˘dÉ˘H õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J ⁄É˘©˘dG ‘ á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ.''~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f''


88

Multiple-Ballot System I~Y ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

´GÎbG ¥GQhCG

A ballot system in which voters arefaced with a selection of different ballotpapers, each representing a differentparty or candidate. Voters have tochoose which ballot they prefer, usuallysealing their choice of ballot in a ballotenvelope before placing it in the ballotbox. See also “Single-Ballot System.”

A ballot that is over-voted with three ormore marks. See also, “Double-Marked Ballot.”

The election of two or more seats ofthe same type, like the election of rep-resentatives to a legislature. See also“Single-Seat Election.”

The governing authority for a municipal-ity, an administrative entity composed ofa clearly defined territory and its popula-tion and commonly denotes a city, town,or village, or a small grouping of them.

An administrative entity composed of aclearly defined territory and its popula-tion and commonly denotes a city, town,or village, or a small grouping of them. Amunicipality is typically governed by amayor, city council, or municipal council.

GhQÉàîj ¿CG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ¬«a øq«©àj ´GÎbG ΩÉ¶f

kÉë°Tôe hCG kÉHõM É¡æe wπc πãÁ ,áØ∏àfl ´GÎbG ¥GQhCG

ábQh GhQÉàîj ¿CG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y øq«©àjh .kÉØ∏àfl

π˘NGO kIOÉ˘Y É˘¡˘fƒ˘YOƒ˘j º˘K ,¿ƒ˘∏˘° Ø˘j »˘à˘˘dG ´GÎb’G

‘ ∞˘∏˘¨ŸG •É˘≤˘°SEG π˘Ñ˘b ,º˘˘gQÉ˘˘«ÿ kÉ˘˘JÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘KEG ∞˘˘∏˘˘¨˘˘e

kÉ˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘°Uâjƒ˘°üJ ΩÉ˘¶˘˘f''

.''I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH

Multiple-Marked Ballot äGôe I~Y áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

äƒ°U øe ÌcCG ÖNÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ íæÁ ´GÎbG ábQh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÌcCG hCG äÉeÓY çÓãH º n°SƒàaábQh''

.''ÚJôe áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG

Multi-Seat Election ~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG

,¬˘˘JGP Ö°üæŸG ‘ ÌcCG hCG ø˘˘j~˘˘©˘˘≤˘˘e AπŸ ÜÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘fG

.á«©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘°ûdG »˘∏˘ã‡ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fÉ˘c

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG''

Municipal Council …~∏H ¢ù∏∏›

kÉjQGOEG kÉfÉ«c πqμ°ûJ »àdG áj~∏ÑdG ¿hDƒ°T ôj~J lá£∏°S

øe ¬ qª° J Ée ™e ìƒ°VƒH IO~fi áMÉ°ùe ≈∏Y q~àÁ

hCG ,ájôb hCG ,I~∏H hCG ,áæj~e ¤EG kIOÉY õeôjh ,¿Éμ°S

.áKÓãdG äÉª«°ù≤àdG √òg øe IÒ¨°U áYƒª› ¤EG

Municipalityáj~∏H

øe É¡æ£≤j ÉÃ ìƒ°VƒH IO~fi m ¢VGQCG qº° j …QGOEG ¿É«c

hCG ,ájôb hCG ,I~∏H hCG ,áæj~e ¤EG kÉeƒªY õeôjh ,¿Éμ°S

ôj~jh .áKÓãdG äÉª«°ù≤àdG √òg øe IÒ¨°U áYƒª›

¢ù∏› hCG ,á˘˘j~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¢ù«˘˘FQ IOÉ˘˘Y á˘˘j~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¿hDƒ˘˘˘°T

.…~∏ÑdG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG ,áæj~ŸG


NName Recognition

º°S’G ¤EG ± tô©J

Identification of the candidate's nameby voters. Sometimes voters will knowlittle about the candidates and thereforevote for the name that they recognize.

A term used to describe a democraticgovernment or regime which is justbeginning to form, start, grow, or devel-op. A democracy may be considerednascent for several years after emergingfrom a non-democratic regime.

An election held throughout an entirecountry to choose between candidatesfor a president and/or members of thenational legislature, or to vote on ballotmeasures. See also “GeneralElection,” “Local Election,” and“State Election.”

Training methodology in which a largenumber of trainers are prepared anddeployed to cover an entire country in oneday, with a team sent to train observers ineach electoral constituency. This methodis fast, and serves as a high-profile nation-al event. However, it requires intensivepreparation. See also “Mobile Teams(Training Methodology)” and“Pyramid/Cascade System (TrainingMethodology).”

¬Jƒ°üH ‹~j ÖNÉædÉa .í°TôŸG º°SG ¤EG ÖNÉædG ± qô©J

Éª«°S’ ,¬ª°SG ¤EG ±ô©àj …òdG í°TôŸG ¤EG kÉfÉ«MCG

.Úë°TôŸG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¬°ü≤æJ ÚM

Nascent Democracy áÄ°TÉf á«WGô≤ÁO

º˘˘˘˘μ◊G ΩÉ˘˘˘˘¶˘˘˘˘f hCG á˘˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘˘μ◊G ¤EG Ò°ûj í˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘£˘˘˘˘˘°üe

hCG ,¥Ó£f’G hCG ,AÉ°ûfE’G ~«b ƒg …òdG »WGô≤Á~dG

Gòg ‘ QƒcòŸG ΩÉ¶ædG ôªà°ùjh .Qƒ£àdG hCG ,ƒªædG

øY ≥ãÑæj ¿CG ~©H äGƒæ°S I~©d …OG~YE’G Qƒ£dG

.»WGô≤ÁO ÒZ ΩÉ¶f

National Election á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG

QÉ«àN’ øWƒdG áMÉ°ùe OG~àeG ≈∏Y …ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG

á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG hCG/h Úë°TôŸG ÚH øe ¢ù«FQ

ádCÉ°ùe ∫ƒM AÉàØà°SG ¢Vô©e ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d hCG ,á«æWƒdG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘æ˘ q«˘©˘eäÉHÉîà˘fG''h ,''á˘eÉ˘Y äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG''

.''äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùee ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàfG''h ,''á«∏fi

National TrainingDay (TrainingMethodology)

ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj

(ÖjQ~àdG á«dBG)

ø˘e ÒÑ˘c O~˘Y ô˘˘°ûfh OG~˘˘YEÉ˘˘H í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ÖjQ~˘˘J á˘˘«˘˘dBG

∫É°SQEÉHh ,~MGh Ωƒj ‘ ≥WÉæŸG áaÉc á«£¨àd ÚHQ~ŸG

ô˘FGh~˘dG ø˘˘e Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘c ‘ ÚÑ˘˘bGôŸG ÖjQ~˘˘à˘˘d ≥˘˘jô˘˘a

áYô°ùH √òg ÖjQ~à˘dG á˘≤˘jô˘W õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J .á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G

™°SGh ΩÉªàgÉH ≈¶ëj »æWh ç~◊ í∏°üJh Égò«ØæJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áØãμe äGÒ° – Ö∏£àJ É¡fCG ÒZ¥ nôpa''

.''»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG ΩÉ¶f''h ''ád uƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG


Political advertisements that attack acandidate’s opponent, often trying todestroy the opponent’s character. Seealso “Advertisements.”

Communication structure within whichindividuals or groups share values oradvocate policy changes. See also“Networking.”

Process by which new relationships arebuilt to raise awareness about a candi-date, organization, issue, or process.Networking is an essential componentof an electoral or advocacy campaign,to build momentum and encouragebroader participation in the process.

A political environment void of parti-san dynamics in which political actorscan operate openly and competitively.

A system and/or environment thatdoes not favor any particular politicalentity. See also “Unbiased.” Forantonyms, see “Bias” and “Partisan.”

An oath of impartiality. Electionobservers may be required to take a neu-trality pledge in order to prove that theydo not favor one political competitor overanother. See also “Code of Conduct.”

The formal procedure by which politi-cal parties and/or individuals put candi-dates forward for election, and theacceptance by the election managementbody (EMB) of that nomination. Seealso “Convention” and “Nominee.”

NegativeAdvertisements

ájOÉ≤àfG/á«Ñ∏°S äÉfÓYEG

kÉ«©°S ,¬ª°üN ¤EG í°TôŸG É¡H ¢V qô©àj á«°SÉ«°S ájÉYO

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ¬JQƒ°U ¬jƒ°ûJ ¤EG

.''»HÉîàfG ¿ÓYEG''

90

NetworkáμÑ°T

äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG OGô˘aCÓ˘d í˘«˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ä’É˘°üJ’G á˘«˘æ˘˘H

çG~MEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S á©aG~ŸG Oƒ¡éH ΩÉ«≤dG hCG º«≤dG ∫OÉÑJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J.''äÉμÑ°ûddG è°°ùff''

Networking äÉμÑ°ûddG AÉ°ûffEG/è°°ùff

øe I~j~L äÉbÓY áeÉbEG ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dG

hCG ,áª¶æe hCG ,í°Tôe q…CG ∫ƒM »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG πLCG

i~MEG πqμ°ûj äÉμÑ°ûdG è°ùæa .QÉ°ùe hCG ,á«° b

äÓªMh á«HÉîàf’G äÓªë∏d á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉeƒ≤ŸG

QÉ˘˘˘°ùe …C’ º˘˘˘Nõ˘˘˘dG AÉ˘˘˘£˘˘˘YEG ¤EG »˘˘˘eô˘˘˘jh ,á˘˘˘©˘˘˘aG~ŸG

.™°ShCG kácQÉ°ûe ¬«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ™«é°ûJh

Neutral PoliticalEnvironment

ájOÉ«M á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«H

í«àJh ÜGõMC’G á«μ«eÉæjO øe ƒ∏îJ á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«H

øe xƒéHh ájôëH πª©J ¿CG á∏YÉØdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG iƒ≤∏d

.¢ùaÉæàdG

NeutralityájOÉ«M/OÉ« pM

≈∏Y ø˘q«˘©˘à˘j ~˘≤˘a .Oô˘é˘à˘H π˘ª˘©˘dÉ˘H ÖbGôŸG ~˘¡˘©˘J

≈∏Y kÉJÉÑKEG OÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH kG~¡Y Gƒ©£≤j ¿CG ÚÑbGôŸG

™LGQ .√Gƒ°S ¿hO »°SÉ«°S í°TôŸ GhRÉëæj ød º¡fCG q¿CG

kÉ° jCG.''∑ƒ∏°ùddG ~YGƒb áfh~e''

Neutrality Pledge ájOÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH ~¡©J

.ôNBG ≈∏Y »°SÉ«°S ¿É«c q…CG Öq∏¨J ’ áÄ«H hCG/h lΩÉ¶f

kÉ˘˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘LGQ ''õ˘˘ q«˘˘ë˘˘˘à˘˘˘e ÒZ''Ú° «≤ædGh''õ q«–''

.''õq«ëàe''h

Nomination (Úë°TôŸG) á«ª°ùJJ/í«°TôJ

OGôaC’G hCG/h á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMCÓd í«àj »ª°SQ AGôLEG

IQGOEG áÄ«¡dh ,äÉHÉîàfÓd ¢UÉî°TC’G ¢ ©H í«°TÎH

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«ª°ùàdG √òg ∫ƒÑ≤H äÉHÉîàf’Gô“Dƒe''

.''Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe''h ''»HõM


91

Nominee Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe

The entity that a political party and/orindividuals put forward for an election.See also “Nomination.”

A ballot that is marked indicating avote.

An organization that is not developedor directed by government bodies,often having non-profit status, whosework focuses on strengthening politicalprocesses and institutions. NGOswork to create more political space andincrease the potential and quality of cit-izen participation. They are legally reg-istered civil society organizations(CSOs) with formal rights and respon-sibilities, and a binding formal gover-nance structure. See also “CivilSociety Organization (CSO).”

Relating to all political parties or no par-ticular political parties. A non-partisanelection is one in which candidates arenot affiliated with particular parties andparties are not listed on the ballot. Anon-partisan organization is one thatassociates with either no political partiesor many different political parties, avoid-ing the association with one particularparty. For antonym, see “Partisan.”

A national of a country who monitorselection processes, including observingprocedures inside polling places, as partof a non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organization.

hCG/h á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘MC’G ¬˘«˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàfÓd í°Tôªc OGôaC’G.''í«°TôJ''

Non-BlankVote/Ballot

(áeÓ©H) áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

.âjƒ°üàdG áeÓY πª– ´GÎbG ábQh

Non-GovernmentalOrganization (NGO)

á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe

hCG É˘gAÉ˘°ûfEG á˘«˘eƒ˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG ¤ƒ˘˘à˘˘J ’ lá˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘e

äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG πμ°T ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ òîàJ πH ,É¡JQGOEG

õ˘jõ˘©˘J ≈˘∏˘Y É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘Y ¥É˘£˘f ‘ õ˘˘ qcô˘˘Jh á˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘Hô˘˘dG ÒZ

≈©°ùJ »¡a .äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG äGQ~bh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG

á˘cQÉ˘°ûe IOÉ˘jRh »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG á˘©˘bQ ™˘«˘˘°Sƒ˘˘J ¤EG

πsé°ùoJh .á«YƒædGh äÉ«fÉμeE’G å«M øe ÚæWGƒŸG

äÉª¶æe áfÉN â– kÉ«fƒfÉb á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG

™˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘° Jh ¥ƒ˘˘≤˘˘ë˘˘H ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘àÛG

IQGOEG ∫É› ‘ á«ª°SQ á«æÑH Ωõà∏Jh ,á«ª°SQ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùÃ

äÉª¶æe hCG á«ëHôdG ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏ªY

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG.''Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe''

Non-Partisan RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ

’ hCG ÜGõMC’G ™«ªéH §ÑJôj Ée ≈∏Y q∫~J áØ°U »g

Ω~©H ∞°üàJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’Éa .Ú©e ÜõëH §ÑJôj

Úë˘°TôŸG »˘ª˘à˘æ˘j ’ mäÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG ¤EG Ò°ûJ RÉ˘«˘ë˘˘f’G

≈∏Y ´GÎb’G ábQh »JCÉJ ’h áæ«©e ÜGõMCG ¤EG É¡«a

∂∏J »¡a IRÉëæŸG ÒZ áª¶æŸG ÉeCG .º¡HGõMCG ôcP

»àdG hCG øq«©e mÜõëH É¡ª°SG •ÉÑJQG ¿hO ∫ƒ– »àdG

Üõ˘ë˘H É˘¡˘£˘Hô˘d kÉ˘jOÉ˘Ø˘J ,ÜGõ˘MCG I~˘Y ™˘e ≈˘WÉ˘©˘˘à˘˘J

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .øq«©e.''õq«ëàe/»HõM''

Non-PartisanDomestic ElectionMonitor (or Observer)


RÉëæŸG ÒZ

πª°ûàa ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ÖbGôj …òdG øWGƒŸG

õ˘cGô˘e π˘NGO á˘˘«˘˘YôŸG äGAGô˘˘LE’G á˘˘Ñ˘˘bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘eÉ˘˘¡˘˘e

IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ´GÎb’G

.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ ≈æ©oJ


92

Non-Partisan DomesticElection Monitoring/Observer Organization(or Group)

á«∏fi (áYƒª› hCG) áª¶æe

áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ

äÉHÉîàf’G

A domestic organization that, on thebasis of political impartiality, monitorselection processes to promote electoralintegrity and ensures that the rights ofvoters are respected in the electoralprocess. Such an organization is com-prised of nationals of the countrywhere the voting is taking place anddoes not support or detract from anycompetitor in an election.

An improperly cast ballot. A largenumber of null ballots can indicate of alow level of voter understanding amongthe electorate. See also “BallotsDestroyed” and “Rejected Ballot.”

ájOÉ«◊É˘H É˘¡˘aÉ˘°üJG º˘μ˘ë˘H »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG

kGõjõ©J ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG áÑbGôe ¤ƒàJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG

¥ƒ˘≤˘M ΩGÎMG ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘°Uô˘˘Mh äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘gGõ˘˘æ˘˘d

äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG √ò˘g qº˘° Jh .á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

á«∏ªY ¬«a …ôŒ …òdG ~∏ÑdG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ¿ƒæWGƒe

Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e …CG ¿h~˘˘˘jDƒ˘˘˘˘j ’ º˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘μ˘˘˘˘dh ´GÎb’G

.º¡fCÉ°T øe ¿ƒ°ü≤àæj ’h äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG

Null Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh

O~Y ´ÉØJQG ¿CÉ°T øeh .CÉ£N É¡Hƒ°ûj ´GÎbG ábQh

á˘aô˘©˘e á˘∏˘b ≈˘∏˘Y q∫~˘j ¿CG á˘∏˘˘WÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ´GÎb’G äGAGôLEÉH

.''á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh''h ''áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh''


OThe process of witnessing and assessingthe integrity of the electoral process,particularly as it relates to internationalstandards. See “Election Monitoring/Observing,” “International ElectionObservation Mission (or Delegation),”and “Domestic Election MonitoringOrganization.”

See “International ElectionObservation Mission (or Delegation).”

An identification card issued by thegovernment or election managementbody (EMB), which give individualsand organizations the authority toobserve elections.

A handbook produced by the organizerof the observation mission to distributeto volunteers to reinforce material com-municated during the training program.Observer/monitor manuals also out-line the role, duties, and responsibilitiesof election monitors.

Of a government or government official.

A voter that has been omitted from thevoters list by the enumerators.

Observation (äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe

á«∏ª©dG ágGõf i~e º««≤Jh áæjÉ©Ã íª°ùJ á«∏ªY

.á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH É¡eGõàdG á¡÷ Éª«°S ’ ,á«HÉîàf’G

~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H''h ,''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe'' ™LGQ

án∏ ncƒe á«∏fi áª¶æe''h ,''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ (‹hO

.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ

Observation Mission (äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe áã©H

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQá˘˘Ñ˘˘bGôŸ (‹hO ~˘˘ah hCG) á˘˘«˘˘dhO á˘˘ã˘˘©˘˘H''

.''äÉHÉîàf’G

ObserverAccreditation Card

ÖbGôŸG ¢ jƒØJ ábÉ£H

IQGOEG áÄ«g hCG áeƒμ◊G øY Q~°üJ ∞jô©J ábÉ£H

á˘«˘MÓ˘°U äÉ˘ª˘¶˘˘æŸGh OGô˘˘aC’G í˘˘æ“h ,äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe

Observer/MonitorManual

ÖbGôŸG π«dO

á˘Ñ˘bGôŸG á˘ã˘©˘H º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘¡÷G ø˘Y Q~˘°üj π˘«˘dO

∫ÓN áYRƒŸG OGƒª∏d kÉª«Y~J ÚYƒ£àŸG ≈∏Y ´ sRƒojh

QhO kÉ° jCG π«d~dG Gòg ¢Vô©à°ùjh .ÖjQ~àdG èeÉfôH

.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùeh ,º¡eÉ¡eh ,äÉHÉîàf’G »ÑbGôe

OfficeÖ°üæe

.»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe Ö°üæe hCG áeƒμ◊G ‘

Omitted Voter ¬ª°SG § p≤°SoCG ÖNÉf

ÚÑNÉædG AÉ°üMEG øY ádhDƒ°ùŸG á¡÷G â£≤°SCG lÖNÉf

.ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ øe ¬ª°SG


94

Principle that recognizes the universali-ty of the right to vote and that each voteshould carry approximately the samevalue. See also “Equal Suffrage.”

A form of list proportional representa-tion in which voters can express a pref-erence both for a party or grouping andfor one, or sometimes more, candidateswithin the list presented by that party orgrouping. See also “Closed List,”“Free List,” and “Party List.”

A primary election that, unlike a closedprimary, allows all eligible voters,regardless of party affiliation, to votefor a party’s nominee. See also “ClosedPrimary.”

A division responsible for the procure-ment and distribution of election mate-rials, identification of voting sites, andthe creation of timetables for the differ-ent functions at election time. Alsoknown as “logistic division.”

Individuals in the community who caninfluence others. These people may beleaders of civic organizations, politicalleaders, members of the media, or well-known and respected individuals. It isoften important to win the endorsementof these individuals early in a politicalcampaign. See also “Endorsements.”

A survey conducted between andbefore elections to get a projection onthe outcome of the elections. Can be atool of a civil society organization(CSO), political party, or governmentofficial/office to gauge public opinionon public policies or reform efforts.

One Person, One Vote ~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U

q¿CÉHh ,™«ªé∏d ìÉàe ƒg âjƒ°üàdG ≥M q¿CÉH qô≤j CG~Ñe

iôNC’G äGƒ°UC’G QGôZ ≈∏Y ¬∏≤Kh ¬fRh äƒ°U πμd

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .kÉÑjô≤J.''´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee''

Open List áMƒàØe áëF’

¿CG ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àj ,á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T

á˘¡˘L ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ hCG Üõ◊ º˘¡˘à˘∏˘°VÉ˘Ø˘e ø˘Y Gƒ˘Hô˘©˘j

áëFÓdG øª°V ¬ª°SG êQ~e ,ÌcCG hCG ,~MGh í°TôŸ ∂dòch

.áYƒªÛG ∂∏J hCG Üõ◊G ∑GP É¡e~≤j »àdGkÉ° jCG ™LGQ

.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ,''IôM áëF’''h ,''á≤∏ë áëF’''

Open Primary áMƒàØe áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

áj~«¡ªàdG äÉHÉîàfÓd kÉaÓN ,í«àJ áj~«¡“ äÉHÉëàfG

¢ ¨Hh ,âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ª÷ ,á≤∏¨ŸG

í˘°TôŸ Gƒ˘J qƒ˘°üj ¿CG ,á˘«˘Hõ◊G º˘¡˘JÉ˘WÉ˘Ñ˘JQG ø˘Y ô˘¶˘æ˘dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Üõ◊G.''á≤∏ë áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG''

Operations Division äÉ«∏ª©dG º°ùbb

,É¡©jRƒJh á«HÉîàf’G OGƒŸG AGô°T øY ∫hDƒ°ùe lº°ùb

»˘˘˘æ˘˘˘eõ˘˘˘dG ∫h~÷G OG~˘˘˘YEGh ,´GÎb’G ™˘˘˘bGƒ˘˘˘˘e ~˘˘˘˘j~–h

.äÉHÉîàf’G IÎa ‘ ΩÉ¡ŸG ∞∏àfl ΩÉ“EG ~«YGƒÃ ≥∏©àŸG

kÉ° jCG ± nô©oj ƒgh.''»à°ùLLƒ∏dG º«¶æàdG º°ù≤≤H''

Opinion Leaders …CGôdG IOÉb

ÒKCÉàdG IQ~≤H ¿ƒ©àªàj øjòdG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG AÉæHCG

AÉ°SDhôH ¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg ~°ùéàj ~bh .øjôNB’G ≈∏Y

hCG ,Ú«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG AÉ˘˘ª˘˘Yõ˘˘dG hCG ,á˘˘«˘˘f~ŸG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG

.ΩGÎM’ÉH ≈¶– áahô©e äÉ«°üî°ûH hCG ,Ú«eÓYE’G

π°üëj ¿CG í°TôŸG øe IQhô° dG »° à≤J Ée kÉÑdÉZ

IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ OGôaC’G A’Dƒg øe »æ∏Y ~«jCÉJ ≈∏Y

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á∏ª◊G øe.''~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG''

Opinion Poll ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG

iôNCGh äÉHÉîàfG ÚH Ée …ôéj ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG

äÉ©bƒJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G πLCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb Éeh

…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG í∏°üJh .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∫ƒM

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe É¡e~îà°ùJ IGOCÉc kÉ° jCG √òg

¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG É¡H Ú©à°ùj hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG

ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kG~°UQ á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«eƒμ◊G


Methods to obtain such public opin-ions range from telephone surveys,mailed questionnaires, and specificquestions on an election ballot to com-ments obtained in public meetings. Seealso “Public Opinion Research.”

A political party or candidate competingfor the same office and on the same bal-lot. See also “Electoral Competitors.”

A political party or an organized groupopposed to the group, party, or govern-ment in power.

Research focused on an opponent orrival political party to better understandthe competition. See also “CandidateResearch” and “Research.”

Machines that capture data by scanningand recognizing hand written lettersand numbers rather than pre-deter-mined marks.

Machines that capture data by scanningand recognizing a set of pre-determinedmarks, such as filled-in circles or com-pleting arrows that point to specificelectoral competitors.

A ballot that requires the voter to indi-cate preferences amongst the variouscandidates or parties by ranking them.Ordinal ballots are also known as pref-erential voting. The alternative vote,borda count, single transferable vote(STV), and supplementary vote are allexamples of preferential voting systems.

É˘eCG .ìÓ˘°UE’G Oƒ˘˘¡˘˘L hCG á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘˘dG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘˘M

á˘eÉ˘©˘dG AGQB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°ü◊É˘H á˘∏˘«˘Ø˘μ˘˘dG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sƒ˘˘dG

äÉfÉ«Ñà°S’Gh ,∞JÉ¡dG ÈY ΩÓ©à°S’G ÚH ´ qƒæààa

∫ƒ˘M á˘Mhô˘£ŸG IO~ÙG á˘∏˘Ä˘°SC’Gh ,~˘jÈdÉ˘H á˘∏˘˘°SôŸG

äÉYÉªàL’G ‘ O pôJ »àdG äÉ≤«∏©àdGh ,äÉHÉîàf’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeÉ©dG.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''

95

Opponentº°üN

Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d á˘°ùaÉ˘æŸG π˘˘N~˘˘j í˘˘°Tô˘˘e hCG »˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°S Üõ˘˘M

.É¡JGP ´GÎb’G ábQh ≈∏Y ¬ª°SG ê nQ~ojh ¬JGP ~©≤ŸÉH

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¿ƒ°ùaaÉæàe (¿ƒë°Tôe)''

Oppositioná°VQÉ©e

¢VQÉ©J »àdG áª q¶æŸG áYƒªÛG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G

.á£∏°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG ≥jôØdG

Opposition Research á°VQÉ©ŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG

º°üÿG hCG ¢ùaÉæŸG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G ≈∏Y õ qcôj åëH

™LGQ .á«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘cô˘©ŸG ⁄É˘©Ã á˘jGQ~˘dG ™˘«˘°Sƒ˘à˘d

kÉ° jCG.''çÉÉëHCG''h ''í°TôŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''

Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR) Devices

¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L

±hô◊G

í˘°ùŸG ≥˘jô˘W ø˘Y äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG •É˘≤˘à˘˘d’ ¢UÉ˘˘N RÉ˘˘¡˘˘L

kÉ°VƒY ~«dÉH áHƒàμŸG ΩÉbQC’Gh ±ôMC’G ¤EG ± qô©àdGh

.kÉ≤Ñ°ùe IO~ÙG äÉeÓ©dG øY

Optical MarkRecognition (OMR)Devices

¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L

äÉeÓ©dG

í˘°ùŸG ≥˘jô˘W ø˘Y äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG •É˘≤˘à˘˘d’ ¢UÉ˘˘N RÉ˘˘¡˘˘L

kÉ≤Ñ°ùe IO q~ÙG äÉeÓ©dG øe áYƒª› ¤EG ± qô©àdGh

¤EG Ò°ûJ »˘˘à˘˘dG º˘˘¡˘˘°SC’G ∫É˘˘ª˘˘cEG hCG ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG Aπ˘˘ª˘˘c

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ øjO~fi Ú°ùaÉæàe

Ordinal Ballot äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH ´GÎbG ábQh

¬«ë°Tôe QÉàîj ¿CG ÖNÉædG øe »Y~à°ùJ ´GÎbG ábQh

hCG Úë˘°TôŸG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘æ˘à˘e á˘ ˘Yƒ˘ ˘ª› ÚH ø˘˘e Ú∏˘˘° ØŸG

Gò˘g ± nô˘©˘ ojh .º˘¡˘FÉ˘ª˘°SCG Ö«˘Jô˘J ≥˘jô˘ ˘W ø˘˘Y ÜGõ˘ ˘MC’G

äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f Éeh .»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdÉH kÉ° jCG ´GÎb’G

ΩÉ˘¶˘fh ,äGƒ˘°UC’G ÜÉ˘°ùà˘M’ ''GOQƒ˘H'' ΩÉ˘¶˘fh ,π˘˘j~˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘dG

,‘É°VE’G äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶fh ,Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG

.»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG áª¶fCG øY IO~©àe á∏ãeCG ’EG


96

Ordinary Vote …OÉY âjƒ°üJ

A vote cast, at a voting center, in theelector’s voting district, on election day.See also “Special Voting.”

A method that allows voters to cast theirvotes while temporarily or permanentlyout of the country. See also “AbsenteeVoting,” “Embassy Voting,” and“Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”

øª°V ™bGƒdG ´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG

™LGQ .ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ ¬d IO~ÙG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG

kÉ° jCG.''¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ''

Out of CountryVoting (OCV)

~∏ÑdG êQQÉN âjƒ°üJ

~æY º¡JGƒ°UCÉH Gƒd~j ¿CG ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àJ ´GÎbG á«dBG

.ø˘Wƒ˘dG êQÉ˘N ,á˘ª˘FGO hCG á˘à˘bDƒ˘e IQƒ˘°üH ,º˘¡˘à˘eÉ˘bEG

kÉ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘˘˘LGQ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''»˘˘˘HÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Z âjƒ˘˘˘°üJ''

.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''äGQÉØ°ùddG


P97

Paid Media ´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG

Any advertisements the campaign paysto have placed in the mass media, suchas television, radio, or newspaperadvertisements.

A standard piece of campaign literatureused to describe the candidate and pro-vide a reason to vote for him. A stan-dard palm card should fit easily insideone’s palm and is generally delivered bythe campaign door-to-door. It shouldprovide a clear summary of the cam-paign message. See “CampaignLiterature” and “Message.”

A printed record of the voter’s elec-tronic vote (sometimes called a papertrail, audit trail or voter verifiable paperaudit trail VVPAT). See also “PaperTrail” and “Voter Verifiable PaperAudit Trail (VVPAT).”

See “Paper Record.”

A mixed electoral system in which thechoices expressed by the voters areused to elect representatives throughtwo different systems, usually one plu-rality/majority system and one propor-tional representation system, but inwhich, unlike a mixed-member pro-portional representation system, but in

É¡ãH hCG Égô°ûæd É¡Ø«dÉμJ á∏ª◊G ™a~J äÉfÓYEG …CG

á˘«˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘fÓ˘˘YE’É˘˘c ,á˘˘«˘˘eÓ˘˘YEG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sh ‘

.á«Øë°üdGh á«YGPE’Gh

Palm Card ºéëëH (í°TôŸÉH ∞jô©J) ábÉ£H

~«dG ∞c

IÒ°S ¢VGô©à°S’ q~©oJ á∏ª◊G OGƒe øe á«LPƒ‰ IOÉe

Q~éjh .¬d âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG á«YG~dG ÜÉÑ°SC’Gh í°TôŸG

¿CGh ~«dG ∞c ºéMh √òg ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H Ö°SÉæàJ ¿CG

.QGO ¤EG QGO øe ±Gƒ£dÉH á∏ª◊G ‘ ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG É¡YRƒj

™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ kÉ° jCG ìƒ°VƒH ¢üî∏J ¿CG Öéjh

.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''h ,''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

Paper Record »bQh πé°°S

ÈY ¬˘Jƒ˘˘°üH ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG A’OEG âÑ˘˘ã˘˘j ´ƒ˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘e π˘˘é˘˘°S

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG≥«b~àdG πé°°S''

.''»bQƒdG

Paper Trail »bQh πé°°S

.√ÓYCG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG ™LGQ

Parallel System mRGƒàe »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

ø˘Y ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ¬˘«˘a ô qÑ˘©˘j §˘∏˘àfl »˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘fG lΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

ÚeÉ¶f OÉªàYG ∫ÓN øe º¡«∏ã‡ ÜÉîàf’ º¡JGQÉ«N

ΩÉ˘¶˘fh …ÌcC’G ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dÉ˘H kIOÉ˘Y ¿Ó˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘j ,ÚØ˘˘∏˘˘àfl

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG Gò˘g π˘X ‘ ,ø˘μ˘dh .»˘Ñ˘˘°ùæ˘˘dG π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG

ò nNDƒoJ ’ ,á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶æd kÉaÓNh ,§∏àıG

~æY ∫hC’G ΩÉ¶ædG πX ‘ áYRƒŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG QÉÑàY’G Ú©H


98

which, unlike a mixed-member propor-tional system, no account is taken of theseats allocated under the first system incalculating the results in the second sys-tem. See also “Plurality/MajoritySystem” and “Proportional System.”

A test conducted on voting day inwhich actual voting equipment isexcluded from the voting, isolated, test-ed, and monitored. Parallel tests aredesigned to “convince” the machinethat it is being used in an actual electionenvironment to determine how itwould behave in an actual election.

Provides an independent verification ofelection results. To conduct a soundparallel vote tabulation (PVT), a ran-dom statistical-based sample of pollingstations are drawn. Trained volunteersfrom civil society are deployed topolling stations to observe and recordall aspects of the voting and countingprocess. This information, includingthe official polling stations vote countresults is then sent to a central collec-tion point where the data is used toevaluate the overall quality of the elec-tion day proceedings and to project, orverify, official results based on preciseanalysis of polling center data. PVT isalso known as a quick count.

Signs, buttons, t-shirts, posters, andbanners that promote a candidate,party, or issue in an election.Paraphernalia, which is often givenaway free of cost, serves as advertise-ment for a campaign and increases itsvisibility. See also “Visibility.”

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÊÉãdG ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ èFÉàædG ÜÉ°ùàMGΩÉ¶f''

.''»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f''h ''…ÌcCG

Parallel Test »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG QÉÑàNG

äG~©e ∫õ©oJ ¬«ah äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj iôéoj QÉÑàNG

QÉÑàNÓd ™° îJh âjƒ°üàdG øY á«∏©ØdG âjƒ°üàdG

ádB’G ''´ÉæbE’'' ájRGƒàŸG äGQÉÑàN’G º qª°üoJ .áÑbGôŸGh

á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG á˘Ä˘«˘H ‘ Ω~˘î˘à˘°ù˘oJ É˘¡˘˘fCÉ˘˘H á˘˘e~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°ùŸG

‘ kÉ«∏©a ± qô°üàdG É¡æμÁ ∞«c ~j~ëàd á«≤«≤M

.á«≤«≤M äÉHÉîàfG

Parallel VoteTabulation (PVT)

/ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L

ájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG

è˘FÉ˘à˘f ø˘e á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe á˘Ä˘«˘g ~˘j ≈˘∏˘Y ≥˘≤˘ë˘à˘dG í˘«˘à˘J

á˘æ˘ q«˘Y QÉ˘«˘à˘NG qº˘à˘j ,QÉ˘WE’G Gò˘g ‘h .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G

äÉ«FÉ°üME’G ¤EG OÉæà°S’ÉH ´GÎb’G õcGôe øe á«FGƒ°ûY

qºàj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .áª«∏°S ∫hG~L OG~YEG πLCG øe IôaGƒàŸG

Gƒ˘Ñ˘bGÒd ´GÎb’G õ˘cGô˘e ‘ ÚHQ~ŸG ÚYƒ˘ ˘£˘ ˘àŸG ô˘ ˘°ûf

Rô˘ah ´GÎb’G »˘à˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ∫ƒ˘M º˘¡˘JÉ˘¶˘MÓ˘e Gƒ˘∏˘é˘°ùjh

√òg ∫É°SQEG ¤EG QÉ°üoj ºK .Éª¡ÑfGƒL πμH ,äGƒ°UC’G

‘ äGƒ°UC’G RôØd á«ª°SôdG èFÉàædG É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

å«M äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ ¢ü°üfl õcôe ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe

á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G á«Yƒf º««≤àd äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω n~îà°ùoJ

¿CÉ°ûH äÉ©˘bƒ˘à˘dG QG~˘°UE’h ,∫É˘ª˘LE’É˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j

π«∏– ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG ,É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG hCG ,á«ª°SôdG èFÉàædG

.kÉ≤«bO kÓ«∏– ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY áŒÉædG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

.™jô°ùdG RôØdÉH kÉ° jCG á«∏ª©dG √òg ± nô©oJh

Paraphernalia /á∏ªë∏d á«FÉYO OGƒe

™jRƒà∏d I~©ŸG á∏ª◊G OGƒe

,äÉ˘≤˘°ü∏˘eh ,á˘«˘˘æ˘˘£˘˘b ¿É˘˘°üª˘˘bh ,QGQRCGh ,äÉ˘˘à˘˘a’

á˘«˘° ≤˘d hCG ,Üõ˘ë˘˘∏˘˘d hCG ,í˘˘°Tô˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ê qhô˘˘J äÉ˘˘jGQh

»˘à˘dG OGƒŸG √ò˘g í˘∏˘°üJh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘Mhô˘£˘˘e

á˘∏˘ª◊G ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YEÓ˘d ¿É˘˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘ kÉ˘˘fÉ› ´ sRƒ˘˘J

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡H ÚÑNÉædG áaô©e ™«°SƒJh§«∏°ùJJ''

.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G


99

Parliament¿ÉŸôH

See “Legislature.”

The act of sharing in the activities of acivil society organization (CSO), politi-cal, party, or political process; the con-dition of sharing in common with oth-ers. Participation is a right and respon-sibility of citizens in a democracy,through issue-oriented CSOs and/orpolitical parties.

Of or relating to a political party. Whenan election is partisan, it means thatparty affiliation is a component of thecontest and may be listed on the ballot.For antonym, see “Non-Partisan.”

A group of people who join togetherbecause they share many ideas aboutwhat the government should do. Seealso, “Political Party.”

A partisan representative that observeselection day activities and election-relat-ed processes to ensure that the rights ofparticular candidates and/or politicalparties are respected in the electoralprocess. Party agents are also some-times referred to as scrutineers, proxies,and party poll watchers.

A list presented by a participating partyof candidates for an electoral district.See “Open List,” “Free List,” and“Closed List.”


™LGQ.''á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g''

ParticipationácQÉ°ûee

»˘à˘dG á˘˘£˘˘°ûfC’G ‘ ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G •Gô˘˘î˘˘fG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y q∫~˘˘J

ÜGõ˘˘MC’G hCG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘e É˘˘¡˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æ˘˘˘J

kÉ° jCG q∫~Jh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG

.ø˘jô˘NB’G ™˘e ∑QÉ˘°ûà˘dÉ˘H É˘¡˘˘fƒ˘˘°û«˘˘©˘˘j má˘˘dÉ˘˘M ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y

‘ ¬˘«˘∏˘Y á˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùeh ø˘WGƒ˘ª˘∏˘d w≥˘M »˘g á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸGh

äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ‘ •ô˘î˘æ˘j å«˘M á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘˘fC’G

á÷É˘©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y É˘gOƒ˘¡˘˘L qÖ°üJ »˘˘à˘˘dG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG

.á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ‘ hCG/h ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Partisan RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe/»HõM

Úë˘a .á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG á˘˘∏˘˘°üH qâÁ É˘˘e π˘˘c

≈∏˘Y q∫~˘j Gò˘¡˘a »˘Hõ˘M ™˘HÉ˘£˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ∞˘°üà˘J

ábQh ‘ O pônj ~b …òdG »Hõ◊G Úë°TôŸG AÉªàfG á«ªgCG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G.''õq«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ''

PartyÜõM

á˘jGQ â– ¿hƒ˘° æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

á˘≤˘jô˘W ∫ƒ˘M QÉ˘μ˘aCG I~˘Y ¿hô˘WÉ˘°ûà˘j º˘¡˘˘fC’ I~˘˘MGh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡.''»°SÉ«°S ÜõM''

Party Agent Üõ◊G Üh~æe

»˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G Ωƒ˘˘«˘˘dG á˘˘£˘˘°ûfCG ÖbGô˘˘j …ò˘˘dG Üõ◊G π˘˘ã‡

¥ƒ≤M ΩGÎMG ¿Éª° d á«YôŸG á«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’Gh

á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG ‘ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘°SÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG/h Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG

á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ ≥˘b~ŸÉ˘H kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MCG ¬˘«˘dEG QÉ˘°û˘˘oj .á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G

¢V sƒ˘˘˘ØŸG) Üõ◊G Üh~˘˘˘æ˘˘˘eh ,äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘ah ´GÎb’G

.(´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG äÉjô› áÑbGôe

Party List Üõ◊G áëF’

AÉª°SCÉH äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûe ÜõM É¡H Ω~≤àj áëF’

™LGQ .áæq«©e á«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘d ¬˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘e

.''á≤∏ë áëF’''h ,''IôM áëF’''h ,''áMƒàØe áëF’''

Party Observer Üõ◊G øe Ü n~àæe ÖbGôe



100

Party-List ProportionalRepresentation System

á«Ñ°ùæædG áªFÉ≤dG/áëFÓdG ΩÉ¶f

See “List Proportional Representation.”

Information from past elections on howmany votes or what percentage of votescandidates from a particular party orsimilar ideology received. If there aresimilar candidates or multiple elections,the various percentages can be averagedtogether to find an overall performance.

Evaluation of the voters list whichassesses whether eligible voters areabsent from the voters list based on sam-pling a cross-section of the electorate.See also “List-to-People Audit (of theVoters List)” and “Voters List Audit.”

A registry for which election officialscreate an entirely new voters list forevery election, which requires a neweffort each time to identify those peo-ple who are eligible to vote.

See “Periodic Voter Registry.”

The extent to which a particular group ofvoters does not vote in a consistent way.

A voter who does not vote in a consistentway, voting for one candidate and notvoting for a candidate with a similar ide-ology or from the same party in either thesame election or in two consecutive elec-tions. It is believed that persuadable vot-ers do not identify with a particular partyor ideology and can be persuaded by aclear message. See also “Swing Voter.”


Past Performance ‘ (ÜGõMC’G/Úë°TôŸG) AGOCG

á≤HÉ°ùddG äÉHÉîàf’G

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf hCG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y øY läÉeƒ∏©e

¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘e hCG á˘æ˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e ÜGõ˘˘MCG ø˘˘e ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e É˘˘¡˘˘dÉ˘˘f

.á˘≤˘HÉ˘°ùdG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ É˘¡˘JGP ~˘FÉ˘≤˘©˘dG ¿ƒ˘cQÉ˘°ûà˘j

O~©J ~æY hCG Úë°Tôe I~Y ÚH ¬HÉ°ûJ •É≤f RhôH ~æYh

∞∏àfl øY œÉædG ∫~©ŸG ÜÉ°ùàMG øμÁ ,äÉHÉîàf’G

.πμc AGOC’G øY Iôμa øjƒμàd káYƒª› Ö n°ùpædG

People-to-List Audit(of the Voters List)

¢SƒØædG πé°°S á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ™e

É¡dÉØZEG á«fÉμeEG øe ≥≤ëà∏d ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ º««≤J

OÉæà°S’ÉH ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ¢ ©H AÉª°SCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› øe á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y ¤EG

,''ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ ™e ¢SƒØædG πé°°S á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J''

.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h

Periodic VoterRegistry

…Qh~dG ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd äÉHÉîàf’G ƒØXƒe ¬«a O q~éj πé°S

A’Dƒg øe »Y~à°ùj É‡ ,ÜÉîàfG πc ‘ πeÉμdÉH

~j~ëàd Iôe qπc ‘ Oƒ¡÷G ∫òH GhOhÉ©j ¿CG ÚØXƒŸG

.âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG

Periodic Voters List ájQh~dG ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb/íFGƒd

™LGQ.''…Qh~dG ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S''

Persuadability ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG/´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG

øe áæq«©e áYƒª› q¿CG øq«ÑJ Éª∏c á°UôØdG √òg ™°ùàJ

.ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH ä qƒ°üJ ’ ÚÑNÉædG

Persuadable Voter ´ÉæbEÓd πHÉb ÖNÉf

ä qƒ°üj ¿CÉc ,¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH ΩÉ¶àfÉH ä qƒ°üj ’ ÖNÉf

√ôWÉ°ûj ôNBG í°TôŸ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG ¿hO øe øq«©e í°TôŸ

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÉeEG ¬JGP Üõ◊G øe hCG É¡JGP I~«≤©dG

q¿CÉH OÉ≤àY’G Oƒ°ùjh .Úà«dÉààe ÚàdƒL ‘ hCG É¡JGP

I~˘«˘≤˘©˘H hCG ø˘q«˘©˘e Üõ˘ë˘H π˘KÉ˘ª˘à˘j ’ ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG Gò˘˘g

™LGQ .áë°VGh ádÉ°SQ q…CÉH ™æà≤j ¿CG øμÁ πH áæq«©e

kÉ° jCG.''íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf''


101

Petitioná° jôY

A request to an authority, most com-monly a government official or publicentity. Can be used to appeal electiondecisions, and are one type of tacticused by civic groups in advocacy cam-paigns to gather signatures of like-minded citizens on a particular issue.

A group whose major role is to appealelection decisions.

A method of voter contact in whichvolunteers call voters on the phone topersuade voters, identify supporters,and turn out the vote near election day.Also known as phoning.

A circular chart that is divided into sec-tors, illustrating relative magnitudes,frequencies, or percentages. Pie chartshave several uses in elections, such asrepresenting where candidates or par-ties stand in relation to each other inthe electoral race.

The program, often written, that thepolitical party or candidate will address(including political, social, and econom-ic pillars) if and when they are elected.This is not a campaign message.

See “Referendum.”

A system based on the principle that acandidate(s) or party with a plurality ofvotes (i.e. more than any other) or amajority of votes (i.e. 50 % + 1 - anabsolute majority) is/are declared thewinner(s). See also “Majority System,”“Plurality/Relative Majority,” and“Semi-Proportional System.”

πqãªàJ áæq«©e á£∏°S ¤EG ¢UÉî°TCG ¬H Ω q~≤àj …òdG Ö∏£dG

.áeÉ©dG äÉÄ«¡dG hCG Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ‘ ΩÉY m¬LƒH

IQOÉ°üdG ΩÉμMC’G ‘ ø©£∏d Ω n~îà°ùoJ »àdG ¢ FGô©dGh

ÒHG~˘à˘dG ∫É˘μ˘°TCG ø˘e lπ˘μ˘°T »˘g äÉ˘ ˘HÉ˘ ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G ¿CÉ˘ ˘°ûH

QÉWEG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG É¡«dEG CÉé∏J »àdG á«μ«àμàdG

øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG ™«bGƒJ ™ªL ±~¡H ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM

.áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM É¡JGP AGQB’G ¿hôWÉ°ûàj

Petition Group ¢ FGô©dG Ë~≤àH án∏ ncƒe áYƒª›

ø˘©˘£˘dG ∫ƒ˘M »˘°ù«˘Fô˘dG É˘˘gQhO Qƒ˘˘ë˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘j lá˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

.äÉHÉîàf’G ¿CÉ°ûH IQOÉ°üdG äGQGô≤dÉH

Phone Banking ÚÑNÉædÉH »ØJÉg ∫É°üJG

¿ƒYƒ£àŸG É¡«a π°üàj ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh

∫É°üJ’G á∏«°Sh Ω n~îà°ùoJh .∞JÉ¡dG ÈY ÚÑNÉædÉH

áÑ°ùfh øjô°UÉæŸG ~j~–h ,ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°S’ √òg

.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG π«Ñb âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG

Pie Chart …ôFGO ÊÉ«H º°SQ

ΩÉ˘é˘MC’G Rp È oJ ™˘WÉ˘≤˘˘e I~˘˘Y ¤EG º˘˘ q°ù≤˘˘j …ô˘˘FGO º˘˘°SQ

O~©àJh .Ö n°ùpædG hCG ,ádÉ◊G QôμJ i~e hCG ,á«Ñ°ùædG

‘ …ô˘˘˘FG~˘˘˘dG ÊÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG º˘˘˘°Sô˘˘˘dG ∫É˘˘˘ª˘˘˘©˘˘˘à˘˘˘°SG ¬˘˘˘˘LhCG

Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ™bGƒe øq«Ñj ¿CÉc ,äÉHÉîàf’G

.á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG ‘ ¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H øe

Platform »HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH

Ωõà∏j …òdG ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÜƒàμŸG ,èeÉfÈdG

¬æª° àj ÉÃ) ¬≤«Ñ£àH í°TôŸG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G

≈àeh GPEG (ájOÉ°üàbGh á«YÉªàLGh á«°SÉ«°S õFÉcQ øe

è˘˘eÉ˘˘fÈdG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ ø˘˘μ˘˘dh .¬˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG q”

.á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ øY ∞∏àîj »HÉîàf’G

Plebiscite ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG

™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG

Plurality/MajoritySystem

…ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f

…òdG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG q¿CG √OÉØe CG~Ñe ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j lΩÉ¶f

O~©H øjôNB’G ¥ƒØj …CG) äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y π°üëj

(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ∫Éæj hCG (É¡«∏Y π°üëj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G

øn∏©oj (~MGh äƒ°U ~FGR äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 …CG)

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa''(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f''

.''»Ñ°ùæædG ¬Ñ°T π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f''h ,''á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG''h


Plurality/RelativeMajority

á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG

The most votes cast in a given election.Less than 50% voted for the person orissue, but that vote got more than anyother vote. This differs from a majori-ty of the votes cast or 50% + 1 of thevote. See also “Simple Majority.”

An organization that is created to raisemoney for favored political candidatesand is registered with the FederalElection Commission (FEC). A PACmay be formed by any group, includingbusinesses, labor unions, and specialinterest bodies. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral sys-tem. See also “Interest Group,”“Lobby,” and “Union.”

The sum of attitudes, beliefs, andexpectations that constitute particularorientations toward society in generaland politics in particular.

The degree to which an individual citi-zen believes that he or she can “make adifference” by influencing the politicalsystem through such activities as vot-ing, protesting, giving campaign contri-butions, working on a campaign, oreven running for political office.

The environment in which the cam-paign will be waged, in reference tovoter attitudes, current events, relevantissues, and the people who are or willbe involved in the political arena.

∫Éæj ¿CÉc ;øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG

,äGƒ°UC’G øe %50 øe qπbCG á«° b hCG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~©H ôNBG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe q…CG ¥ƒØj É‰EG

ájÌcC’G øY ájÌcC’G √òg ∞∏àîJ .É¡«∏Y π°üëj

~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe %50 ∫OÉ©J »àdG á≤∏£ŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~MGh äƒ°U.''ájOÉY ájÌcCG''

102

Political ActionCommittee (PAC)

»°SÉ«°ùddG πª©dG áæ÷

Úë°Tôª∏d ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL π«Ñ°S ‘ CÉ°ûæJ áª¶æe

á˘«˘°Vƒ˘ØŸG i~˘d π˘sé˘°ù˘oJh kÉ˘˘¶˘˘M ô˘˘ahC’G Ú«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG

√òg AÉ°ûfEG ≈∏Y πª©J ~bh .äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~ØdG

,∫É˘ª˘YC’G äÉ˘cô˘°T É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘a ÉÃ ,á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› t…CG á˘˘æ˘˘é˘˘∏˘˘dG

.á°UÉN ídÉ°üe äGP äÉÄ«gh ,á«dÉª©dG äÉHÉ≤ædGh


kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’GäÉYƒª›''

.''á«dÉªY äGOÉ–G''h ,''§¨° dG äÉYƒª›''h ,''ídÉ°üŸG

Political Culture á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K

πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉ©bƒàdGh äG~≤à©ŸGh ∞bGƒŸG ´ƒª›

äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉHh káeÉ˘Y ™˘ª˘àÛÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG

.á°UÉN

Political Efficacy á«°SÉ«°S á«dÉ©a

çG~MEG'' ≈∏Y º¡JQ~≤H kGOGôaCG ÚæWGƒŸG ´ÉæàbG i~e

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCÉ˘˘à˘˘dG ≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y ''»˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘a Ò«˘˘¨˘˘J

,âjƒ°üàdÉc áæq«©e má£°ûfCG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH »°SÉ«°ùdG

‘ π˘ª˘©˘dG hCG ,äÓ˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d ´Èà˘˘dG hCG ,êÉ˘˘é˘˘à˘˘M’G hCG

äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ í˘°TÎdG ≈˘à˘M hCG ,äÓ˘˘ª◊G QÉ˘˘ª˘˘° e

.»°SÉ«°S Ö°üæÃ RƒØ∏d

Political Landscape »°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûee

¤EG kIQÉ˘°TEG ,É˘gQÉ˘WEG ‘ á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG

¿hDƒ°ûdGh ,á˘jQÉ÷G çG~˘MC’Gh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘«˘cƒ˘∏˘°S

¢UÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘°TC’G ∞˘˘˘∏˘˘˘àfl ¤EG ∂dò˘˘˘ch ,É˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘H á˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘°üàŸG

.»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ¿G~«e ‘ ÚWôîæŸG


103

Political Participation á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûee

Right of all adults of either gender tovote; the right to form or participate inactivities of political parties; and the rightto free, fair, and regular elections for leg-islative bodies as enumerated in Article21 of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and through a series ofinternational instruments and resolutionsof intergovernmental organizations.

A group of people with similar ideas oraims, some of whose members arenominated as candidates in elections inthe hope that they will be elected tooffice. See also “Party.”

See “Campaign.”

See “Platform.”

Individuals involved in the politicalenvironment, including lawmakers,advisors, and operatives, and who mayinfluence a political campaign or policydecision one way or another.

Scientific, quantitative sociologicalresearch based on randomly selected vot-ers used by the campaign to determine theopinions of the voters. Political polling isused to provide strategic planning infor-mation. See also “Opinion Poll/s” and“Public Opinion Research.”

Any kind of organized public activity ordemonstration to express support foran issue, policy, program, candidate, orparty. See also “Rally.”

‘ º¡≤Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH Ú°ùæ÷G øe øj~°TGôdG qπc ≥M

;É¡à£°ûfCG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G AÉ°ûfEG

QÉWEG øª°V á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡dG QÉ«àNG ‘ º¡≤Mh

q¢üæ˘J ¥ƒ˘≤˘M »˘gh ,á˘¡˘jõ˘fh Iô˘M á˘jOÉ˘Y äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG

¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG ¿ÓYE’G øe 21 IOÉŸG É¡«∏Y

äGQô˘˘≤ŸGh á˘˘«˘˘dh~˘˘dG ≥˘˘«˘˘KGƒŸG ø˘˘e má˘˘∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S ø˘˘ª˘˘°V

.á«dh~dG á«eƒμ◊G äÉª¶æŸG øY IQOÉ°üdG

Political Party »°SÉ«°S ÜõM

hCG AGQB’G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘ªŒ ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›

¢Vƒÿ É˘¡˘FÉ˘° YCG ¢ ©˘H ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘jh ,É˘˘¡˘˘JGP ±G~˘˘gC’G

äÉHÉîàf’G √òg ‘ GhRƒØj ¿CG πeCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«æ©ŸG Ö°UÉæŸG Gƒ∏¨°ûjh.''ÜõM''

Political PartyCampaign

»°SÉ«°ùddG Üõ◊G á∏ªM

™LGQ.''(á«HÉîàfG) á∏ªM''

Political Platform »°SÉ«°S èeeÉfôH

™LGQ.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''

Political Players /á«°SÉ«°S á∏YÉa iƒb

¿ƒ∏YÉa ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°S ±GôWCG

º˘¡˘«˘a øÃ ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ ¿ƒ˘Wô˘î˘æ˘j OGô˘˘aCG

≈∏Y ¿hQOÉ≤dGh ,äÉ«dÉ©ØdGh ¿hQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ,¿ƒeÉÙG

äGQGô˘˘≤˘˘dG hCG á˘˘«˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG äÓ˘˘ª◊G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCÉ˘˘à˘˘˘dG

.ôNBÉH hCG m πμ°ûH äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸG

Political Polling á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG

øe áæq«Y ≈∏Y õμJôj »YÉªàLGh »ªch »ª∏Y låëH

¬˘H Ú©˘à˘°ùJh ,kÉ˘«˘FGƒ˘°ûY É˘gQÉ˘«˘à˘NG º˘à˘j ÚÑ˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

´ƒædG Gòg í∏°üjh .ÚÑNÉædG AGQBG ~j~ëàd á∏ª◊G

OG~˘YEG ø˘Y äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e Ë~˘≤˘à˘d äÉ˘˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°S’G ø˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ á«é«JGÎ°S’G §£ÿG…CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG''

.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''h ''ΩÉ©dG

Political Rally »°SÉ«°S ¿ÉLô¡e

äGÒ°ùŸG hCG áeÉ©dG á£°ûfC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T q…CG

,á°SÉ«°S hCG ,á«° ≤d ºY~dG øY ÒÑ©àdG ájÉ¨H áª s¶æŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÜõM hCG ,í°Tôe hCG.''»HÉîàfG ¿ÉLô¡e''


104

Political Rights á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M

The right of people to participate in thepolitical life of their communities andsociety such as by voting for their gov-ernment.

An individual who is involved in influ-encing public decision-making throughthe influence of politics. A politician isoften a person who is running foroffice or has won an election and isalready in office.

The final voters list made available toelectoral districts. The poll book forpolling stations contains the names andrelated information for only those peo-ple who are designated to vote at eachspecific polling station.


The act of conducting a survey to assesspublic opinion or to forecast an elec-tion. The term polling can also be usedto describe the act of voting. See also“Opinion Poll/s” and “Voting.”

In most countries, a venue with two ormore polling stations. See also“Polling Station/Poll.”

The information gathered from publicopinion surveys and research.

See “Election Day.”

øª°V á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ OGôaC’G ≥M

≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG ‘ º¡≤ëc ,º¡©ªà›h º¡JÉYÉªL

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ º¡«∏ã‡ QÉ«àNG

Politician á°SÉ«°ùddG πLQ/»°SÉ«°S

äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj l¢üî°T

ƒgh .»°SÉ«°ùdG ∑Î©ŸG ‘ ¬∏ªY ∫ÓN øe áeÉ©dG

kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj hCG ,øq«©e mÖ°üæÃ RƒØ∏d kÉÑdÉZ í°TÎj

.ÜÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa ôKEG

Poll Book IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG) ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S

(áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG

∫hÉæà˘e ‘ ™˘°Vƒ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘FÉ˘¡˘æ˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘ë˘F’

ÚYÎ≤ŸG π˘é˘°S ø˘ª˘° à˘j ’h .á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘˘dG

Ú∏gDƒŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G AÉª°SCG ’EG ´GÎb’G õcGôŸ q~©oŸG

äÉ˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸGh ,O~fi ´GÎbG õ˘˘˘cô˘˘˘e ‘ âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘d

.º¡H á≤∏©àŸG

Poll Watcher áÑbGôe ¢V sƒØŸG) Üõ◊G Üh~æe

õcôe ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG

(´GÎb’G


Polling ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG

´GÎbG

áæq«H ≈∏Y ±ƒbƒdG π«Ñb øe ¢SÉædG AGQBG ´Ó£à°SG

.äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ™bƒJ hCG º¡FGQBG øe

»àdG âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG É˘˘¡˘˘H Ωƒ˘˘≤˘˘j…CGôdG ´Ó£˘à˘°SG''

.''âjƒ°üJ''h ''ΩÉ©dG

Polling Center ´GÎbG õcôe

…òdG ¿ÉμŸG ¤EG ¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎbG º∏b øe ÌcCG qº° j.''´GÎb’G º∏b''

Polling Data äÉ°SGQ~dG øe I~ªà°ùee äÉfÉ«H

á«YÓ£à°S’G

ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG øe I~ªà°ùŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

.ájQÉ÷G çÉëHC’Gh

Polling Day ´GÎb’G Ωƒj

™LGQ.''ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj''


Polling Division ÜÉîàf’G ¢VGôZC’ …QGOEG º«°ù≤≤J

105

A small geographic unit within a con-stituency for which a list of electors isestablished for one or more pollingsites for the purpose of voting onpolling day.

Election officials who participate in theadministration of a polling station levelon election day. Also known as pollworkers, poll officers, polling staff, orpoll clerks.

See “Polling Station/Poll.”

See “Polling Station/Poll.”

Where applicable, the polling stationassistant assists the presiding officer.

See “Polling Station Official.”

An officially-assigned location wherevoters go to cast their ballots under theauthority of election officials. Alsoknown as a polling place or polling site.

Internet voting that is conducted at avoter's polling site on designated comput-ers that are controlled and monitored byelection officials. See also “Kiosk Voting”and “Remote Internet Voting.”

A person or company that researchespublic opinion. See also “PublicOpinion Research.”

Iô˘˘FG~˘˘dG ø˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°V ™˘˘˘≤˘˘˘J IÒ¨˘˘˘°U á˘˘˘«˘˘˘aGô˘˘˘¨˘˘˘L I~˘˘˘Mh

™bƒe øe ÌcC’ hCG ´GÎbG ™bƒe πμdh .á«HÉîàf’G

øe ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ q~©oJ ,IôFG~dG √òg øª°V ´GÎbG

.´GÎb’G Ωƒj º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G πLCG

Polling Official º∏≤dG áÄ«g ƒ° Y/º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ

äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG äÉHÉîàf’G ∞Xƒe

.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ∫GƒW ´GÎb’G õcGôe iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y

Polling Place ´GÎb’G ¿Éμe

™LGQ.''´GÎb’G º∏b''

Polling Site ´GÎb’G ™bƒe

™LGQ.''´GÎb’G º∏b''

Polling Station Assistant

º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ ~YÉ°ùee

~æY ,¬eÉ¡e ò«ØæJ ‘ ´GÎb’G õcôe ¢ù«FQ ~YÉ°ùj

.áLÉ◊G

Polling Station Officer /º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ

º∏≤dG áÄ«g ƒ° Y

™LGQ.''º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ''

Polling Station/Poll ´GÎb’G º∏b

¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG √~˘°ü≤˘j ´GÎbÓ˘d kÉ˘«˘ª˘°SQ ¢ü°üfl ¿É˘μ˘˘e

»˘˘Ø˘˘Xƒ˘˘e ±Gô˘˘˘°TEGh IQGOEG â– º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘JGƒ˘˘˘°UCÉ˘˘˘H A’OEÓ˘˘˘d

.äÉHÉîàf’G

Poll-Site InternetVoting

øª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ

´GÎb’G ™bƒe

´GÎb’G ™˘ ˘bƒ˘ ˘e ø˘˘ª˘ ˘°V âfÎfE’G ÈY ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘dG âjƒ˘ ˘°üJ

Gò¡d ¢ü°üıG ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L ΩG~îà°SÉHh ,¬d O~ÙG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒe áÑbGôŸ ™°VÉÿGh ¢Vô¨dG

.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''∑É°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ°üJ''

Pollster AGQB’G ™ p∏£à°ùee

™LGQ .ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG øY i qôëàJ ácô°T hCG ¢üî°T

kÉ° jCG.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''


106

Popular Vote ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCG

The vote that is cast by each individualcitizen for a candidate, as opposed tovotes cast by elected representatives oran electoral college for a candidate.

A mechanism for voting in which a votercompletes his or her ballot paper andreturns it by post to an official designatedto conduct the election. See also“Absentee Voting,” “Out of CountryVoting (OCV),” and “Special Voting.”

The period after the election of a newgovernment, but before its term hasbegun during which the incoming govern-ment lays the groundwork for its adminis-tration. During this period, the newlyelected government can make nomina-tions for various posts and coordinatewith the incumbent government on theturnover of policy and security issues.

A short statement (no more than a fewpages) issued by an election observationmission, domestic or international, con-taining a summary of observation activ-ities, findings, evaluations, and some-times recommendations on how toremedy disputes or reform the electoralprocess. Usually issued within 48 hoursof the vote count in order to help vot-ers and political parties evaluate theprocess. See also “Final Statement onObservation” and “InterimStatement on Observation.”

Large signs with the candidate or partyname on them and the office they areseeking which can be placed on win-dows, poles, walls, etc. Posters are goodfor increasing name recognition of thecandidate and reminding people tovote. See also “Visibility.”

káfQÉ≤e ,í°Tôª∏d OôØdG øWGƒŸG ¬H ‹~j …òdG äƒ°üdG

hCG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æŸG ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã˘ªŸG É˘¡˘H ‹~˘j »˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’É˘˘H

.í°Tôª∏d »HÉîàf’G ™ªÛG

Postal Vote/Voting By Mail

~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ

´GÎb’G ábQh CÓÁ ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG

…òdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ~MCG ¤EG ~jÈdG ÈY É¡dÉ°SQEG ~«©jh

.äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G áª¡e ¬«dEG π ncƒoJ

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQêQQÉ˘N âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''»˘˘HÉ˘˘«˘˘Z âjƒ˘˘°üJ''

.''¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ''h ,''~∏ÑdG

Post-ElectionTransition

ºμ◊G hCG á£∏°ùddG ∫É≤àfG IÎa

äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H

äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG ÚH á˘∏˘°UÉ˘Ø˘dG á˘«˘æ˘˘eõ˘˘dG IÎØ˘˘dG

O~– lIÎa »gh ,É¡eÉ¡e º∏°ùJ ájG~Hh I~j~÷G ºμ◊G

É¡«∏Y õμJôJ »àdG á«°VQC’G á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡«a

IQGOE’G πª©J ,kÉ° jCG IÎØdG √òg ‘h .É¡ªμM IQGOEG

I~˘Y ‘ ¢UÉ˘î˘°TCG á˘«˘ª˘°ùJ ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘ã˘˘j~˘˘M á˘˘Ñ˘˘ nî˘˘à˘˘æŸG

∫ƒ˘M á˘«˘dÉ◊G IQGOE’G ™˘e ≥˘«˘°ùæ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Yh Ö°UÉ˘˘æ˘˘e

.øeC’G ¿hDƒ°Th áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG º«¶æJ IOÉYEG

Post-Election/Preliminary Statementon Observation

/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée

øY Q~°üj (mäÉëØ°U ™° H RhÉéàj ’) Ö° à≤e ¿É«H

,á˘«˘dh~˘dG hCG á˘«˘∏ÙG ,äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘Ñ˘˘bGô˘˘e á˘˘ã˘˘©˘˘H

QÉWEG ‘ É¡H âeÉb »àdG á£°ûfC’G øY kÉ°üî∏e ø qª° àjh

êPÉ‰h ,É¡«dEG â n°üo∏N »àdG äÉLÉàæà°S’Gh ,áÑbGôŸG

πM ¿CÉ°ûH É¡©aôJ »àdG äÉ«°UƒàdG kÉfÉ«MCGh ,º««≤àdG

.á«HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ìÓ˘°UEG hCG á˘Ä˘°TÉ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘aÓÿG

áYÉ°S 48 á∏¡e øª°V äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée ¿É«H Q~°üjh

ÜGõ˘˘MC’Gh ÚÑ˘˘˘NÉ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG I~˘˘˘YÉ˘˘˘°ùŸ äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘a ø˘˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG º««≤J ‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG

.''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''

PostersäÉ≤°ü∏e

Ö°üæŸGh Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG º°SG πª– áªî°V äÉàa’

êÉ˘˘LR ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y É˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘aQ ø˘˘˘μÁh ,√AGQh ≈˘˘˘©˘˘˘°ùj …ò˘˘˘dG

í∏°üJh .É¡«dEG Éeh ,¿GQ~÷G hCG ,I~ªYC’G hCG ,òaGƒædG

í°TôŸG ¤EG ±ô©àdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ¢Uôa IOÉjõd äÉ≤°ü∏ŸG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .¬˘d âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dÉ˘˘H º˘˘gÒcò˘˘à˘˘dh§«∏°ùJJ''

.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G


107

Potential Supporter πªàfi ô°UÉæe

An individual who may back a politi-cian or a political party, etc.

A governing arrangement agreed to bypolitical contestants when an official elec-tion result (and winner) cannot be deter-mined due to extraordinary circumstances.

The smallest geographic district in rela-tion to elections. Cities and counties aredivided into precinct polling districts.Campaigns will often gather precinctinformation such as voter lists, turnoutfrom the last election, and returns fromthe last election.

An indicative sort and count of votesfollowing the primary vote count. Theprimary vote count and national distri-bution of preferences are both con-ducted at the polling booth oncepolling has closed.

A system in which counted votes areused to redistribute the preferences ofthe electors to establish a winner.Preferential distribution is used in alter-native vote and single non-transferablevote systems (SNTV).

See “Ordinal Ballot.”

An election prior to general election inwhich no party affiliation is used and isconducted to reduce the number ofcandidates.

ÜõM hCG »°SÉ«°S …CG ºY~j ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

.Éª¡«dEG Ée hCG ,»°SÉ«°S

Power Sharing á∏£°ùddG º°SÉ≤J

¿ƒ˘°ùaÉ˘æ˘àŸG ¬˘«˘dEG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘j º˘μ◊G IQGOEG ∫ƒ˘M ¥É˘˘Ø˘˘JG

á«ª°SôdG èFÉàædG ~j~– Q qò©àj Éªæ«M ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG

.á«FÉæãà°SG ±hôX qπX ‘ (õFÉØdGh) äÉHÉîàfÓd

Precinct á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

¿~ŸÉa .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á£ÑJôe á«aGô¨L á≤£æe ô¨°UCG

πª©Jh .á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO ¤EG º s°ù≤oJ äÉ©WÉ≤ŸGh

,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG øY äÉeƒ∏©e ™ªL ≈∏Y äÓª◊G

Éªc ácQÉ°ûŸG áÑ°ùfh ,ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒ∏H kÓãe ≥∏©àJ

.á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G É¡à∏é°S »àdG èFÉàædG

Preference Count á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

AÉ°üME’G øe AÉ¡àf’G Ö≤Y äGƒ°UC’G Ö«JôJh Rôa

™jRƒJh ‹hC’G äGƒ°UC’G AÉ°üMEG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .‹hC’G

¿Éjôéj »æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G

.≥jOÉæ°üdG ∫ÉØbEG ~æY ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ ÉªgÓc

PreferentialDistribution

á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ

≈∏Y ÉgDhÉ°üMEG q” »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ ~«©j oΩÉ¶f

≥sÑ£ojh .õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ¿ÓYE’ ÚÑNÉædG äGQÉ«N ¢SÉ°SCG

äƒ°üdG »eÉ¶f qπX ‘ äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ øe §ªædG Gòg

.Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdGh πj~ÑdG

Preferential Voting /»∏«° ØJ ΩÉ¶f

»∏«° ØàdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

É¡«a ô ncòoJ ’h ,áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G ≥Ñ°ùJ läÉHÉîàfG

¢ü«∏≤àd º s¶æoJ É‰EG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG Úë°TôŸG äGAÉªàfG

.Úë°TôŸG O~Y

Preliminary Election áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

™LGQ.''äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH ´GÎbG ábQh''


108

Preliminary Results á«dhCG èFFÉàf

Initial official election results, which areoften announced prior to any recounts,claims, objections, and complaint reso-lutions. See also “Final Results” and“Results.”

The initial list of voters compiled fromthe voter registration process. Typicallythe preliminary voters list is producedrelatively early in the voter registrationprocess and is posted for scrutiny bythe public, political parties, and civicorganizations. Following this verifica-tion, claims, and objections process, arevised voters list is produced. See also“Voters List,” “Revised VotersList,” and “Final Voters List.”

Any event or large grouping of votersorganized unrelated to a campaign, towhich the campaign can go and meetvoters. Examples of preset events canbe parades, fairs, conventions, debates,etc. See also “Created Events.”

Anyone working for a media outlet.

An event planned by the campaign towhich the press is invited with the pur-pose of providing information aboutthe campaign or on a particular issue.See also “Press Release.”

A packet of information developed bythe campaign and given to the press toprovide them with information aboutthe candidate and the campaign. Itoften includes a biography, photo, acopy of the press release announcingtheir candidacy or the speech, pressreleases outlining various position papers,

.äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ƒM Q~°üJ »àdG á«ª°SôdG èFÉàædG ¤hCG

,äGƒ°UC’G q~Y IOÉYEG πÑb É¡æY ¿ÓYE’G ºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ

,É¡æY áÄ°TÉædG ¿ƒ©£dGh ihÉμ°ûdÉH Ω~≤àdG πÑbh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡fCÉ°ûH äÉaÓÿG ájƒ°ùJh''á«FÉ¡f èFFÉàf''

.''(äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf''h

Preliminary VotersList

á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

¤EG kGOÉæà°SG É¡©ªL qºàj »àdG á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG áëF’

áëFÓdG √òg OG~YEG …ôéjh .ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY

á«∏ªY øe kÉ«Ñ°ùf IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ kÉ«F~Ñe á«dhC’G

,Ö©˘°ûdG ∫hÉ˘æ˘à˘e ‘ ™˘°Vƒ˘J º˘K ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ

‘ ≥«b~à∏d á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸGh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh

ihÉμ°ûdG á÷É©eh ,≥«b~à∏d É¡YÉ° NEG ~©Hh .É¡àë°U

áëF’ QG~°üà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj ,É¡≤ëH IQOÉ°üdG äÉ°VGÎY’Gh

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘∏˘d á˘ë˘ë˘°üe,''ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG í˘FGƒ˘d''

.''á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h ,''ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h

Preset Events áeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe

QÉWEG êQÉN º s¶æoj ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÒÑc ~°ûM hCG ç~M q…CG

AÉ≤àdÓd á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √ô° ëj ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædÉH.''á°UÉN äÉÑ°SÉæe''

Press¿ƒ«aÉë°U/¿ƒ«eÓYEG

.á«eÓYEG á∏«°Sh ÜÉ°ù◊ πª©j ¢üî°T q…CG

Press Conference »Øë°U ô“Dƒe

¬«dEG ¿ƒY~o«a á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √ q~©j ç~M

øY hCG á∏ª◊G øY mäÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áæ«©e á«° b.''»Øë°U ¿É«H''

Press Packet Ú«eÓYEÓd ¢ü°üfl ∞∏e

á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe Ég q~©j »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe áYƒª›

äÉeƒ˘∏˘©Ã º˘g~˘jhõ˘à˘d ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘gCG ¤EG É˘¡˘fƒ˘ª˘∏˘°ùjh

√òg øª° àJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .á∏ª◊Gh í°TôŸG øY á«aÉ°VEG

á«aGôZƒJƒa IQƒ°Uh ,á«JGòdG í°TôŸG IÒ°S áeRôdG

¬«a ø∏©j …òdG »Øë°üdG ¿É«ÑdG øY áî°ùfh ,¬d

,áÑ°SÉæŸG √òg ‘ ¬«≤∏j …òdG ÜÉ£ÿG hCG ¬ë°TôJ øY


papers, copies of good press the cam-paign has received, and campaign litera-ture. See also “Campaign Literature”and “Press Release.”

An opportunity for the press to askpolitical candidates questions andreceive answers.

A formal written statement, often in theform of a news story, meant to providetimely information on a particular eventor issue. Provided by the campaign toreporters and others in the mass mediapresenting the candidate’s position on aparticular issue or event. Also releasedby international observers, domesticmonitors, and election commissions tocomment on the integrity of the elec-tion. See also “Campaign Literature.”

The individual in an organization orcampaign responsible for dealing withthe mass media. See “Mass Media”and “Press.”

A public election through which a polit-ical party chooses its candidates for aforthcoming electoral process.

See “Unique Identifier.”

Information on individual voters that isrequired by electoral law.

í°TôŸG ∞bGƒe ¢ü qî∏J »àdG á«Øë°üdG äÉfÉ«ÑdGh

»àdG ä’É≤ŸG RôHCG øY ï n°ùofh ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∞∏àfl øe

á«FÉY~dG OGƒŸG øY ï n°ùofh ,á∏ª◊G πªY ≈∏Y »æãJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ªë∏d.''»Øë°U ¿É«H''h ''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

109

Press Q&A Ú«eÓYE’G áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG

≈˘∏˘Y á˘∏˘Ä˘°SC’G ìô˘£˘H ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘gC’ í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ á˘˘°Uô˘˘a

.É¡æY áHƒLC’G »≤∏àHh Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Ú°ùaÉæàŸG

Press Release »Øë°U ¿É«H

‘ …QÉÑNC’G CÉÑædG πμ°T òîàj ,Üƒàμe »ª°SQ ¿ÓYEG

¬æ«M ‘ äÉeƒ∏©e Ë~≤J ¤EG »eôjh ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG

ƒª¶æe ™° j Ée kÉÑdÉZh .áæq«©e á«° b hCG ç~M øY

ºgGƒ°S hCG Ú∏°SGôŸG ∫hÉæàe ‘ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg á∏ª◊G

øe í°TôŸG ∞bƒe ìÉ° jEG π«Ñ°S ‘ ,ΩÓYE’G πgCG øe

äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG Q~˘°üJ ∂dò˘ch .ø˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e ç~˘˘M hCG á˘˘«˘˘° b

ÚÑ˘˘˘bGôŸGh ,Ú«˘˘˘dh~˘˘˘dG ÚÑ˘˘˘bGôŸG ø˘˘˘Y á˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘°üdG

≥«∏©àdG π«Ñb øe äÉHÉîàf’G »°VƒØeh ,Ú«∏ÙG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÜÉîàf’G ágGõf ≈∏Y.''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''

Press Secretary ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ô°S ÚeCG

»WÉ©àdG øY á∏ª◊G hCG áª¶æŸG ‘ ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¢üî°ûdG

™˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .ΩÓ˘˘˘˘˘YE’G π˘˘˘˘˘FÉ˘˘˘˘˘°Sh ™˘˘˘˘˘˘e''ΩÓ˘˘YE’G π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sh''

.''¿ƒ«eÓYEG''h

Primary Election á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG

QÉàîJ ¿CG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMCÓd í«àJ áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG

.Ég~≤Y Ö≤JôŸG äÉHÉîàfÓd É¡«ë°Tôe

Primary Key õq«‡ ± qô©e

™LGQkÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG.

Primary Voters ListDatabase Data

I~YÉb ‘ áLQ~e á«°SÉ°SCG äÉfÉ«H

ÚÑNÉædG áëFÓH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

q¢üæ˘j »˘à˘dG OGô˘aC’G ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dÉ˘H á˘˘°UÉÿG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG

.ÉgôaGƒJ IQhô°V ≈∏Y »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG


110

Print Media /´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG

áYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

Print media is any part of the massmedia using the written word and/orstill pictures, such as newspapers andmagazines, as opposed to the electron-ic media that uses the spoken wordand/or video. See also “ElectronicMedia” and “Mass Media.”

The ability of a person to control theavailability of information about andexposure of himself or herself.

Television, radio, and newspapersowned by private individuals or compa-nies. The owners’ right to freedom ofthe press should preclude governmentinterference. For antonym, see “StateControlled Media.”

A campaign that has a strategy and awritten plan to carry that strategy out.This campaign sets the agenda in theelection and knows what to expectfrom its opponents. For antonym, see“Reactive Campaign.”

See “Adjudication.”

See “Platform.”

The propagation of ideas and informa-tion for the purpose of influencing orintensifying certain attitudes andbehavior.

øe iôNCG á∏«°Sh …CG hCG ,á∏≤à°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞ë°üdG

IQƒ°üdG hCG/h áª∏μdG πª©à°ùJ »àdG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

…ò˘dG ÊhÎμ˘d’G ΩÓ˘YE’G ™˘e É˘¡˘d ká˘˘fQÉ˘˘≤˘˘e ,I~˘˘eÉ÷G

™LGQ .ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h áYƒª°ùŸG áª∏μdG πª©à°ùj

kÉ° jCG.''ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh''h ''ÊhÎμdEG ΩÓYEG''

Privacyá«°Uƒ°üN

äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ßØM á«fÉμeEÉH ºμëàdG ≈∏Y OôØdG IQ~b

.É¡æY ∞°ûμdGh ¬°üî°ûH á≤∏©àŸG

Privately ControlledMedia

¢UÉN ΩÓYEG

É¡μ∏Á »àdG ∞ë°üdGh äÉYGPE’Gh ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG äÉ£fi

≥M ∫ƒëj ¿CG Öéjh .á°UÉÿG äÉcô°ûdG hCG OGôaC’G

‘ áeƒμ◊G πN~J ¿hO ΩÓYE’G ájôM ‘ É¡HÉë°UCG

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡fhDƒ°T.''»ª°SQ ΩÓYEG''

Proactive Campaign á«bÉÑà°SG á∏ªM

áHƒàμe á£˘Nh á˘ë˘°VGh á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°SG ™˘Ñ qà˘J á˘∏˘ª˘M

á∏ª◊G √òg ™° J ,∂dòd .á«é«JGÎ°S’G √òg ò«Øæàd

Éª pd »YƒdG q”CG ≈∏Y »gh »HÉîàf’G É¡∏ªY èeÉfôH

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡ë°Tôe Ωƒ°üN øY Q~°üj ¿CG ™ sbƒàoj

.''ájOG~JQG á∏ªM''

ProceedingsäGAGôLEG/iƒYO

™LGQ.''äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üa''

ProgramèeeÉfôH

™LGQ.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''

Propaganda á«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG/G~æZÉHhôH

¢ ©H ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉμaC’G ô°ûf

.É¡à«ÑãJ hCG äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdGh ∞bGƒŸG


ProportionalRepresentation

»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f

An electoral system family based on theprinciple of the conscious translation ofthe overall votes of a party or groupinginto a corresponding proportion ofseats in an elected body. All PR systemsrequire the use of multi-member dis-tricts. Proportional representation isalso known as full representation. Seealso “Semi-Proportional System.”

See “Electorate” and “Eligible Voter.”

A vote cast in an election to demon-strate the voters’ unhappiness with theelectoral process, the electoral contest-ants, or the system at large. A protestvote can involve casting a blank ballotor voting for a third party candidatethat is unlikely to win. In some coun-tries, ballots may even include a spot tomark a protest vote.

A form on which polling officials rec-oncile the votes cast at that station andrecord the official vote count at theirpolling station. Typically, copies of theprotocol are posted outside of thepolling station and are made availableto political party agents and non-parti-san election observers present.Protocol forms are also known as a tallysheets/reconciliation sheets.

See “Tendered Ballot.”


πjƒëàH πFÉ≤dG CG~ÑŸG ≈∏Y õμJôj »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

Ée ¤EG ™ªéàdG hCG Üõ◊G π°üëj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G πª›

.áÑ nîà˘æŸG äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ ~˘YÉ˘≤ŸG á˘Ñ˘°ùf ø˘e É˘¡˘dOÉ˘©˘j

∫Éª©à°SG »Ñ°ùædG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘fCG qπ˘c Ö∏˘£˘à˘Jh

kÉ° jCG ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ± nô©ojh .~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àŸG ôFGh~dG

™LGQ .πeÉ°ûdG hCG πeÉμdG »Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶æH

kÉ° jCG.''»Ñ°ùæædG ¬Ñ°T π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f''

111

Prospective Voter πªàfi ÖNÉf

™LGQ.''´GÎbÓd πgDƒe ÖNÉf''h ''ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL''

Protest Vote »LÉéààMG äƒ°U

ø˘˘Y ÜGô˘˘YEÓ˘˘d ÜÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘˘f’G ‘ ¬˘˘˘Jƒ˘˘˘°üH ‹~˘˘˘j ÖNÉ˘˘˘f

Úë°TôŸG øe hCG ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øe ¬FÉ«à°SG

ΩÉ¶ædG øe hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ácô©ŸG ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG

»LÉéàM’G ¬Jƒ°U ÖNÉædG π°Uƒj ¿CG Rƒéjh .πμc

ådÉK ±ô£d âjƒ°üàdÉH hCG AÉ° «H ábQh •É≤°SEÉH ÉeEG

~b ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘h .RƒØj ¿CG ¬d Q s~≤ŸG ÒZ øe

øª°V áeÓY º°SƒH äƒ°üdG Gòg øY ÖNÉædG ôqÑ©j

.¢Vô¨dG Gò¡d ¢ü°üıG ™°VƒŸG

Protocol RôØdG ô° fi

á≤HÉ£Ÿ ´GÎb’G õcôe øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¬e~îà°ùj êPƒ‰

á˘«˘ª˘°Sô˘dG á˘é˘«˘à˘æ˘dG π˘«˘é˘˘°ùJh á˘˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G

¤EG kIOÉY QÉ°üojh .√õcôe ‘ wπc ,äGƒ°UC’G AÉ°üME’

´GÎb’G õcôe êQÉN ô° ÙG Gòg øY ï n°ùof ¥É°üdEG

á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G »Hh~æe ∫hÉæàe ‘ É¡©°Vh ¤EGh

± nô©oj .õcôŸG ‘ øj~LGƒàŸG øjRÉëæŸG ÒZ ÚÑbGôŸGh

.RôØdG èFÉàf ∫h~L kÉ° jCG êPƒªædG Gòg

Provisional Vote ≥q∏©e äƒ°U

.''á≤q∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh'' ™LGQ

ProxyÜh~æe

.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe'' ™LGQ


112

Proxy Vote ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ

A vote that is cast by one entity onbehalf of another. Proxy voting pro-cedures vary depending on the coun-try's law and are forbidden in somecountries.

Of or having to do with the people as awhole, or something that is made view-able to all, something that is open.

Television and radio station program-ming devoted to political discussionshows, election coverage, coverage ofdebates and “town hall meetings,” partyconventions or rallies, round table dis-cussions moderated interview shows,or call-in commentary shows.

Funds provided by the government toreimburse expenses incurred by candi-dates and political parties to seek election.

Session at which citizens present theirviews on a specific matter to a govern-ment body.

Any official or employee of the state orits agencies, including those who havebeen selected, appointed, or elected toperform activities or functions in thename of the state or in the service ofthe state, at any level of its hierarchy.

Using focus groups and/or surveys togather qualitative or quantitative dataabout citizens’ opinions in order toshape policy and program responses.See also “Focus Groups,” “OpinionPoll/s,” and “Political Polling.”

.ô˘NBG ¢üî˘°T ø˘Y á˘HÉ˘«˘æ˘˘dÉ˘˘H ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ‹~˘˘j

ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ≈˘Yô˘J »˘à˘dG äGAGô˘LE’G ∞˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘î˘˘Jh

kÉª∏Y ,~∏ÑdG ‘ ≥sÑ£ŸG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ±ÓàNÉH âjƒ°üàdG

.√ô q¶– ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H q¿CG

PublicΩÉY

‘ ™°Vƒj Ée qπc hCG ,πμc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée qπc

.™«ªé∏d kÉMÉàe ¿ƒμj hCG ™«ª÷G ∫hÉæàe

Public AffairsProgramming

¿hDƒ°ûddG á°ûbbÉæŸ á«eÓYEG èeeGôH

áeÉ©dG

á˘°ü°üıG á˘«˘YGPE’Gh á˘«˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG äÉ˘£ÙG è˘eGô˘H

,äÉHÉîàf’G á«£¨J hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG á°ûbÉæŸ

áMÉàŸG áeÉ©dG äÉYÉªàL’G''h äGôXÉæŸG á«£¨J hCG

hCG ,á˘«˘˘Hõ◊G äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh äGô“DƒŸG hCG ,''™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘é˘˘∏˘˘d

QphÉëoe Égôj~j »àdG äÓHÉ≤ŸG hCG ,Iôj~à°ùŸG ä’hÉ£dG

.Ú∏°üàŸG øe ≥«∏©J É¡∏∏îàj »àdG èeGÈdG hCG

Public Funding/Public Financing

»eƒμM πjƒ“/ΩÉY πjƒ“

Úë°TôŸG ¤EG áeƒμ◊G É¡e~≤J »àdG ∫GƒeC’ÉH πãªàj

»àdG äÉ≤ØædG á«£¨J πLCG øe á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûe AGôL É¡fh~Ñμàj

Public Hearing áeÉ©dG ´Éªà°S’G á°ù∏∏L

i~MEG ¤EG ºgAGQBG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG É¡«a Ω q~≤j »àdG á°ù∏÷G

.áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG

Public Official »ª°SQ/»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùee

øjòdG ÚØXƒŸG hCG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

,á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG i~MEG hCG áeƒμ◊G i~d ¿ƒ∏ª©j

hCG º˘˘gQÉ˘˘«˘˘à˘˘NG qº˘˘à˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°T’G º˘˘¡˘˘˘«˘˘˘a øÃ

hCG á£°ûfC’G ò«ØæJ πLCG øe º¡HÉîàfG hCG º¡æ««©J

¿É˘c kÉ˘jCG ,É˘¡◊É˘°üŸ ká˘e~˘˘N hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G º˘˘°SÉ˘˘H ΩÉ˘˘¡ŸG

.á«eô¡dG áÑ«cÎdG √òg ‘ º¡©bƒe

Public OpinionResearch

ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG

äÉ˘˘˘˘°SGQ~˘˘˘˘dG hCG/h õ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘cÎdG äÉ˘˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª› ΩG~˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘˘°SG

hCG á˘«˘Yƒ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ™˘˘ª˘˘L ™˘˘aG~˘˘H á˘˘«˘˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°S’G

™°Vh ¤EG kÉ«©°S ∂dPh ,ÚæWGƒŸG AGQBG ∫ƒM á«ªμdG

.áMhô£ŸG èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™e º¡HhÉŒ i~Ÿ Q qƒ°üJ

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ…CGô˘dG ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''h ,''õ˘«˘cÎdG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª›''

.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''h ,''ΩÉ©dG


113

Public Policy áeÉY á°SÉ«°S

The result of interactions between dif-ferent groups and parties about thecourse of action that should be taken.These decisions are ultimately codifiedby government, usually legislatures,and then put into practice and moni-tored by civil society organizations(CSOs), activists, and citizens.

A public problem or issue of concernthat the government or advocacygroups attempt to address such aspoverty, healthcare, and terrorism,among others.

The act of a campaign ensuring voterswho support their candidate/party go tothe polls and vote on election day. Thecampaign tries to “pull” voters throughphone calls, knocking on doors, andother forms of contact to encouragethem to go vote. Generally these sup-porters have been previously identifiedby the campaign. See also “Blind Pull”and “GOTV=Get Out The Vote.”

A method of voting which requires vot-ers to punch a hole in the paper ballotto indicate their choice.

A campaigning technique in which anindividual or organization attempts toinfluence or alter the view of respon-dents under the guise of conducting anopinion poll. Generally viewed as neg-ative campaigning, push polls use innu-endos and, in some cases, rumors to getrespondents thinking about a particularissue. Many push polls are negativeattacks on other candidates and havelittle or no basis in fact. See also“Political Polling.”

äÉYƒªÛG ∞∏àfl ÚH ºFÉ≤dG πYÉØàdG áé«àf »JCÉJ

.ÉgòîàJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG äGƒ£ÿG QÉ°ùe ¿CÉ°ûH ÜGõMC’Gh

äÉ˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG …CG , kGÒNCGh k’hCG º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘˘e Ωƒ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘Jh

É¡©° J »àdG äGQGô≤dG √òg ™jô°ûàH ,kIOÉY á«©jô°ûàdG

Ée ‘ ¿ƒæWGƒŸGh ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

.áÑbGôª∏d É¡© p° îoJh ≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ~©H

Public Policy Issue áeÉY á°SÉ«°ùddG ¿hDƒ°T

≈©°ùJh ΩÉ©dG ΩÉªàg’ÉH ≈¶– á«° b hCG á∏μ°ûe

πª°ûJh .É¡à÷É©e ¤EG á©aG~ŸG äÉYƒª› hCG áeƒμ◊G

≈∏Y ,áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG É¡Mô£J »àdG πFÉ°ùŸG √òg

ájÉYôdGh ,ô≤ØdG ÉjÉ° b ,ô°ü◊G ’ OG~©àdG π«Ñ°S

.ÜÉgQE’Gh ,á«ë°üdG

Pull âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO

¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ¬qLƒJ ≈∏Y á∏ª◊G »ª¶æe ¢Uô pM

Ωƒj º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’Gh ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG Üõ◊G/í°TôŸG

≥jôW øY ÚÑNÉædG ''êGQ~à°SG'' ¿ƒdhÉëj º¡a .ÜÉîàf’G

πFÉ°Sh ¤EG Aƒé∏dÉHh ,º¡dRÉæÃ QhôŸGh kÉ«ØJÉg º¡H ∫É°üJ’G

≈∏Y º¡©«é°ûJ π«Ñb øe ,∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe iôNCG

á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe ¿ƒμj ¿CG ~©H ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¬LƒàdG

.ΩÉY m¬LƒH á≤HÉ°S á∏Môe ‘ øj~jDƒŸG A’Dƒg GhO~M ~b

kÉ˘ ˘° jCG ™˘ ˘LGQ''õ˘«˘«“ ¿hO âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ¤EG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘ ˘dG ™˘ ˘aO''

.''âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ''h

Punch-Card Voting ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤ãH âjƒ°üJ

Ö≤K ÚÑNÉædG øe Ö∏£àJ âjƒ°üàdÉH á°UÉN á≤jôW

.ºgQÉ«N ~j~ëàd ´GÎb’G ábQh

Push Poll ¢V pôöe …CGQ ´Ó£à°SG

á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG hCG Oô˘Ø˘dG ≈˘©˘°ùjh äÓ˘ª◊G ‘ á˘©˘Ñ qà˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘dBG

hCG á∏Ä°SC’G øY Ö«ÛG AGQBG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG É¡ÑLƒÃ

CÉé∏jh .…CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG AÉ£Z â– É¡à¡Lh Ò«¨J

kIGOCG ¢ ©˘˘Ñ˘˘dG √Gô˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ,¢V pô˘˘¨ŸG …CGô˘˘dG ´Ó˘˘£˘˘à˘˘˘°SG

í«ª∏àdG Üƒ∏°SCG OÉªàYG ¤EG ,äÓª◊G º«¶æàd á«Ñ∏°S

q¢ M π˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘b ø˘˘e äÉ˘˘©˘˘˘FÉ˘˘˘°ûdG ¤EG ,ä’É◊G ¢ ©˘˘˘H ‘h

∫É«M áæq«©e á≤jô£H ÒμØàdG ¤EG á∏Ä°SC’G øY Ö«ÛG

äÉYÓ£à°SG ájÌcCG òîàJ ∂dòd .áMhô£ŸG á«° ≤dG

øjôNB’G Úë°TôŸG ∫É£J áYP’ äGOÉ≤àfG πμ°T …CGôdG

™bGh ‘ áàHÉK ¢ù°SCG ≈∏Y õμJôJ ’ hCG õμJôJ Éªq∏bh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .∫É◊G.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''


114

Pyramid/CascadeSystem (TrainingMethodology)

»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG ΩÉ¶f

(ÖjQ~J á«dBG)

A training methodology in which thelead trainer(s) prepare regional leadersto train municipal leaders who, in turn,train volunteers. This approach isquick, decentralized, and economical.See also “Mobile Teams (TrainingMethod)” and “National TrainingDay (Training Method).”

IOÉ˘≤˘dG ÖjQ~˘à˘H ÚHQ~ŸG QÉ˘Ñ˘μ˘d í˘«˘à˘J ÖjQ~˘J á˘«˘˘dBG

iƒ˘à˘°ùe ≈˘∏˘Y IOÉ˘≤˘dG ¿h q~˘©˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG Ú«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘bE’G

.ÚYƒ£àŸG ÖjQ~J ¿ rƒsdƒàj ºgQh~H ºgh ,äÉj~∏ÑdG

~ªà©J ,ò«ØæàdG á©jô°S É¡fCÉH áHQÉ≤ŸG √òg õq«ªàJh

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«dÉY áØ∏c ÖqJôJ ’h ájõcôeÓdG¥ nôpa''

.''ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj''h ''ád qƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG


115

QQ&A

áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG

Questions and Answers. See also“Press Q&A.”

See “Ballot Qualification.”

See “Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT).”

The minimum number of members of adeliberative body, such as a legislatureor cabinet, required to be present inorder to conduct the business of thatgroup, for example pass a law or voteon a regulation. When quorum is notmet, a vote cannot be held.

The term quota may have one of twodistinct meanings:

The number of votes which guaran-tees a party or candidate to win a seat ina particular electoral district in a pro-portional representation system;

The number of seats in an electedbody or a proportion of candidatesnominated by a party, which are requiredby law to be filled by representatives of aparticular kind; most commonly used toensure the nomination and election of aminimum number of women.

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ú«eÓYE’G áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG''

Qualification í°TôŸG á«∏gCG/äÓgDƒe

™LGQ.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T''

Quick Count (äGƒ°UCÓd) ™jô°S Rôa

™LGQ.''ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L''

Quorum ÜÉ°üf

¢TÉ≤f á°ù∏L …CG ô° ëj ¿CG Üƒ∏£ŸG AÉ° YC’G O~Y

hCG á«©jô°ûàdG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dÉ˘c ,äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG i~˘MEG É˘g~˘≤˘©˘J

QGô˘bEÉ˘c É˘¡˘dÉ˘ª˘˘YCG á˘˘°SQÉ‡ ¢Vô˘˘©˘˘e ‘ ,AGQRƒ˘˘dG ¢ù∏›

âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY …ôŒ ’h .kÓãe áª¶fC’G hCG ÚfGƒ≤dG

.ÜÉ°üædG πªàμj ’ ÚM

Quotaá°üM/ÉJƒc

:ÚØ∏àfl Ú«æ©e í∏£°üŸG Gòg πªëj ~b

í°TôŸG hCG Üõë∏d øª° j …òdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y

πX ‘ áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFGO øª°V ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØdG

.»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f

áÑ°ùf hCG ánÑîàæŸG äÉÄ«¡dG i~MEG ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y

ÉgCÓÁ ¿CG Üƒ∏£ŸG ,Üõ◊G øe Úë°TôŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G

;¿ƒfÉ˘≤˘dG ΩÉ˘μ˘MCG Ö°ùë˘H ,á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Ä˘a ø˘e ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã‡

í«°TôJ ¿Éª° d kÉeƒªY ÉJƒμdG ΩÉ¶f ≥«Ñ£J ™«°ûjh

.∫ƒÑ≤ŸG ≈fOC’G ~◊ÉH ,AÉ°ùædG øe O~Y ÜÉîàfGh


R116

Race á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

Another term for an election campaign.An election campaign is often comparedto running a race in which candidates“run for office.” See also “Running forOffice.”

Animosity towards other races; prejudiceor animosity against people who belongto other races. See also “Sectarianism.”

An organized gathering intended toinspire enthusiasm for a cause.Campaigns and political parties oftenhold rallies in support of their candidateand to energize their political base.Generally, people brought together bythe rally will already be supporters, butthe event may receive press coverageand thereby influence other voters.Rallies can also be used to raise funds.See also “Political Rally.”

Formal approval by voters, or otherpersons, of proposed policies, laws, ordecisions.

A campaign that spends its resourcesdepending on the political landscape andwhat happens during the campaign. Thisis a campaign that lacks a plan, is alwaysbehind and cannot set the agenda. Forantonym, see “Proactive Campaign.”

kÉÑdÉZ .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ôNBG í∏£°üe

É˘¡˘°Vƒ˘î˘j'' má˘cô˘©Ã á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G ¿QÉ˘˘≤˘˘oJ É˘˘e

™˘LGQ .''Ö°üæŸÉ˘H Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘˘°TôŸG

.''äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN''

Racismájô°üæY

¤EG ¿ƒ˘ª˘à˘æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G √ÉŒ AG~˘©˘dÉ˘H Qƒ˘˘©˘˘°T

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áØ∏àfl ¥GôYCG.''á«ØFÉW''

Rally (»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e

á«° b ∫ƒM á°SÉª◊G ∫É©°TEG ±~¡H º s¶æoj …òdG ™ qªéàdG

äÓ˘ª◊Gh á˘©˘aG~ŸG äÓ˘ª˘M »˘«˘ë˘oJ É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘Zh .á˘æ˘ q«˘©˘e

É¡à«° b hCG É¡ë°Tôe ºYO π«Ñ°S ‘ äÉfÉLô¡ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG

q¿CG lí«ë°Uh .øjô°UÉæŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH •É°ûædGh ájƒ«◊G qåHh

º¡©ªL ≈∏Y äÉfÉLô¡ŸG ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G

~b ç~◊G Gòg q¿CG ’EG ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj

á«£¨àdG π° ØH øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj

äÉfÉLô¡ŸG º«¶æJ í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG.''»°SÉ«°S ¿ÉLô¡e''

Ratify ≈∏Y ábOÉ°üe/≥j~°üJ

º˘˘¡˘˘à˘˘≤˘˘aGƒ˘˘e ø˘˘jô˘˘NBG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘˘°TCG hCG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG AG~˘˘HEG

äGQGô≤dG hCG ,ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG ,äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y á«ª°SôdG

.áMÎ≤ŸG

Reactive Campaign ájOG~JQG á∏ªM

¤EG á˘HÉ˘é˘à˘˘°SÓ˘˘d má˘˘dhÉfi ‘ É˘˘gOQGƒ˘˘e ≥˘˘Ø˘˘æ˘˘J á˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘M

‘ äGQƒ£à˘dG IGQÉ›h »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ~˘¡˘°ûŸG äÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘£˘à˘e

,§«˘£˘î˘à˘dG ¤EG ô˘≤˘à˘Ø˘J á˘∏˘ª◊G √ò˘¡˘a .ç~◊G Ö∏˘b

è˘eÉ˘fô˘H OG~˘YEGh çG~˘MC’G á˘Ñ˘cGƒ˘˘e ‘ kÉ˘˘ehO ≥˘˘Ø˘˘î˘˘Jh

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .πªY.''á«bÉÑà°SG á∏ªM''


Recheck /¢üëa IOÉYEG

(´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG) ‘ ≥«b~àdG

A procedure undertaken by an electionmanager before a preference count isconducted. All ballot papers are re-examined and counted again.Scrutineers are entitled to be presentand should be aware of any correctedfigures before a preference count iscommenced. This term should not beconfused with the term “recount.” Seealso “Preference Count.”

A second or further count of votes inan election.

A new arrangement of the electoral divi-sions in a state or territory with the resultof changing the boundaries of someexisting divisions. See also “BoundaryDelimitation,” “Districting,” and“Gerrymandering.”

The process by which electoral districtboundaries are redrawn to adjust forchanges in population. See also“Boundary Delimitation” and“Districting.”

See “Redistricting.”

The legal process of submitting to thevoters for their approval or rejection ofproposed state or local laws or consti-tutional amendments. Examples ofreferendums include the adoption of anew constitution, a constitutionalamendment, a law, a recall of an elect-ed official, or simply a specific govern-ment policy. A referendum is alsoknown as a plebiscite.

Rô˘a π˘Ñ˘b äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘j~˘e ¬˘H Ωƒ˘≤˘˘j …OÉ˘˘Y AGô˘˘LEG

áæjÉ©Ã AGôLE’G Gòg »° ≤jh .á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G

≥˘ë˘jh .á˘«˘˘fÉ˘˘K Iô˘˘e É˘˘¡˘˘∏˘˘c ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG AÉ˘˘°üMEGh

Ghô˘˘° ë˘˘j ¿CG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á˘˘ë˘˘°U ‘ Ú≤˘˘˘b~˘˘˘ª˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d

áëë°üŸG ΩÉbQC’ÉH kÉª∏Y GhòNCÉj ¿CGh RôØdG á«∏ªY

Rƒé˘j ’ .á˘«˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G Rô˘Ø˘H A~˘Ñ˘dG π˘Ñ˘b

.''äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG'' í∏£°üÃ í∏£°üŸG Gòg §∏N

117

Recount äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG

hCG á«fÉãdG Iôª∏d ÜÉîàf’G ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G q~Y

.ïdEG hCG áãdÉãdG

Redistribution /º«°ù≤≤J IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ™jRƒJ

á≤£æŸG hCG áj’ƒdG øª°V á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J

äÉª«°ù≤àdG Oh~M Ò«¨J ¤EG ∫hDƒj ~j~L Ö«JôJ ≥ah

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .á˘˘ª˘˘˘FÉ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘dG á˘˘˘jQGOE’GôFGh~˘dG º˘«˘°Sô˘J''

.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dÉH ÖYÓJ''h ,''á«HÉîàf’G

Redistricting á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M º°SQ IOÉYEÉH »° ≤J á«∏ªY

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘«˘fÉ˘μ˘°ùdG äGÒ¨˘àŸG ™˘e ∞ q«˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘à˘˘d

.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ''

Redivision /º«°ù≤≤J IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ™jRƒJ

™LGQ.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG''

Referendum ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG

hCG »∏fi ¿ƒfÉb ¢VôY í«àJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏ª©dG

hCG ¬«∏Y Gƒ≤aGƒ«d ÚæWGƒŸG ≈∏Y …Qƒà°SO πj~©J

,kÓãe ¬dÉμ°TCG ¢ ©H ‘ ,AÉàØà°S’G πª°ûjh .√ƒ° aôj

,kÉfƒfÉb hCG ,kÉjQƒà°SO kÓj~©J hCG ,~j~L Qƒà°SO QGôbEG

á«eƒμM á°SÉ«°S QGôbEG hCG ,Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe ∫õY hCG

.áWÉ°ùH πμH á°UÉN


118

ReformìÓ°UEG

Change intended to improve a currentsystem by correcting faults, removinginconsistencies and abuses, and impos-ing modern values or methods.Reform is not a revolution, but seeksincremental change. Such reformcould include a more robust role formarginalized groups such as women orminority groups.

See “Voter Registry.”

A venue where voter registration takesplace in a face-to-face setting.

The act of accepting the applications toparticipate in an election of political par-ties and candidates that meet defined cri-teria. See also “Applying for Candidacy”and “Ballot Qualification.”

The act or process of entering the namesof eligible electors and other relevantinformation in a register or list of electors.

An official responsible for maintainingthe voter registry. Depending on thecountry's election law, the registrationofficial may be appointed by a localauthority or by the election manage-ment body (EMB). In the British sys-tem, these officials are referred to asElectoral Registration Officers.

A ballot paper that does not have anymark, or has more than one mark, or ismarked in such a way that it does notclearly indicate the voter's choice.Polling officials determine which bal-lots are rejected, and those ballots will

øe ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ΩÉ¶ædG Ú°ù– ¤EG »eôj …òdG Ò«¨àdG

á˘˘dGREGh ,¬˘˘Hƒ˘˘°ûJ »˘˘à˘˘dG AÉ˘˘£˘˘˘NC’G í˘˘˘«˘˘˘ë˘˘˘°üJ ∫Ó˘˘˘N

º«≤dG ¢Vôah ,¬«a áæeÉμdG π∏ÿG ¬LhCGh äÉ° bÉæàdG

»˘eô˘j ’ ìÓ˘°UE’Gh .¬˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y Iô˘˘°UÉ˘˘©ŸG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sƒ˘˘dG hCG

~jõŸG ∫ÉNOEG ¤EG ≈©°ùj É‰EG IQƒK çG~MEG ¤EG ¬à©«Ñ£H

QhO õjõ©J á«fÉμeEG kÉ° jCG πªàëjh äGÒ«¨àdG øe

.äÉ«∏bC’G hCG AÉ°ùædÉc á°ûª¡ŸG äÉÄØdG ¢ ©H

Register of Electors ÚYÎ≤ŸG πé°°S

™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S''

Registration Center ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ õcôe

ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ á˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y ¬˘˘˘«˘˘˘a …ôŒ ¿É˘˘˘μ˘˘˘e

.kÉ«°üî°T ºgQƒ° ëH

Registration ofParties or Candidates

Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°°ùJJ

‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d í˘«˘°TÎdG äÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘W ∫ƒ˘Ñ˘˘≤˘˘H ≈˘˘q∏˘˘é˘˘à˘˘j

ôaGƒàJ Úë°Tôeh á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ácQÉ°ûª∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T º¡«aË~≤J''

.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T''h ''í«°TÎdG Ö∏W

Registration of Voters ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ

Registration Officer π«é°°ùààdG ¿hDƒ°T øY ∫hDƒ°ùee

π˘é˘°S ß˘Ø˘M á˘˘ª˘˘¡˘˘e ¬˘˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘ ncƒ˘˘J »˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùe

øe m Ú«©àH ÉeEG ¬eÉ¡e ∫hDƒ°ùŸG Gòg ¢SQÉÁh .ÚÑNÉædG

,äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEG á˘Ä˘«˘g ø˘e hCG á˘«˘∏ÙG á˘˘£˘˘∏˘˘°ùdG

‘ ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¬«∏Y q¢üæj Ée Ö°ùëH

.~∏ÑdG

Rejected Ballot á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh

øe ÌcCG πª– hCG ,áeÓY …CG πª– ’ ´GÎbG ábQh

QÉ«N ¤EG ìƒ°VƒH Ò°ûJ ’ máeÓ©H áeƒ°Sƒe hCG ,áeÓY

øjòdG ºg ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG q¿EG .í°TôŸG

q…CG ídÉ°üd Ö n°ùàëoJ Óa ,á°VƒaôŸG ¥GQhC’G ¿hO~ëj

¥GQhCÉH kÉ° jCG á«ZÓdG ¥GQhC’G ± nô©oJh .í°Tôe hCG ÜõM


âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚYÎ≤ŸG AÉª°SCG êGQOEG á«∏ªY

áëF’ hCG πé°S ‘ á∏°üdG äGP iôNC’G äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh

.ÚÑNÉædG

not be counted toward any candidate orparty. Rejected ballots are also knownas invalid votes. See also “BallotsDestroyed” and “Null Ballot.”

A complex database intended toincrease efficiency in computing anddata manipulation processes in whichsets of data are stored in different tableswith relationships between each table.

Data is considered reliable and validwhen multiple independent observerswatching the same event (the votecount) and using the same measuringinstrument (the observer form) evaluatethat event in exactly the same way. Seealso “Verifiable Findings.” Forantonym, see “Unreliable Evidence.”

Internet voting from any home com-puter rather than specific computersunder the control of a polling authority,as in poll-site Internet voting or kioskvoting. See also “Kiosk Voting” and“Poll-Site Internet Voting.”

An individual nominated or elected torepresent the concerns of others or tomake decisions on behalf of others. Arepresentative could also be an advo-cate who represents a specific issue orpolicy. See also “Member.”

A government in which the adult citi-zens of the country vote to elect thecountry’s leaders who will work ontheir behalf and make the governmentaldecisions.

kÉ˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ .á◊É˘˘˘˘˘°üdG ÒZ ´GÎb’G´GÎbG á˘˘bQh''

.''á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh''h ''áØ∏àe

119

Relational Database á«≤FÓ©dG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb

‘ á«dÉ©ØdG IOÉjR ¤EG ±~¡J I~≤©e äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb

¿ qõîoJ å«ëH äÉfÉ«ÑdG º«¶æJh ÜÉ°ùàM’G äÉ«∏ªY

§HôJh áØ∏àfl ∫hG~L ‘ äÉfÉ«ÑdG äÉYƒª› É¡«a

.ôNBGh ∫h~L ÚH äÉbÓ©dG

Reliable and ValidData

É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H

I~Y Ωƒ≤j ÚM É¡H kÉbƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«ÑdG Èà©J

Rô˘˘˘a) ¬˘˘˘JGP ç~◊G á˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘bGôÃ Ú∏˘˘˘≤˘˘˘à˘˘˘°ùe ÚÑ˘˘˘˘bGô˘˘˘˘e

IQÉªà°SG) ¬JGP º««≤àdG êPƒ‰ ∫Éª©à°SGh (äGƒ°UC’G

øe kÉbÓ£fG ç~◊G Gòg º««≤J ±~¡H ∂dPh ,(ÖbGôŸG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .É˘¡˘JGP äGQÉ˘Ñ˘à˘˘Y’GøμÁ äÉLÉàæ˘à˘°SG''

''É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG ¢ «≤ædGh.''¬H ¥ƒKƒe ÒZ äÉÑKEG''

Remote InternetVoting

âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY ´GÎbG

RÉ¡L q…CG øe kÉbÓ£fG âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY

ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘c RÉ˘¡˘L ∫É˘ãŸG π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ≈˘∏˘˘Y) ô˘˘Jƒ˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘ª˘˘c

ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘c Iõ˘¡˘LCG ø˘Y kÉ˘°Vƒ˘Y ,(â«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ »˘°üî˘˘°T

á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ á˘©˘°VÉ˘Nh á˘jÉ˘¨˘˘dG √ò˘˘¡˘˘d á˘˘°ü°üfl

ÈY âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ∫É◊G »g Éªc ´GÎb’G øY ádhDƒ°ùŸG

‘ âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘dG hCG ´GÎb’G ™˘˘˘˘bƒ˘˘˘˘e ø˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘°V âfÎfE’G

kÉ˘˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .∑É˘˘˘˘˘˘°ûcC’G''∑É˘˘˘˘˘°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘°üJ''

.''´GÎb’G ™bƒe øª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h

Representative (Ö©°ûddG) πã‡

A’OE’G øe øj~°TGôdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àj …òdG ºμ◊G ΩÉ¶f

¿ƒ°SQÉÁ øjòdG ~∏ÑdG IOÉb ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH

ºg ¿ƒÑîàæŸG IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒ¡a .Ö©°ûdG º°SÉH º¡ªμM

.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGQGô≤dG ¿hòîàj øjòdG

RepresentativeDemocracy

á«∏«ã“ á«WGô≤ÁO

Ωƒªg øY ÜGôYEÓd ¬HÉîàfG hCG ¬æ««©J qºàj …òdG OôØdG

πãªŸ ≈qæ°ùàjh .º¡ª°SÉH äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’ hCG øjôNB’G

hCG á«° b øY ´Éa~dG ™bƒe òîàj ¿CG kÉ° jCG Ö©°ûdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡◊É°üŸ kÓ«ã“ áæq«©e á°SÉ«°S.''ƒ° Y''


120

RepublicájQƒ¡ªL

A political system or form of govern-ment in which people elect representa-tives to exercise power on their behalf.

All the gathered information collectedby a campaign that will influence anelection. May include election rules, dis-tricts, voters, past elections, the electioncurrent, the campaign’s candidate, andany viable opponents. Research is thefirst step in putting together a campaignstrategy and plan. See also “CandidateResearch,” “District Research,”“Opposition Research,” and “PublicOpinion Research.”

Someone who lives at a particular placefor a prolonged period or who wasborn there, or who otherwise meets thelegal residency requirements of thatparticular area. See also “Alien/Non-Citizen” and “Citizen.”

See “Alien/Non-Citizen.”

Information on the outcome of an elec-tion. See also “Final Results” and“Preliminary Results.”

A judicial body, in the case of elections,authorized to adjudicate complaints.Examples of review authorities/bodiesfor elections are a electoral courts, tri-bunals, empowered branches of theelection management body (EMB), orother independent bodies (i.e. courts oflaw). See also “Appellate Court” and“Electoral Court.”

í˘«˘à˘j º˘μ◊G ∫É˘μ˘°TCG ø˘e lπ˘μ˘°T hCG »˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°S lΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Gƒ˘°SQÉ˘ª˘«˘d ¬˘«˘∏˘˘ã‡ Öî˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘j ¿CG Ö©˘˘°û∏˘˘d

.¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH

ResearchçÉÉëHCG

¿CG á˘∏˘ª◊G »˘ª˘¶˘æŸ ≈ qæ˘°ùà˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG π˘˘c

~bh .äÉHÉîàf’G iô› ≈∏Y ôKDƒJ »àdGh Égƒ©ªéj

ô˘FGh~˘dGh ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ø˘Y mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e ø˘ª˘° à˘J

á˘˘≤˘˘HÉ˘˘°ùdG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’Gh ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘˘f’G

í°TôŸG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ¤EG káaÉ°VEG ,á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’Gh

çÉëHC’G √ò¡a .RƒØdG Gƒ≤≤ëj ¿CG πHÉ≤dG ¬«°ùaÉæeh

á«é«JGÎ°SG ™°Vh ≥jôW ≈∏Y ¤hC’G Iƒ£ÿG πqμ°ûJ

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .É˘¡˘à˘˘£˘˘N OG~˘˘YEGh á˘˘∏˘˘ª◊G∫ƒM çÉÉ˘ë˘HCG''

∫ƒ˘˘M çÉÉ˘˘ë˘˘HCG''h ,''Iô˘˘FG~˘˘dG ∫ƒ˘˘M çÉÉ˘˘ë˘˘HCG''h ,''í˘˘˘°TôŸG

.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''h ,''á°VQÉ©ŸG

Resident º«≤e

øe á∏jƒW I~Ÿ øq«©e ¿Éμe ‘ ¢û«©j …òdG OôØdG

,∂dòd kÉaÓN ,hCG ,¿ÉμŸG Gòg ‘ ~dƒj …òdG hCG øeõdG

áeÉbE’G ¬d qƒîJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG •hô°ûdG ¬«a ôaGƒàJ

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á≤£æŸG ∂∏J ‘.''øWGƒe''h ''»ÑæLCG''

Resident Non-Citizen ~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e »ÑæLCG

™LGQ.''»ÑæLCG''

Results (äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘«˘°üM ø˘Y äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘˘©˘˘e

.''á«FÉ¡f èFFÉàf''h ,''á«dhCG èFFÉàf''

Review Authority/Body

á©LGôŸG áÄ«g/á£∏°S

,äÉHÉîàf’G QÉWEG ‘ ,É¡«dEG ~næ°ùoJ ,á«FÉ° b áÄ«g

√òg πãªàJh .á«HÉîàf’G ¿ƒ©£dG ‘ qâÑdG áª¡e

kÓãe á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿hDƒ˘°ûdG á÷É˘©Ã á né ndƒŸG á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG

áÄ«g ´hôa ~MCÉH hCG ,¿hDƒ°ûdG √ò¡H á°üàıG ºcÉÙÉH

Iõ˘˘¡˘˘LC’É˘˘H hCG ,á˘˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°üdG äGP äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G IQGOEG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(ºcÉÙÉc) iôNC’G á∏≤à°ùŸGáªμfi''

.''±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi''h ''äÉHÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûHH á°üàfl


121

Review Process á©LGôŸG äGAGôLEG

The process for filing complaints andappeals to the designated reviewauthority/body. Also known as thecomplaints adjudication process.

A list that is created after a claims andobjections period to verify that any addi-tions, deletions, or changes have beenmade by the election authorities. See also“Final Voters List,” “PreliminaryVoters List,” and “Voters List.”

The ability to use language effectivelyand persuasively, or insincere orgrandiloquent language. The use ofrhetoric is common among politicians.

A governing or reigning power or aperiod during which a person or groupreigns or governs. It is also the exerciseof authority or control.

Every decision to do something is adecision not to do something else;every campaign has a limited number ofeach of resources - time, information,people, and money - and must makedecisions about how to use thoseresources. Therefore, it is important tohave a written campaign plan whichlays out the strategy.

Governance system in which no one isabove the law, not even the govern-ment. This requires an independentjudiciary, transparent and moral lawsand legal system, and non-arbitrary orunbiased application of laws.

ihÉμ˘°ûdÉ˘H Ω~˘≤˘à˘dG á˘dCÉ˘°ùe ≈˘Yô˘J »˘à˘dG äGAGô˘LE’G

á˘©˘LGôŸG á˘Ä˘«˘g/á˘£˘∏˘°S ¤EG á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘©˘˘£˘˘dGh

kÉ° jCG äGAGôLE’G √òg ± nô©oJh .¢Vô¨dG Gò¡d áæq«©ŸG

.¿ƒ©£dG ‘ qâÑdG á«∏ª©H

Revised Voters List ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

¿ƒ©£∏d á°ü°üıG IÎØdG ~©H kÉfÉ«MCG Q~°üJ áëF’

~˘ª˘©˘J äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e q…CG ø˘˘e ≥˘˘≤˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘∏˘˘d ,ihÉ˘˘μ˘˘°ûdGh

hCG ,É¡aòM hCG ,É¡àaÉ°VEG ¤EG á«HÉîàf’G äÉ£∏°ùdG

kÉ° jCG ™˘LGQ .É˘¡˘∏˘j~˘©˘J,''á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG í˘FGƒ˘d''

.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h ,''á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h

Rhetoric ΩÓμdG/ÒÑ©àdG áZÓH

,á©æ≤eh ádÉ©a á≤jô£H á¨∏dG ∫Éª©à°SG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG

∫ÉLQ i~d ™FÉ°ûdG øeh .á≤ qªæe hCG áYOÉfl á≤jô£H hCG

.Üƒ∏°SC’G Gòg ¤EG Aƒé∏dG á°SÉ«°ùdG

Rule ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡/ºμM

§°ùÑJ hCG ºμ– »àdG á£∏°ùdG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G ~MCG É¡«a ¤ƒàj »àdG IÎØdG hCG ,ÉgPƒØf

kÉ° jCG »æ©j ƒgh .á£∏°ùdG ~«dÉ≤e äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG

.Iô£«°ùdG §°ùH hCG á£∏°ùdG á°SQÉ‡

Rule Finite IOh~ÙG OQGƒŸG I~YÉb

AGOCG øY ∫h~©dÉH QGôb ’EG ƒg Ée πªY RÉ‚EÉH QGôb qπc

á«˘ª˘μ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J á˘∏˘ª˘M π˘ch ;π˘HÉ˘≤ŸG ‘ ô˘NBG π˘ª˘Y

,âbƒ˘˘˘˘˘dÉ˘˘˘˘˘c ,É˘˘˘˘˘gô˘˘˘˘˘cP ‹É˘˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘˘dG OQGƒŸG ø˘˘˘˘˘e IOh~fi

¿CG Öéj ,∫ÉŸGh ,ájô°ûÑdG ô°UÉæ©dGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh

øe .É¡æe áÑFÉ°U äGQGô≤H OQGƒŸG √òg ¥ÉØfEG ø p°ùëoJ

‘ ™˘ q°Sƒ˘à˘˘J á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘˘μ˘˘e á˘˘£˘˘N OG~˘˘YEG ¤EG á˘˘LÉ◊G É˘˘æ˘˘g

.á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG

Rule of Law ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ºμM

™«ª÷G É¡«a ™° îj »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fCG øe ΩÉ¶f

,∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe º¡«a øÃ ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG á£∏°ùd

á«FÉ° b á£∏°ùH ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ™àªàj ¿CG øe q~H ’

¬eÉ¶fh ¬˘æ˘«˘fGƒ˘b á˘«˘aÉ˘Ø˘°ûH õ˘«˘ª˘à˘j ¿CGh ,á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe

á˘˘«˘˘HÉ˘˘°ùæ˘˘à˘˘°S’G ø˘˘Y OÉ˘˘©˘˘à˘˘H’É˘˘H ∂dò˘˘ch Êƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘˘˘dG

.ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J ‘ RÉ«ëf’Gh


122

Ruling Party ºcÉM ÜõM

The political party or coalition that hasa majority in a legislature.

An election campaign is often comparedto running a race in which candidates“Run for Office.” See also “Race.”

A second election held to determine awinner if no candidate receives anabsolute majority of the vote in the firstelection round. The top two candidatesfrom the first round will enter the run-off election. See also “Two-RoundSystem (TRS).”

The period preceding an election dur-ing which political campaigns, votereducation efforts, and other activitiesintensify. The “run-up” period is notdefined by a specific period of time, butit tends to be longer in very importantor critical elections.

ájÌcCÉH ≈¶ëj …òdG ºcÉ◊G ±ÓàF’G hCG ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G

.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG

Running for Office /äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN

äÉHÉîàfÓd í°TôJ

¥ÉÑ°S ‘ ∫ƒN~dÉH á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ¿ nQÉ≤oJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ

.''Ö°üæŸÉH RƒØ∏d äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ƒë°TôŸG ¬«a ¢Vƒîj''

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á«HÉîàfG ácô©e''

Run-off Election äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉK ádƒL

‘ õFÉØdG ¿ÓYE’ á«fÉK ádƒL ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G …ôŒ

ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G øe í°Tôe q…CG øqμªàj ⁄ ∫ÉM

ádƒ÷G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G á≤∏£ŸG

≈∏YCG ¿’Éæj ¿Gò∏dG ¿Éë°TôŸG äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉãdG

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .¤hC’G á˘˘dƒ÷G ‘ äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘°ùf

.''Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f''

Run-up to an Election äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG ájODƒe IÎa

É¡dÓN ∞ãμàJ »àdGh äÉHÉîàf’G ≥Ñ°ùJ »àdG IÎØdG

á«˘Yƒ˘J ¤EG á˘«˘YÉ˘°ùdG Oƒ˘¡÷Gh ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG äÓ˘ª◊G

IÎØdG'' ô°üëæJ ’h .á£°ûfCG øe ÉgG~Y Éeh ,ÚÑNÉædG

∫ƒ£J πH ,IO~fi á«æeR IÎØH ''äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG ájODƒŸG

á¨dÉH á«ªgCG π¨°ûJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ íLQC’G ≈∏Y

.ájÒ°üe ônÑà©oJ hCG


SSalvaged Votes

PÉ≤fE’G äGƒ°UCG/IOÎ°ùee äGƒ°UCG

123

Votes of a candidate dropped in count-ing rounds of an alternative vote or sin-gle transferable vote system. Thesevotes are reallocated to the next pre-ferred choice on each ballot. See also“Alternate Vote” and “SingleTransferable Vote (STV).”

A small selection of the results used asrepresentative of the whole. See also“Cross-Section of Voters.”

The person responsible for maintainingthe campaign calendar and the candi-date’s calendar. The scheduler is alsoresponsible for responding to invitations.


See “Observation.”

Another term for an official governmentposition used because the candidateelected then has a seat in parliament.

πX ‘ ¢ùaÉæàdG IôFGO øe êôîj …òdG í°TôŸG äGƒ°UCG

π˘HÉ˘≤˘dG ~˘MGƒ˘dG äƒ˘°üdG hCG π˘j~˘Ñ˘ dG âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f

…òdG í°TôŸG ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G √òg ™jRƒJ OÉ©ojh .Ò«éà∏d

É¡æY ôqÑ©j »àdG äGQÉ«ÿG Ö°ùëH á«dÉàdG áÑJôŸG qπàëj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G IQh ‘ ¿ƒÑNÉædGäƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''

.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''h ,''πj~ÑdG

Sampling of Results èFFÉàædG øe áæq«Y QÉ«àNG

πª› πqã“ É¡àØ°üH èFÉàædG øe IÒ¨°U áæq«Y QÉ«àNG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .èFÉàædG.''ÚÑNÉædG øY á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y''

Scheduler ∫ÉªYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh

∫h~L ≈∏Y ®ÉØ◊G øY á∏ª◊G ‘ ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¢üî°ûdG

∫hDƒ°ùe ƒgh .í°TôŸG ∫ÉªYCG ∫h~Lh á∏ª◊G ~«YGƒe

.äGƒY~dG ≈∏Y qOôdG øY kÉ° jCG

Scrutineer Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥b~e

äGƒ°UC’G


Scrutiny Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥«b~J

äGƒ°UC’G

™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe''

Seat~©≤e

.»ª°SQ »eƒμM Ö°üæe ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ôNBG í∏£°üe

í˘˘°TôŸG q¿CG ¤EG í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫É˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG iõ˘˘˘©˘˘ ojh

.¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ ¬d ~©≤Ã ≈¶ëj Ö nîàæŸG


124

Seat Allocation ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ

In the context of elections, the processof distributing the seats in a legislativeassembly to political parties or candi-dates on the basis of the number ofvotes they obtained in an election.


Information that is not required by thelegal framework but is useful in theoverall administration of the electoralprocess. For example; assigned pollingstation; information on temporary resi-dence, and assigned electoral district.

Principle of voting that ensures voters’choices are confidential. Secrecy of theballot can help curtail the influence ofintimidation or bribery. See also“Curtain (for voting booth).”

A strong or excessive devotion to a par-ticular form of religion, often leading toa resolute prejudice against otherbeliefs, which can be transformed intospecific political action against certaingroups. See also “Racism.”

A test that aims to expose the vulnera-bilities of the voting systems fromthreats that come from outside the elec-tion authorities and from inside theelection authorities.

The act of censoring or classifying one’sown work, such as a book, article, film,blog, or other means of expression, outof fear or deference to the sensibilities

™jRƒJ ,äÉHÉîàf’G ¥É«°S ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©j

ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG á˘˘«˘˘©˘˘ª÷G ~˘˘˘YÉ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘e

äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ É¡«∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj »àdG

Second BallotElectoral System

Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f


Secondary VotersList Database Data

~YGƒb ‘ áLQ~e ájƒfÉK äÉfÉ«H

ÚÑNÉædG áëFÓH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

É¡æμdh ÊƒfÉ≤dG QÉWE’G ‘ áHƒ∏£ŸG ÒZ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

,á«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘∏˘d á˘∏˘eÉ˘°ûdG IQGOE’G ‘ I~˘«˘Ø˘e

,O q~ÙG ´GÎb’G õcôe ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y É¡æe ôcòfh

Iô˘˘˘FG~˘˘˘dGh ,âbDƒŸG á˘˘˘eÉ˘˘˘bE’G πfi ∫ƒ˘˘˘M äÉ˘˘˘eƒ˘˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸG

.IO q~ÙG á«HÉîàf’G

Secret Ballot …ô°S ´GÎbG

QÉ«N ájô°S ≈∏Y ®ÉØ◊G πØμj …òdG âjƒ°üàdG CG~Ñe

≥˘jƒ˘£˘J ‘ √ò˘g ´GÎb’G á˘jô˘°S ~˘YÉ˘°ùJh .ÚÑ˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .Iƒ˘˘°Tô˘˘dG hCG Ö«˘˘gÎdG π˘˘«˘˘YÉ˘˘Ø˘˘eQÉà°S''

.''∫ pRÉY

Security Test áeÓ°ùddG QÉÑàNG

Oƒ≤j ,áæ«©e áfÉjO hCG ÖgòÃ •ôØe hCG ~j~°T ∂ q°ù“

q~°V á≤Ñ°ùŸG ΩÉμMC’G ¥ÓWEG ¤EG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘

qôéj ~b …òdG QGô°UE’G ¢ ©ÑH iôNC’G äG~≤à©ŸG

¢ ©H ¬Lh ‘ O~fi »°SÉ«°S ∑ qôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ¤EG ¬ÑMÉ°U

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉYƒªÛG.''ájô°üæY''

Sectarianismá«ØFÉW

‘ ∞©° dG øWGƒe øY ∞°ûμdG ¤EG ±~¡j QÉÑàNG

êQÉN øe á«JB’G äG~j~¡àdG AGREG âjƒ°üàdG áª¶fCG

.É¡∏NGO øeh á«HÉîàf’G äÉ£∏°ùdG

Self-Censorship á«JGP áHÉbQ

≈∏Y ºg~MCG É¡°SQÉÁ »àdG ô¶◊G hCG áHÉbôdG á«∏ªY

,áfh~e hCG ,º∏«a hCG ,ádÉ≤e hCG ,ÜÉàμc ,á°UÉÿG ¬dÉªYCG

äÉ«°SÉ°ùM ≈∏Y káaÉfl ,iôNC’G ÒÑ©àdG πFÉ°Sh hCG


of others without an authority directlypressuring one to do so. In authoritariancountries, self-censorship may occurbecause individuals fear sanction by theirgovernments; in democratic countries,self-censorship may occur to conform tothe expectations of the market or the val-ues of society. See also “Censorship”and “Direct Censorship.”

The ability to decide one’s own fate orcourse of action without compulsion;free will; freedom of the people of agiven area to determine their own polit-ical status; independence. See also“Sovereignty.”

A system which translates votes cast intoseats won in a way that falls somewherebetween the proportionality of a propor-tional representation (PR) system andthe majoritarianism of a plurality/major-ity system. Semi-proportional systemsinclude limited vote (LV), single non-transferable vote (SNTV), parallel, andmixed-member proportional (MMP).See also “Plurality/Majority System”and “Proportional Representation.”

An elector whose address is, by officialrequest, not included on the voters listbased on the belief that having his orher name on the list will place his or herpersonal safety or that of his or herfamily members at risk.

Fifty percent of the votes cast plus onevote, as opposed to plurality or relativemajority. See also “AbsoluteMajority,” “Majority System,” and“Plurality/Relative Majority.”

»àdG á£∏°ùdG QÉWEG êQÉN ,É¡d kIÉYGôe hCG ,øjôNB’G

¿G~∏ÑdG »Øa .√ÉŒ’G Gò¡H Iô°TÉÑe kÉWƒ¨°V ¢SQÉ“

á˘˘HÉ˘˘bô˘˘dG OGô˘˘˘aC’G ¢SQÉÁ ,…OG~˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘à˘˘˘°S’G º˘˘˘μ◊G äGP

øe äÉHƒ≤©d ¢V qô©àdG á«°ûN º¡dÉªYCG ≈∏Y á«JGòdG

º˘¡˘a ,á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ‘ É˘˘eCG ;º˘˘¡˘˘JÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘μ˘˘M

hCG ¥ƒ°ùdG äÉ©bƒàd káHÉéà°SG á«JGòdG áHÉbôdG ¿ƒ°SQÉÁ

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .™˘ª˘˘àÛG º˘˘n«˘˘ p≤˘˘H kÉ˘˘μ˘˘°ù“≈∏˘Y) á˘HÉ˘bQ''

.''Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ''h ''(ΩÓYE’Gh äÉYƒÑ£ŸG

125

Self-Determination Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J

QÉ°ùe hCG √Ò°üe Qô≤j ¿CG ≈∏Y (~∏ÑdG hCG) OôØdG IQ~b

Gòg »æ©jh ;√GôcEG …CG ¿hO øe √~jôj …òdG ∑ôëàdG

~LGƒàŸG Ö©°ûdG nájôMh ;Iô◊G nIOGQE’G kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG

»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¬˘©˘bƒ˘e O~˘ë˘j ¿CG ‘ á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘≤˘˘£˘˘æ˘˘e ‘

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ . ná«dÓ≤à°S’Gh ;¢UÉÿG.''IOÉ«°S''

Semi-ProportionalSystem

»Ñ°ùff ¬Ñ°T π«ã“ ΩÉ¶f

RƒØdG ºàj ~YÉ≤e ¤EG áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ∫ qƒëj ΩÉ¶f

ΩÉ¶f ‘ IOƒ¡©ŸG á«Ñ°ùædG ÚH Ée ™≤J má≤jô£H É¡H

ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ‘ IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG á˘jÌcC’Gh »˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG

ΩÉ˘¶˘f á˘«˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG ¬˘Ñ˘˘°T á˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘fC’G π˘˘ª˘˘°ûJh .…ÌcC’G

πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶fh ,Oh~ÙG äƒ°üdG

ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶fh ,…RGƒàŸG ´GÎb’G ΩÉ¶fh ,Ò«éà∏d

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .á˘˘˘£˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘àıGΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘˘f''h ''…ÌcCG ΩÉ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘f''

.''»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG

Silent Elector âeÉ°U ´Î≤e

¬æY äÉeƒ∏©e …CG ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L ê pQ~oj ’ ÖNÉf

≈∏Y ¬ª°SG êGQOEG q¿CÉH ¬æe kÉæX ,»ª°SQ Ö∏£d kAÉæH

áeÓ°S hCG á«°üî°ûdG ¬àeÓ°S ¢V qô©«°S ∫h~÷G ∂dP

.ô£î∏d ¬Jô°SCG OGôaCG

Simple Majority ájOÉY ájÌcCG

~˘˘FGR á˘˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘˘ÄŸG ‘ Ú°ùª˘˘˘N π˘˘˘qã“

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«Ñ°ùædG ájÌcC’ÉH káfQÉ≤e ,~MGh äƒ°U

ΩÉ¶f'' h ,''(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f''h ,''á≤∏£e ájÌcCG''

.''…ÌcCG


126

A voting system in which voters cast a sin-gle vote for one candidate in a multi-member district. Those candidates withthe highest vote totals fill the district’spositions. See also “Single TransferableVote (STV).”

A preferential voting system used inmulti-member districts with votersranking candidates in order of prefer-ence on the ballot paper in the samemanner as the alternative vote.Candidates who surpass a specifiedquota of first-preference votes areimmediately elected. In successivecounts, votes are redistributed fromleast successful candidates, who areeliminated, and from votes surplus tothe quota from successful candidates,until sufficient candidates are declaredelected. See also “Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV).”

A ballot system in which voters areissued a single ballot containing all theparties or candidates in the election.Voters have to indicate on the ballotpaper which of these is preferred beforeplacing the ballot in the ballot box. Seealso “Multiple-Ballot System.”

An electoral district from which onlyone member is elected to a legislatureor elected body. See also “Multi-Member District.”

A system in which only one politicalparty is legally allowed to hold effectivepower. Although minor parties maysometimes be allowed, they are legallyrequired to accept the leadership ofthe dominant party. This party maynot, however, always be identical to the

~MGh äƒ°üH A’OE’G ÖNÉæ∏d í«àj âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

.π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ‘ ~MGh í°TôŸ

øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG IôFG~∏d á°ü°üıG Ö°UÉæŸG π¨°ûjh

.äGƒ°UC’G øe ´ƒª› øe áÑ°ùf ≈∏YCG ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''

Single Non-Transferable Vote(SNTV)

πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Ò«éàà∏d

Single TransferableVote (STV)

πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Ò«éàà∏d

ôFGh~dG ‘ ~ nªà©oj …òdG »∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

Úë°TôŸG GƒÑJôj ¿CG ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àjh ~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àŸG

Éªc kÉeÉ“ ,á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH ´GÎb’G ábQh ‘

Rƒ˘˘Ø˘˘jh .π˘˘j~˘˘Ñ˘˘dG äƒ˘˘°üdG ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f π˘˘X ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘Ø˘˘j

¿ƒ∏°üëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH ÜÉîàf’ÉH

¥ƒØJ ¤hC’G á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G øe á°üM ≈∏Y

,RôØdGh q~©dG äÉ«∏ªY QôμàJ ºK .IO~ÙG á°ü◊G

q” øjòdG kÉ¶M πbC’G Úë°TôŸG äGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ OÉ©o«a

É˘¡˘˘dÉ˘˘f »˘˘à˘˘dG á˘˘° FÉ˘˘Ø˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’Gh ,º˘˘gOÉ˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘°SG

ÜÉîàfG øY ¿ÓYE’G ÚM ¤EG ,kÉ¶M ôahC’G ¿ƒë°TôŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Úë°TôŸG øe m±Éc O~Yäƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f''

.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG

Single-Ballot System ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

I~MGh ´GÎbG

I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ÚÑNÉæ∏d Q~°üà°ùj ´GÎbG ΩÉ¶f

.äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG hCG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G π˘˘˘c qº˘˘˘° J

º˘˘¡˘˘HGõ˘˘MCG GhO~˘˘ë˘˘j ¿CG ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ø˘ q«˘˘©˘˘˘à˘˘˘jh

É¡WÉ≤°SEG πÑb ´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ Ú∏° ØŸG º¡«ë°Tôeh

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘°U ‘âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ˘¶˘f''

.''´GÎbG ¥GQhCG I~Y ΩG~îà°SÉH

Single-Member District π«ãªàdG áj~MCG/ájOôa IôFGO

AπŸ Úë˘°Tô˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ø˘e ~˘˘MGh í˘˘°Tô˘˘e ÜÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG

äÉ˘˘˘HÉ˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G ‘ ∫É◊G »˘˘˘g É˘˘˘ª˘˘˘c ,~˘˘˘˘MGh Ö°üæ˘˘˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉFôdG.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''

Single-Party System ~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f

~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ ’EG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ q≥ëj ’

¿ƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG q¿CG ™˘eh .kÉ˘«˘∏˘©˘a º˘μ◊G ~˘«˘dÉ˘≤˘e ¤ƒ˘à˘j ¿CÉ˘H

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH ÜGõMC’G øe ¬fhO Éª pd kÉfÉ«MCG íª°ùj

IOÉ˘«˘≤˘H π˘Ñ˘≤˘J ¿CG π˘HÉ˘≤ŸG ‘ É˘¡˘e põ˘∏˘j ƒ˘¡˘a ,º˘˘μ◊G

kÉehO ≈gÉªàj ’ ~b Üõ◊G Gòg qøμdh .ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G


government, although sometimes posi-tions within the party may in fact bemore important than positions withinthe government. A single-party systemis also known as a one party system. Seealso “Multi-Party System.”

The election of one person from a fieldof candidates for only one position,such as a presidential election. See also“Multi-Seat Election.”

A list of candidates proposed for nom-ination or election. A slate can be a for-mal list submitted to the election man-agement body (EMB), or an informalone used by various candidates or par-ties as an electoral strategy to maximizethe number of seats attained. See also“Party List.”

This is a short phrase that voters mayremember to identify the candidate, orcampaign. A slogan is not a message.See also “Message.”

A card with a built-in microprocessorand memory used to store, provide, andprocess information.

A device that reads the data saved on asmart (chip) card and serves to authen-ticate the identity of a voter.

See “Hard Money/Soft Money.”

In the reporting of TV news, a veryshort statement lasting no more than afew seconds, that tries to convey a spe-cific idea, image, or perception that willattract the viewing audience's attention.

»˘˘à˘˘dG Ö°UÉ˘˘æŸG q¿CG QÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘YÉ˘˘H º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e ™˘˘˘e

kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘˘MCG ¥ƒ˘˘Ø˘˘J ~˘˘b Üõ◊G π˘˘NGO ¢ ©˘˘Ñ˘˘dG É˘˘¡˘˘∏˘˘¨˘˘°ûj

øe ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πNGO É¡fƒ∏¨°ûj »àdG Ö°UÉæŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡à«ªgCG å«M.''á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f''

127

Single-Seat Election π«ãªàdG ájOÉMCG/ájOôa IôFGO

É¡∏qãª«d kG~MGh kGƒ° Y ’EG ÖîàæJ ’ á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

™LGQ .ánÑîàæŸG äÉÄ«¡dG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘

kÉ° jCG.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''

Slate Úë°TôŸG áªFÉb/áëF’

hCG Ö°üæe π¨°ûd ºgDhÉª°SCG áMÎ≤ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G áëF’

áëFÓdG √òg òîàJ ¿CG øμÁh .äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒÿ

IQGOEG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘g ¤EG º˘˘s∏˘˘°ù˘˘ oJ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SQ á˘˘˘ë˘˘˘F’ nπ˘˘˘μ˘˘˘°T

Ég~ªà©J á«ª°SQ ÒZ áëF’ nπμ°T hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G

ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG Úë˘˘˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e á˘˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘e á˘˘˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª›

øμ‡ O~Y ÈcCÉH RƒØdG ±~¡H á«HÉîàfG á«é«JGÎ°SÉc

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~YÉ≤ŸG øe.''Üõ◊G áëF’''

SloganQÉ©°T

hCG í˘°TôŸG á˘˘«˘˘gÉÃ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ô˘˘ qcò˘˘J IÒ°üb á˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘L

™LGQ .ádÉ°SôdG øY ∞∏àîj QÉ©°ûdG qøμdh ,á∏ª◊G

kÉ° jCG.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''

Smart (Chip) Card á«cP ábÉ£H

º˘é◊G Ò¨˘°U äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘H è˘dÉ˘©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y …ƒ˘˘à– á˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘˘H

É˘g~˘jhõ˘Jh äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘jõ˘î˘à˘d Ω~˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘˘oJ Iô˘˘cGPh

.É¡à÷É©eh

Smart Card Reader á«còdG ábÉ£ÑdG ÇQÉb

á«còdG ábÉ£ÑdG ≈∏Y áXƒØÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG CGô≤j RÉ¡L

.ÖNÉædG ájƒg øe ≥ q≤ëà∏d Ω~îà°ùojh

Soft Money ~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“

™LGQ.''~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“/~q«≤e πjƒ“''

Sound Bite áfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL

(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘)

.IõØ∏àe ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ O pôJ ájÉ¨∏d áÑ° à≤e á∏ªL

¿CG ¤EG m¿GƒK ™° H RhÉéàJ ’ »àdG á∏ª÷G √òg ≈©°ùJh

âØ∏J áæq«©e ô¶f á¡Lh hCG IQƒ°U hCG Iôμa π≤æJ

.øj~gÉ°ûŸG Qƒ¡ªL √ÉÑàfG


128

Sound Trucks äƒ°ü∏d äGÈμÃ IO qhõe äÉæMÉ°T

(á«HÉîàf’G ájÉY~dG ¢VGôZC’)

Automobiles with loud speakersattached to them that go through areasof an electoral district broadcasting amessage. These are considered part ofthe visibility method of voter contact.See also “Visibility.”

The right to be politically independentand to have political and military con-trol over an area of governance withoutexternal interference. See also “Self-Determination.”

Any ballot that is not a standard ballotpaper issued to eligible voters at theirassigned polling station by polling offi-cials. Often special ballots are used forvoters unable to be present at thepolling station at which they are regis-tered. See also “Absentee Voting,”“Early Voting,” “Embassy Voting,”“Out of Country Voting (OCV)” and“Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”

See “By-Election.”

Procedures and facilities for electorswho are unable to implement the vot-ing process or to access the normalpolling station in the electoral district inwhich they are registered to vote. Seealso “Absentee Voting,” “EarlyVoting,” “Mobile Voting Center,”and “Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”

Usually prepared remarks given orallyto a group of people or in front of alarge audience.

∞˘∏˘àfl ‘ ∫ƒŒh äƒ˘°ü∏˘d äGÈμ˘e ™˘aô˘J äÉ˘˘Ñ˘˘cô˘˘e

á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ qåÑJ å«M á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ≥WÉæe

∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡L QÉWEG ‘ •É°ûædG Gòg »JCÉjh .CÓŸG ≈∏Y

™LGQ .»˘æ˘∏˘©˘dG í˘°TôŸG Qƒ˘° M õ˘jõ˘©˘à˘d ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dÉ˘H

kÉ° jCG.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ''

SovereigntyIOÉ«°S

‘ …CG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘dÓ˘≤˘à˘°S’É˘H ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ ≥◊G

»°SÉ«°ùdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ºμ◊G øjOÉ«e ~MCG Ò«°ùJ

™˘LGQ .»˘LQÉ˘N π˘N~˘J …CG ø˘Y kG~˘«˘©˘H …ô˘˘μ˘˘°ù©˘˘dGh

.''Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J'' kÉ° jCG

Special Ballot á°UÉN ´GÎbG ábQh

qºàj »àdG IOƒ¡©ŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh ¬Ñ°ûJ ’ ´GÎbG ábQh

Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘ ˘dG ≈˘ ˘∏˘ ˘Y É˘ ˘¡˘ ˘©˘ ˘jRƒ˘ ˘Jh É˘ ˘gQG~˘ ˘°üà˘ ˘°SG

øe m¬«LƒàH ,º¡d á°ü°üıG GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d

´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG Ω~îà°ùj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .õcGôŸG ∂∏J »ØXƒe

¤EG Qƒ° ◊G øe ¿ƒæqμªàj ’ øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædG á°UÉÿG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏é°ùŸG ´GÎb’G õcGôeâjƒ°üJ''

,''äGQÉØ°ùddG ‘ âjƒ°üJ''h ,''ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ''h ,''»HÉ«Z

.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''~∏ÑdG êQQÉN âjƒ°üJ''h

Special Election á°UÉN äÉHÉîàfG

™LGQ.''á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG''

Special Voting ¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ

ø˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ™˘˘°Vƒ˘˘J äÓ˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘°ùJh äGAGô˘˘LEG

∫ƒª©ŸG á«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’G ´ÉÑJG øY ¿hõé©j

I~LGƒàŸG ájOÉ©dG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG hCG É¡H

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏é°ùŸG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V

´GÎbG õcôe''h ,''ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ''h ,''»HÉ«Z âjƒ°üJ''

.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''∫ uƒéààe

SpeechÜÉ£N

É«¡Ø°T ¢V nô©oJ »àdG I q~ n©oŸG äÉ¶MÓŸÉH kIOÉY πãªàj

.~°TÉM Qƒ¡ªL hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› ≈∏Y


129

Spin Doctor/Spin /»eÓYEG ÒÑN

ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ÒÑN

A media adviser or political consultantemployed by a campaign to ensure thatthe candidate receives the best possiblepublicity in any given situation. Whenthese media advisers practice their craft,they are said to be “spinning” or put-ting “spin” on a situation or event. Seealso “Campaign Professionals.”

A ballot paper on which a voter hasincorrectly made his or her mark, or aballot paper that has been damaged insome way. Generally, a voter can returna spoilt ballot to a polling official andbe issued another.

A person or group with a direct inter-est, involvement, or investment in aparticular issue. For example, employ-ees, stockholders, and customers of abusiness concern.

Research of the problems and interestsof members of a certain communitywhich politicians or civic groups maywhich to influence or engage. Such ananalysis is a common first step in thedevelopment of party platforms oradvocacy campaigns.

A region where people inhabit a specificgeographic area and who live under acommon legal and political authority.The term State (with a capital “S”) is usedto describe a self-governing country, andstate (with a lower-case “s”) is used todescribe a division of the federal State.

¿Éª° d á∏ª◊G ¬Ø qXƒJ »°SÉ«°S hCG »eÓYEG QÉ°ûà°ùe

á˘«˘eÓ˘YEG á˘jÉ˘YO π˘° aCG ≈˘∏˘Y É˘¡˘ë˘°Tô˘˘e π˘˘°üë˘˘j ¿CG

A’Dƒg øY ∫É≤ojh .±hô¶dG øe ±ôX q…CG qπX ‘ áæμ‡

º¡Ñ«dÉ°SCG ¿ƒe~îà°ùj ÚM ,Ú«eÓYE’G øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG

hCG ,ç~◊G hCG ™˘˘˘°Vƒ˘˘˘dG ''¿hQ qƒ˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘j'' º˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘fCG ,Iô˘˘˘˘cÉŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡d Ö«£j Éªc ''¬fƒa qôëj''‘ AGÈN''

.''äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T

Spoilt Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh

lÖ«Y É¡Hƒ°ûj hCG É¡ª°Sh ‘ ÖNÉædG CÉ£NCG ´GÎbG ábQh

¤EG ~«©j ¿CG , káeÉY ∫É◊G √òg ‘ ,ÖNÉæ∏d Rƒéjh .Ée

QÉ˘˘°ûoŸG ´GÎb’G á˘˘bQh õ˘˘côŸG ø˘˘˘Y ∫hDƒ˘˘˘°ùŸG ∞˘˘˘XƒŸG

.iôNCG ábQh ≈∏Y ∫É°üëà°SÓd É¡«dEG

Stakeholder ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG

‘ Iô°TÉÑe áë∏°üe º¡j~d ¿ƒμj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G

º¡JGQ~b ¿ƒØXƒj hCG É¡«a ¿ƒWôîæj hCG ,áæq«©e á«° b

»∏eÉMh ÚØXƒŸG ∫Éãe ≈∏Y ,ô°TÉÑe m πμ°ûH É¡«a

.Ée kÓªY ¿ƒWÉ©àj øjòdG øFÉHõdGh äG~æ°ùdG

Stakeholder Analysis ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY π«∏–

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)state(,»JGòdG ºμ◊ÉH ™àªàJ »àdG ádh~dG ¤EG Ò°ûJ ,

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130

State Controlled Media »ª°SQ ΩÓYEG

Television, radio, and newspapersowned or controlled by the State. Thesemedia outlets should be held to the high-est standards of accuracy and fairness,objectivity and balance. For antonym,see “Privately Controlled Media.”

Election for a state-level government,such as a state legislature or governor.See also “Local Election” and“National Election.”

Election day observers, either domesticor international, who are assigned to asingle polling station for the entire peri-od of the voting process. Stationaryteams can assess 100% of what tran-spires at the assigned polling station,but they have little or no informationabout polling stations where the teamsare not present. See also “MobileTeams (Observers/Monitors).”

When a candidate or campaign contin-ues to deliver the same message ortheme at every opportunity. Often theopponent will try to pull the campaignoff their message. See also “Message.”

A meeting, or short series of meetings,of the candidate and key advisors thatwill gather the necessary informationand determine the overall strategy ofthe campaign. This strategy must bewritten down in the form of a campaignplan. See also “Campaign Plan.”

The method, written into the campaignplan, of what the campaign will dofrom this point to election day to electthe candidate to the chosen office. Seealso “Campaign Plan.”

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Stationary Teams(Observers/Monitors)

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Strategic PlanningSession

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Strategyá«é««JGÎ°SG

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.''á∏ª◊G


131

Stratification(Strategy in PVT)

(´GÎb’G õcGôe) Ö«JôJ

äÉ≤ÑW ‘

ádh~L ‘ I~ªà©e á«é««JGÎ°SG)

(ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G

An advanced technique in parallel votetabulation to reduce a sample’s marginof error and to permit early projectionswhen only some of the sample pointshave reported. Voting sites may bestratified according to administrativeregion, demographic characteristics(e.g. urban, semi urban, rural, etc.),socio-economic status, and gender, forexample. See also “Parallel VoteTabulation (PVT).”

A nonscientific poll taken in a haphaz-ard fashion without a statistically soundsample. Results of straw polls are usu-ally inaccurate and not representative ofthe population. An example would beTV broadcasters asking members of theviewing audience to call in with a “yes”or “no” vote regarding a particular issueor question. The callers are unlikely torepresent all of the important seg-ments/characteristics of the populationas a whole. See also “PoliticalPolling.”

A standard speech delivered by a candi-date on many occasions. This speechtypically contains the campaign mes-sage as its core and is repeated at everyopportunity. See also “Message.”

A list presented by a participating partyor candidates at the regional or provin-cial level. See also “Party List.”

When a voter goes to cast a vote inplace of another voter. This term canbe used both to describe a legal proxyvoter or a person voting illegally inplace of another. The substitution of

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Straw Poll »ª°SQ ÒZ »ÑjôŒ âjƒ°üJ

/(ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kÉYÓ£à°SG)

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(»ª°SQ

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.º¡°üFÉ°üNh º¡ëFGô°T RôHCÉH ,¿Éμ°ùdG ´ƒª› íLQC’G

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Stump Speech ‘ á°UÉîH) »°SÉ«°S ÜÉ£N

(á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G

.äÉÑ°SÉæe I~Y ‘ í°TôŸG ¬«≤∏j …òdG Oƒ¡©ŸG ÜÉ£ÿG

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Sub-National PartyList

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(»æWƒdG ¿hO iƒà°ùŸŸG

‘ ¿ƒ˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ¿ƒ˘ë˘˘°TôŸG hCG Üõ◊G É˘˘¡˘˘e~˘˘≤˘˘j á˘˘ë˘˘F’

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kÉ° jCG.''Üõ◊G áëF’''

Substitution of Voter ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÖNÉf âjƒ°üJ

Gòg Ò°ûj ~bh .ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÚÑNÉædG ~MCG ´GÎbG

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¿CG øμÁ øμdh .á«Yô°T ÒZ IQƒ°üH ôNBG øY


132

voter can be uncovered and proven bythe revision of ballots and the compar-ison between the signatures andthumb marks appearing in the book ofvoters and those appearing in the vot-ers list used on election day. See also“Proxy Vote.”

The right to vote. See also“Franchise.”

A candidate-centered, preferential plu-rality/majority system, similar to thealternative vote. If no candidateachieves an absolute majority of firstpreferences, all candidates except thetwo leading candidates are eliminatedand their votes reallocated according tothe second, third and so preferencesexpressed. The candidate with the high-est number of votes is declared elected.

Voters and others who have been iden-tified by a campaign as individuals whowill vote for the candidate or party in anelection.

Votes that a candidate may have inexcess of the quota of votes in a singletransferable vote (STV) system. Thesevotes are reallocated to other candi-dates until all the contested positionsare filled.

Anyone speaking on behalf of the can-didate or otherwise officially represent-ing the candidate.

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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ''

Suffrage ´GÎb’G/ÜÉîàf’G ≥M

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe''

Supplementary Vote »∏«ªμàdG/‘É°VE’G äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

¬«a ´Î≤j …òdG »∏«° ØàdG …ÌcC’G âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

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,ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg qπX ‘h .πj~ÑdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶æH ¬«Ñ°T

øe á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y í°Tôe q…CG π°üëj ⁄ GPEG

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‘ ¿Óëj øjò∏dG ør«në°TôŸG G~Y Ée ,Úë°TôŸG ™«ªL

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.äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG Rƒa øn∏©oj

Supporters¿hô°UÉæe/¿h~jDƒe

‘ á∏ª◊G º¡Øqæ°üJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ÒZh ¿ƒÑNÉædG

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.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘

Surplus Votes á° FÉa äGƒ°UCG

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äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f πX ‘ IO~ÙG äGƒ°UC’G á°üM ¥ƒØj

äGƒ°UC’G √òg ™jRƒJ OÉ©ojh .Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG

Ö°UÉæŸG ™«ªL Aπe ÚM ¤EG øjôNB’G ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y

.É¡«∏Y ¢ù naÉæàŸG

Surrogate (í°TôŸG) øY ÖFÉf

.kÉ«ª°SQ ¬∏qãÁ hCG í°TôŸG º°SÉH ç~ëàj ¢üî°T q…CG


133

SwingíLQCÉJ

The difference between the performanceof a candidate or party at one election incomparison to a previous election.

An electoral district that has a history ofvoting for different parties or types ofcandidates in the same or consecutiveelections. Because the district can“swing” back and forth between differentparties or candidates, it is often importantto spend campaign resources to persuadevoters in these districts to ensure that thecampaign wins them. See also “ElectoralDistrict” and “Persuadability.”

Precincts within a particular electoraldistrict that have a history of voting fordifferent parties or ideologies in variouselections. The campaign may want toput extra resources into these districts toensure that the candidate wins them. Seealso “Persuadability” and “Precinct.”

A Voter who is not tied to a particularpolitical party or ideology, but has a his-tory of voting for different parties orideologies in the same or different elec-tions. Swing voters are considered per-suadable and likely to be reached by agood campaign message or other infor-mation. See “Persuadable Voter.”

A group of individuals or companiesformed to promote a common interestor transact some specific business. Inthe U.S., syndicates are often referredto as “associations.” Often syndicateshold elections, which in some countriescan be used to gauge the larger politicalenvironment or help predict upcominggovernmental elections. See also“Association.”

øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG AGOCG ÚH ¥QÉØdG

.á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¬FGOCÉH káfQÉ≤e

Swing District áëLQCÉàe IôFGO

ÜGõMC’ ä qƒ˘°üJ É˘¡˘fCG É˘¡˘æ˘Y ± nô˘©˘oj á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO

ÜÉîàf’G ‘ áØ∏àfl äÉ¡LƒJ …hP Úë°TôŸ hCG áØ∏àfl

IôFG~dG âfÉc GPEGh .áÑbÉ©àe äÉHÉîàfG ‘ hCG ¬JGP

øªa ,Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ∞∏àfl ÚH Ée ''íLQCÉàJ''

¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÉgOQGƒe á∏ª◊G ≥ØæJ ¿CG …Qhô° dG

Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ¿É˘ª˘°Vh Iô˘FG~˘dG √ò˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘dÉ˘ª˘à˘°S’

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡JGƒ°UCÉHá«fÉμeEG''h ''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''

.''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG

Swing Precinct áëLQCÉàe á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

É¡fCG É¡æY ± nô©oj áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFGO øª°V ≥WÉæe

I~˘Y ‘ á˘Ø˘∏˘àfl äÉ˘«˘Lƒ˘˘dƒ˘˘j~˘˘jEG hCG ÜGõ˘˘MC’ ä qƒ˘˘°üJ

OQGƒ˘e ≥˘Ø˘æ˘J ¿CG á˘∏˘ª◊É˘H Q~˘˘é˘˘j ~˘˘≤˘˘a .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG

Rƒ˘a ø˘ª˘° à˘d á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG √ò˘g ‘ á˘«˘aÉ˘˘°VEG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a í°TôŸG''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG''

.''á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''h

Swing Voter íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf

hCG øq«©e »°SÉ«°S ÜõëH ¬d á≤«Kh §HGhQ ’ ÖNÉf

ä qƒ°üj ¬fCG ¬˘æ˘Y ± nô˘©˘oj π˘H ,á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘«˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘j~˘jEÉ˘H

É¡JGP äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ áØ∏àfl äÉ«Lƒdƒj~jEG hCG ÜGõMC’

á∏ª◊G ≈∏Y Ö©°üj ø∏a .áÑbÉ©àe äÉHÉîàfG ‘ hCG

GPEG íLQC’G ≈∏Y º¡∏«ªà°ùJh ÚÑNÉædG A’Dƒg ™æ≤J ¿CG

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™LGQ .…ƒb ™bh äGP É¡e~≤J.''´ÉæbEÓd πHÉb ÖNÉf''

SyndicateáHÉ≤f

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~bh .áæq«©e øjOÉ«e ‘ ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG É¡FÉ° YCG ídÉ°üe

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kÉÑdÉZ .ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ≈∏Y §¨° dG ¢Vô©e ‘ É¡dòÑJ »àdG

äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG ‘ ''äGOÉ–’É˘H'' äÉ˘ HÉ˘≤˘æ˘ dG √ò˘g ¤EG QÉ˘°û˘ oj É˘e

‘ É˘¡˘dÓ˘ ˘à˘°SG ø˘μÁ ,äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG …ôŒ »˘gh ,I~˘ë˘àŸG

‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÄ«ÑdG ¿Éª°V πLCG øe ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H

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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe.''á«©ªL''


134

Tabulation of Results èFFÉàædG ádh~L

The process of compiling the results ofa count of election results. Also knownas the collation or amalgamation ofresults. See also “Count.”

A procedure or set of maneuvers toachieve an electoral end, aim, or goal.

See “Protocol.”

A voter whom the campaign believes ismost likely to be persuaded by the cam-paign’s message and thus provide themargin of victory. See “Margin ofVictory” and “Message.”

The process of dividing the voting pop-ulation into smaller groups and deter-mining which of the votes the cam-paign wants to focus its message on towin the election. See also“Demographic Targeting” and“Geographic Targeting.”

»° Øj »àdG èFÉàædG ™ªL ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dG

‘ É¡ª«¶æJh äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G Rôa É¡«dEG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .∫hG~L.''äGƒ°UC’G Rôa''

Tactics á«μ«àμJ ÒHG~J

É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘j »˘à˘dG äGQhÉ˘˘æŸG á˘˘∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S hCG ÒHG~˘˘à˘˘dG

.IOƒ°ûæŸG ±G~gC’G hCG äÉjÉ¨dG ≥«≤ëàd É¡HÉë°UCG

Tally Sheet/Reconciliation Sheet

RôØdG èFFÉàf ∫h~L

' ™LGQ.''RôØdG ô° fi'

Target Voter ¿ƒa~¡à°ùee ¿ƒÑNÉf

á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ º¡∏«ªà°ùJ ¿C’ k’ÉÑbEG ÌcC’G ¿ƒÑNÉædG

»ª¶æe OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH ,RƒØdG ¢ûeÉg ‹ÉàdÉH ¿ƒ∏μ°û«a

™LGQ .á∏ª◊G.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''h ''RƒØdG ¢ûeeÉg''

Targeting (ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG

äÉYƒª› ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉ˘æ˘dG Qƒ˘¡˘ª˘L º˘«˘°ù≤˘J á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y

Oƒ˘J »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘Ä˘a ~˘j~–h kÉ˘ª˘˘é˘˘M ô˘˘¨˘˘°UCG

‘ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d É˘¡˘à˘dÉ˘°SQ kG~˘j~– É˘¡˘«˘dEG ¬ qLƒ˘J ¿CG á˘∏˘ª◊G

kÉ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G''‘Gô˘ZƒÁO ±G~˘¡˘à˘°SG''

.''‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG''h

TNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

135

Technical Irregularities (in the Voters List)

(ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘) á«æ≤J AÉ£NCG

Errors in a voters list which are causedby the malfunctioning or misuse of adatabase rather than by political moti-vation. Technical irregularities aredetected by voter registration audits.Examples include a surge in voters reg-istered in one district because nameswere counted twice, or the deletion ofnames from a particular district.

Specification for election-related tech-nologies that are developed by the elec-toral administration.

A method that allows people to call dif-ferent telephone numbers to indicatepreference for different options. A votermight call one number and indicate apreference by pressing buttons in a menusystem. The main drawback is the diffi-culty in verifying the identity of the voterand in permitting only one vote per per-son. Its chief advantage is the ease in get-ting people to participate. This methodof voting is not used for the election ofofficials, but is used for public opinionpolling. See also “Political Polling”and “Public Opinion Research.”

Person appointed to help count votes.

A ballot issued to a voter whose right tovote is disputed or in doubt. This canbe used when a voter’s name is not onthe proper voters list, the voters listindicates that the voter has alreadyvoted, or the identity of the voter ischallenged. Tendered votes are placedin envelopes, provisionally accepted,and subject to verification before beingaccepted for the count. A tendered bal-lot is also known as a provisional voteor a challenged ballot.

Aƒ°S øY èàæJh ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd Üƒ°ûJ »àdG AÉ£NC’G

øY ’ äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ∫Éª©à°SG Aƒ°S hCG π«¨°ûJ

á«æ≤àdG AÉ£NC’G √òg ~°UQ qºàjh .á«°SÉ«°S ™aGhO

π«é°ùJ É¡d ™° îj »àdG ≥«b~àdG äÉ«∏ªY π° ØH

∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y AÉ£NC’G √òg πª°ûJh .ÚÑNÉædG

ôFGh~dG i~MEG ‘ Ú∏é°ùŸG ÚÑNÉædG O~Y ‘ kIOÉjR

¢ ©H Ö£°T hCG ,ÚJôe AÉª°SC’G ¢ ©H AÉ°üMEG ÖÑ°ùH

.áæq«©e IôFGO øe AÉª°SC’G

TechnicalRequirement

á«æ≤J äÉÑ∏£àe

‘ I~˘ª˘à˘©ŸG äÉ˘«˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘æ˘μ˘à˘dÉ˘H á˘°UÉÿG äÉ˘Ø˘˘°UGƒŸG

.á«HÉîàf’G IQGOE’G É¡©° J »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G

Telephone Voting ∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üJ

á«ØJÉg ΩÉbQCG I~©H ∫É°üJ’ÉH ¢UÉî°TCÓd íª°ùJ á«dBG

π°üàj ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d Rƒé«a .äGQÉ«N I~Y ~j~ëàd

‘ QGQRC’G ≈∏Y §¨° dÉH √QÉ«N O~ëjh ∞JÉg ºbôH

øe ÊÉ©j ∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üàdG øμdh .íFGƒ∏dG ΩÉ¶f

ÖNÉædG ájƒg øe ≥≤ëàdG áHƒ©°U ƒgh »°SÉ°SCG Ö«Y

¤hCG øeh .§≤a ~MGh äƒ°üH ~MGƒdG ÖNÉædG ΩGõdEGh

‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘˘Y π˘˘ q¡˘˘°ùj ¬˘˘fCG ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘æ˘˘°ùM

’ √òg âjƒ°üàdG á«dBG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .´GÎb’G

AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG ‘ É‰EG ,ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ÜÉîàfG ‘ ≥sÑ£oJ

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘eÉ˘˘©˘˘dG''á«°SÉ˘«˘°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''

.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''h

Teller (Vote Count) äGƒ°UC’G Rôa øY ∫hDƒ°ùee

q~˘Y ‘ I~˘YÉ˘°ùª˘∏˘d ¬˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘«˘˘©˘˘J qº˘˘à˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG

.äGƒ°UC’G

Tendered Ballot /á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh

(É¡àë°U øe ~cCÉà∏d) ¢SQ~dG ~«b

´Gõf ™°Vƒe ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ÖNÉædG ≥M ™° J ´GÎbG ábQh

ÖNÉædG º°SG ¿ƒμj ’ ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJh .∂°T hCG

íFGƒd Ò°ûJ ÚM hCG ,áÑ°SÉæŸG Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd ‘ kÉLQ~e

~æY hCG ,¬Jƒ°üH ¤OCGh ≥Ñ°S ~b ÖNÉædG q¿CG ¤EG Ö£°ûdG

¥GQhCG ™°VƒJ ,ájÉ¨dG √ò¡dh .ÖNÉædG ájƒ¡H ∂«μ°ûàdG

≈∏Y ,áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH πnÑ≤oJ äÉØ∏ë ‘ á≤∏©ŸG ´GÎb’G

± nô©oJh .É¡HÉ°ùàMÉH ∫ƒÑ≤dG πÑb ≥«b~à∏d ™° îJ ¿CG

´GÎb’G ábQƒH ¢SQ~dG ~«b áYƒ°VƒŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh

.É¡àë°üH ¿ƒ©£ŸG hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ádƒÑ≤ŸG


136

Term Limits ºμ◊G áj’h •hô°T

Restrictions on the number of terms anelected official may serve in the samepost.

An institution designed to conductresearch on issues of public concern anddevelop potential areas for policyresponses. Considered part of civil socie-ty, these organizations serve to informboth citizens and government on relevantpolitical and civic trends in a society.

Any political party that is not one of themajor two parties in a two-party system.Although third parties rarely winnational elections, they can have aneffect on elections regardless.

The minimum level of support which aparty needs to gain representation in thelegislature. A threshold may be a formalthreshold, which is a figure laid down inthe constitution or the law, usually inthe form of a percentage of the validvotes cast, or an effective or naturalthreshold, which is a mathematicalproperty of the electoral system in use.

A list of candidates for election nomi-nated by a political party or group. Seealso “Party List.”

See “Vote Splitting.”

One of the four resources every politicalcampaign and election administrationhas, the other three being information,manpower, and money. It is important

∫hDƒ°ùª∏d Rƒéj »àdG äÉj’ƒdG O~Y ≈∏Y Oƒ«b ¢Vôa

.¬JGP Ö°üæŸG ‘ É¡«° ≤j ¿CG Ö nîàæŸG

Think Tank ÒμØàdG äÉYƒª›

ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°SGQO ¤EG »eôJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ~gÉ©ŸG

É¡à÷É©Ÿ á∏ªàÙG ∫ƒ∏◊G ìGÎbGh ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG äGP

√òg I~FÉa øªμJh .áMhô£ŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QÉWEG øª°V

‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øe kGAõL πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG

≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘ p∏˘˘˘£˘˘ oJ É˘˘˘¡˘˘˘fCG

‘ I~FÉ°ùdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉgÉŒ’Gh á«f~ŸG äÉ¡LƒàdG

.IQƒcòŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∫É«M ™ªàÛG

Third Party ådÉK ÜõM

Ú«°ù«FôdG ÚHõ◊G QÉWEG êQÉN πª©j »°SÉ«°S ÜõM …CG

.ÚHõ◊G ΩÉ¶f qπX ‘ ºμ◊G ≈∏Y ¿Gô£«°ùj øjò∏dG

‘ áØ°üdG √òg πª– »àdG ÜGõMC’G íéæJ ¿CG øμÁh

É¡©˘bƒ˘e ø˘Y ô˘¶˘æ˘dG ¢ ¨˘H äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG

.á«æWƒdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØdG É¡d qƒîj Éª∏b …òdG

Threshold º°ù◊◊G áÑ°ùff/áÑàY

Üõ◊G ¬«dEG êÉàëj …òdG ºY~dG øe iƒà°ùe ≈fOCG

√òg òîàJ ~bh .á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ ¬∏«ã“ ÚeCÉàd

,¿ƒfÉ≤dG hCG Qƒà°S~dG √O~ëj kÉ«ª°SQ kÉªbQ áÑà©dG

áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe áÑ°ùf πμ°T ≈∏Y kIOÉY »JCÉjh

,á«©«ÑW hCG á«∏©a áÑ°ùf πμ°T ≈∏Y hCG ,á◊É°üdG

ΩÉ¶ædG kÉ°ü«°üN Ég~ªà©j á«°VÉjQ ádOÉ©e øY èàæJ

.¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG »HÉîàf’G

Ticket á«HÉîàfG áëF’

øe má«ª°ùàH ,äÉHÉîàfÓd Úë°TôŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G áªFÉb

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡JÉYƒª› hCG º¡HGõMCG.''Üõ◊G áëF’''

Ticket Splitting äGƒ°UC’G ´ qRƒJ/º°SÉ≤J


Time âbƒdG πeÉY

á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πc É¡Ø qXƒJ »àdG á©HQC’G OQGƒŸG ~MCG

áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG q¿CG kÉª∏Y ,äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g hCG

.∫GƒeC’Gh ,ájô°ûÑdG iƒ≤dGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ‘ πãªàJ iôNC’G


137

to determine how much time each elec-tion activity (either campaign or admin-istration related) will require, when itshould occur in the election calendar,and plan for it accordingly. Unlike theother three resources, time is the samefor each of the campaigns involved inan election, as well as for the electionadministration, but not all campaignsuse their time as effectively. See also“Campaign Resources.”

When the second votes of a mixed-mem-ber proportional system election are usedto balance the proportionality of the dis-trict elected members to the popular pro-portionality. See also “Mixed-MemberProportional System (MMP).”

A user interface where voters indicatechoices by touching them on a comput-er screen rather than using a keyboardor mouse. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) Systems.”

An informal gathering of an officehold-er or candidate for office with a groupof people, often local, in which theaudience raises questions directly to theofficeholder or candidate.

A political poll taken later in the cam-paign to determine how the campaign'smessage and the various methods ofvoter contact is affecting undecidedand persuadable voters. See also “Political Polling,” “Baseline Poll,”and “Opinion Poll/s.”

…òdG âbƒdG ¿ƒª¶æŸG O~ëj ¿CG ≥ahC’G øe ,∂dòd

¿ÉcCG) á«HÉîàf’G á£°ûfC’G øe •É°ûf qπc ¬bô¨à°ùj

~˘Yƒ˘eh ,(äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G IQGOEÉ˘H hCG á˘∏˘ª◊É˘˘H kÉ˘˘£˘˘Ñ˘˘Jô˘˘e

≈∏Y §£ÿG OG~YEGh ,äÉHÉîàf’G áeÉfRhQ ‘ √ò«ØæJ

,iôNC’G áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG ±ÓN ≈∏Yh .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg

∂dòch ,á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G øe á∏ªM πc ≈¶–

íéæJ ’ É‰EG ,¬JGP âbƒdÉH äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG á«Äg

.É¡JGP á«dÉ©ØdÉH âbƒdG ΩG~îà°SG ‘ É¡∏c äÓª◊G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á∏ª◊G OQGƒe''

Top Up á«° jƒ©àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ΩÉ¶f

äGƒ°UC’G Ω n~îà°ùoJ ÚM ΩÉ¶ædG Gò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùj

´ƒf ≥∏ÿ á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f qπX ‘ á«fÉãdG

ôFGh~dG ‘ ÚÑîàæŸG AÉ° YC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¿RGƒàdG øe

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ö©°ûdG äGƒ°UCG áÑ°ùfhájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f''

.''á£∏àıG

Touch-Screen VotingMachines

á«°ùŸŸ á°TÉ°ûHH O qhõe âjƒ°üJ RÉ¡L

¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡«∏Y Ò°ûj á«æ«H á¡LGh øY IQÉÑY

kÉ°VƒY ôJƒ«ÑªμdG á°TÉ°T ¢ùŸ ≥jôW øY º¡JGQÉ«N

™LGQ .IQCÉØdG hCG í«JÉØŸG áMƒd ΩG~îà°SG øYΩÉ¶f ''

.''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG

Town Hall Meeting ™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG

hCG á«aGô¨÷G §HGhôdG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG AÉ≤àdG

á°ûbÉæŸ Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ™e ácÎ°ûŸG ídÉ°üŸG

.º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdGh kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Tracking Poll/Survey á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG

á∏ª◊G øe á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQB’G Ó£à°SG

π˘FÉ˘°Sh ∞˘∏˘àflh á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘˘°SQ ÒKÉ˘˘J i~˘˘e á˘˘æ˘˘jÉ˘˘©Ÿ

Ú∏HÉ≤dG hCG øjOOÎŸG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´ÉæbEÓd,''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''

.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SGh ,''‹hCG ´Ó£à°SG''h


138

Transitional Elections á«dÉ≤àfG äÉHÉîàfG

Elections which mark the departure froman authoritarian regime to a democraticsystem, or from one party's dominance toanother. The former would mark thebeginning of a nascent democracy.

The quality of visibility or accessibilityof information.

An opening in a computer code throughwhich a program can be altered. In thecase of direct recording electronic(DRE) voting systems, such an alter-ation could falsify the results of an elec-tion. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) Systems.”

The portion of the electorate that actu-ally goes to the polls and votes, referredto as a percentage or as a real number.

A plurality/majority system in which asecond election is held if no candidateachieves a given level of votes, mostcommonly an absolute majority (50 %+ 1), in the first election round. A two-round system (TRS) may take a majori-ty-plurality form, in which it is possiblefor more than two candidates to con-test the second round. Alternatively, aTRS may take a majority run-off form,in which only the top two candidates inthe first round contest the secondround. See also “Run-off Election.”

¤EG …OG~Ñà°SG ΩÉ¶f øe ∫É≤àf’G ¤EG õeôJ äÉHÉîàfG

Iô˘£˘«˘°S ¤EG Üõ˘M Iô˘£˘«˘°S ø˘e hCG ,»˘WGô˘≤˘jO ΩÉ˘˘¶˘˘f

á˘jG~˘H ø˘∏˘©˘j ∫É˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘f’G Gò˘˘g q¿CG kÉ˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘Y ,ô˘˘NBG Üõ˘˘M

.áÄ°TÉædG á«WGô≤Á~dG

Transparencyá«aÉØ°T

.É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y ´ÓW’G á«fÉμeEG

Trapdoor á«ØN á∏«M

π˘j~˘©˘à˘H º˘g~˘MC’ í˘«˘à˘J ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG õ˘eQ ‘ lIô˘¨˘K

ΩÉ¶f qπX ‘ ,πj~©àdG Gòg πãe ¿CÉ°T øeh .èeÉfÈdG

Q qhõj ¿CG ,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG ÈY ô°TÉÑŸG âjƒ°üàdG

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G è˘˘FÉ˘˘à˘˘fâjƒ°üà˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘f''

.''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G

Turnout/Voter Turnout

/ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff

ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûee áÑ°ùff

õ˘cGô˘e ¤EG kÉ˘«˘∏˘©˘a ¬˘Lƒ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘ë˘jô˘˘°T

áëjô°ûdG √òg ¤EG QÉ°ûojh .É¡Jƒ°üH A’OEÓd ´GÎb’G

.»∏©a O~©H hCG áæq«©e áÑ°ùæH

Two-Round System(TRS)

/Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f

ÚJQhO ≈∏Y âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

ø˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘fÉ˘˘˘K á˘˘˘dƒ˘˘˘L AGô˘˘˘LEÉ˘˘˘H í˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ùj …ÌcCG ΩÉ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘f

øe ¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ í°Tôe q…CG π°üëj ⁄ GPEG äÉHÉîàf’G

πãªàJ ,äGƒ°UC’G øe áæq«©e áÑ°ùf ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G

~FGR äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ 50) á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’ÉH kIOÉY

nπμ°T Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f òîàj ¿CG øμÁh .(~MGh äƒ°U

¢VƒN ør«në°Tôe øe ÌcC’ í«àj …òdG …ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG

á˘˘dƒ˘˘L nπ˘˘μ˘˘°T hCG á˘˘«˘˘fÉ˘˘ã˘˘dG á˘˘dƒ÷G ‘ äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘˘f’G

¿Gò˘∏˘dG ¿É˘ë˘°TôŸG ’EG É˘¡˘°Vƒ˘î˘j ’ á˘«˘fÉ˘K á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG

™LGQ .¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG ¿’Éæj

kÉ° jCG.''äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉK ádƒL''


U139

Unbiased RÉëæe ÒZ/õq«ëàe ÒZ

Free from prejudice or favoritism;objective. For antonym, see “Bias.”

Not allowed by, or against, the princi-ples set down in a constitution. Seealso “Constitution.”

A voting environment that exhibits oneor more of the following characteris-tics: Representatives of political con-testants, non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organizations and otherappropriately authorized persons arenot physically present, and/or areunable to access and observe the envi-ronment; access (whether physical orvirtual) to the environment, includingthe technological devices, is not securedand controlled, and is not regulated bya process that is independentlyauditable and verifiable. For antonym,see “Controlled Environment.”

The candidate who is viewed as trailinghis or her opponent and/or is notfavored to win the election. However,underdogs have been known to over-come the odds, especially in state andlocal races. See also “Dark Horse”and “Front-Runner.”

õq«ªàjh ôNBG ¿hO m±ô£d káeÓe hCG kÓ«e …~Ñj ’ øe

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á«Yƒ°VƒŸÉH.''õq«–''

Unconstitutional /…Qƒà°SO ÒZ

Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±Éæe

¢Uƒ°üæŸG ÇOÉÑŸG ÖLƒÃ ,¬H ìƒª°ùe ÒZ ¿Éc Ée

™LGQ .ÇOÉÑŸG √òg ¬àØdÉı hCG Qƒà°S~dG ‘ É¡«∏Y

kÉ° jCG.''Qƒà°SO''

UncontrolledEnvironment

áWƒÑ° e ÒZ áÄ«H

ø˘e ÌcCG hCG I~˘MGh É˘¡˘«˘a ô˘aGƒ˘à˘J á˘«˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘H

:á«dÉàdG äGõ«ªŸG

,Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG Ú°ùaÉ˘˘æ˘˘àŸG ø˘˘Y Ú∏˘˘ã˘˘ªŸG ÜÉ˘˘«˘˘Z

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ IRÉëæŸG ÒZ á«∏ÙG äÉª¶æŸGh

º¡æqμ“ Ω~Y hCG/h ,øj~ nªà©ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ºgÒZh

.É¡àÑbGôeh á«HÉîàf’G áÄ«ÑdG ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG øe

á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¤EG (kÉ˘˘«˘˘°VGÎaG hCG kÉ˘˘j~˘˘°ùL ¿EG) ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘˘dG

,á«LƒdƒæμàdG Iõ¡LC’G ¤EG áÑ°ùædÉH ≈àM ,á«HÉîàf’G

äGAGôLE’ ™° îj ’ ‹ÉàdÉH ƒgh ÖbGôe ÒZh øeBG ÒZ

áÄ«g ~j ≈∏Y É¡æe ≥≤ëàdGh É¡«a ≥«b~àdG øμÁ

¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á∏≤à°ùe.''áWƒÑ° e áÄ«H''

Underdog /ô°SÉN í°Tôe

ácô©ŸG) ‘ ô°ùîîj ¿CG ™ qbƒàe

(á«HÉîàf’G

¤EG ,»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

¬j~d ¢ù«d hCG/h ¬ª°üN øY ∞q∏îàj …òdG í°TôŸG

Gòg øY ± nô©oj ,øμdh .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØ∏d ®ƒ¶M

∑QÉ©ŸG ‘ Éª«°S’ ,kÉfÉ«MCG äÉbhôN ≥≤ëj ¬fCG í°TôŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉj’ƒdG ‘h á«∏ÙG á«HÉîàf’G¿É°üM''

''Oƒ°SCG.''Ω~≤àe í°Tôe''h


140

UnderrepresentedGroups

kÉ°übÉf kÓ«ã“ á∏ã‡ äÉYƒª›

People who are marginalized politicallyand insufficiently or inadequately repre-sented. Underrepresented groups aretypically minorities, women, displacedpersons, and those in conflict or veryisolated areas.

An individual who is not registeredto vote;

A voter who is registered to vote butnot affiliated with any major politicalparty (informally known as an “inde-pendent”). This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.

A legislature that consists of only onechamber or house. See also“Bicameral Legislature.”

An organization of workers formed topromote common goals on issues suchas wages, hours, and working condi-tions, often referred to as a labor union.Although the political structure of aunion varies, union leadership is usuallyformed through democratic elections.Unions, especially with national chap-ters, can be influential in local andnational elections. Candidates oftenseek the endorsements of unions withthe expectation that all of the union’smembership will vote for the union’sofficial preferred candidate.

An entry in a database that serves tounmistakably identify a record; a voterID number can be a unique identifier ina table of voters, if every voter hasexactly one voter ID, and every voterID matches exactly one voter (alsocalled Primary Keys).

øe ∂dòch »°SÉ«°ùdG ¢û«ª¡àdG øe ¿ƒfÉ©j ¢UÉî°TCG

äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘˘Jh .π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG Aƒ˘˘°S hCG ¢ü≤˘˘f

,AÉ°ùfh ,äÉ«∏bCG øe kÉ«F~Ñe kÉ°übÉf kÓ«ã“ á∏ãªŸG

≥WÉæe ‘ ¿ƒ°û«©j ¢UÉî°TCGh ,øjOô°ûe ¢UÉî°TCGh

.ájÉ¨∏d ádhõ©e ≥WÉæe hCG ´GõædG

Unenrolled Voter /(íFGƒ∏dG ‘) πé°°ùee ÒZ ÖNÉf

ÜõM ¤EG Ö°ùààæe ÒZ ÖNÉf

¬d •ÉÑJQG ’ øμdh Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd ‘ πé°ùe ÖNÉf

ÖNÉædÉH'' kÉ«ª°SQ ± nô©oj ƒgh) RQÉH »°SÉ«°S ÜõM …CÉH

.(''π≤à°ùŸGkG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj

.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V

UnicameralLegislature

ájOÉMCG á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g

~MGh ¢ù∏∏éÃÃ/π«ãªàdG

. kG~MGh kÉ°ù∏› hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG ’EG qº° J ’ á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''π«ãªàdG á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g''

Union á«dÉªY äÉHÉ≤f/äGOÉ–G

OÉ–’ÉH É¡«dEG QÉ°ûŸG ,á«dÉª©dG áÄ«¡dG √òg CÉ°ûæJ

±G~gCG ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ ,∫Éª©dG áHÉ≤f hCG ‹Éª©dG

äÉ˘YÉ˘°Sh ,Qƒ˘LC’É˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘˘J π˘˘FÉ˘˘°ùe ∫ƒ˘˘M á˘˘cÎ°ûe

á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘¡˘dG ∫ q~˘Ñ˘J º˘ZQh .π˘ª˘©˘dG ±hô˘Xh ,π˘ª˘©˘dG

õ˘cGôŸG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘J ,á˘«˘dÉ˘ª˘©˘dG äGOÉ–Ó˘d á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG

äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ∫Ó˘˘N ø˘˘˘e kIOÉ˘˘˘Y É˘˘˘¡˘˘˘«˘˘˘a á˘˘˘jOÉ˘˘˘«˘˘˘≤˘˘˘dG

∂∏J Éª«°S ’ ,äGOÉ–’G √òg âfÉc ÉŸh .á«WGô≤Á~dG

™àªàJ ,»æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y m π«ãªàH ≈¶– »àdG

Ée kÉÑdÉä ,á«æWƒdGh á«∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàH

º¡æe kÉæX ,É¡ªYO ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ¤EG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ≈©°ùj

i~d π° ØŸG í°Tôª∏d º¡∏c ¿ƒJ qƒ°ü«°S ÉgAÉ° YCG q¿CÉH

.É¡«a ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG

Unique Identifier õq«‡ ± qô©e

πé°ùdG ~j~ëàd Ω~îà°ùoj äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ‘ πN~e

ºbQ ~ªà©oj ¿CG øμÁh ,¢ M~∏d πHÉb ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y

‘ ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L øª°V mõq«‡ m±ô©ªc ÖNÉædG ájƒg

πc â≤aGƒJh I~MGh ájƒg ÖNÉf πc i~d ¿Éc ∫ÉM

. ~MGh ÖNÉf ™e ÖNÉf ájƒg


141

Universal Suffrage ΩÉY ´GÎbG

The right of all the eligible voters toparticipate in the electoral process with-out discrimination based on gender,property rights, ethnicity, residence,race, etc.

See “Blank Ballot.”

Election results published by the media,political parties, civic organizations, oranyone else not directly associated withthe election management body (EMB).

Evidence based on anecdotes andimpressions rather than verifiable facts.For antonyms, see “Reliable andValid Data” and “VerifiableFindings.”

Any ballot that was not issued or usedin any way during an election.

One of the two chambers in a bicamerallegislature, often seen as containing ‘therepresentatives of regions/federal states’or as ‘a chamber of review.’ Generally, theupper house is the less powerful chamberwhen the powers of the two chambersare unequal. See also “BicameralLegislature” and “Lower House.”

A test that determines how easily andintuitively a voter or polling official canoperate a piece of equipment withoutconfusion and mistakes.

‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ªL ≥M

ºg~°V õ««“ …CG á°SQÉ‡ ¿hO øe á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG

hCG ,á«μ∏ŸG ¥ƒ≤M hCG ,»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y

.É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,¥ô©dG hCG ,áeÉbE’G hCG ,»æKE’G AÉªàf’G

Unmarked Ballot áeƒ°Sƒe ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

™LGQ.''AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh''

Unofficial Results á«ª°SQ ÒZ èFFÉàf

hCG ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh Égô°ûæJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf

…CG hCG ,á˘«˘f~ŸG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG hCG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G

IQGOEG áÄ«¡H kGô°TÉÑe kÉWÉÑJQG á£ÑJôe ÒZ iôNCG áÄ«g

.äÉHÉîàf’G

Unreliable Evidence ¬H ¥ƒKƒe ÒZ äÉÑKEG

¢Vƒ pY äÉYÉÑ£fG hCG áØjôW QÉÑNCG ¤EG ~æà°ùj äÉÑKEG

Ú° «˘≤˘æ˘dG ™˘LGQ .á˘à˘Ñ˘ã˘e ™˘FÉ˘bh ≈˘∏˘˘Y õ˘˘μ˘˘Jô˘˘j ¿CG

øμÁ äÉLÉàæà°SG''h ''É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H''

.''É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG

Unused Ballot á∏ª©à°ùee ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

É¡dÉª©à°SG hCG ÉgQG~°üà°SG ºàj ⁄ »àdG ´GÎb’G ábQh

.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∫Éμ°TC’G øe πμ°T …CG â–

Upper House /ñƒ«°ûddG ¢ù∏∏›

øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG/¿É«YC’G

á˘˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG É˘˘ª˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘e ¿ qƒ˘˘˘μ˘˘˘à˘˘˘J ¿Gò˘˘˘∏˘˘˘dG Ú°ù∏ÛG ~˘˘˘MCG

,qº° J Ée kÉÑdÉZ »àdGh ,π«ãªàdG á«FÉæãdG á«©jô°ûàdG

äÉj’ƒdG/≥WÉæŸG øY Ú∏ã‡'' ,¢ ©ÑdG OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH

.''á©LGôŸG áÄ«g'' É¡fCG ≈∏Y É¡«dEG ô n¶æoj hCG ''á«dGQ~ØdG

kGPƒØf πbC’G ¿ƒμj ñƒ«°ûdG ¢ù∏› q¿CG káeÉY Ωƒ∏©ŸG øeh

™LGQ .É¡JGP äÉ£∏°ùdÉH ¿É©àªàj ’ ÚM Ú°ù∏ÛG ÚH

kÉ˘˘˘° jCG¢ù∏∏›''h ''π«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘FÉ˘æ˘K á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûJJ á˘Ä˘«˘g''

.''Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏∏›/ÜGƒædG

Usability Test ∫Éª©à°S’G ádƒ¡°S QÉÑàNG

øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG hCG ÖNÉædG ΩG~bEG ádƒ¡°S i~e O q~ëj QÉÑàNG

kÓ˘«˘¨˘°ûJ äGõ˘«˘¡˘é˘˘à˘˘dG ~˘˘MCG π˘˘«˘˘¨˘˘°ûJ ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ´GÎb’G

.CÉ£N …CG ±GÎbG hCG ∑ÉÑJQG …CÉH Qƒ©°ûdG ¿hO øe kÉ«FÉ≤∏J


V142

Valid Vote á◊É°U ´GÎbG ábQh

A vote cast in an election, correctlymarked according to the rules, andwhich indicates the voter’s choice. Thevalid vote is also known as a formal vote.

A systematic and scientific evaluation ofthe voters list that checks for accuracy,and might entail checking the voters listagainst another database to see whetherthe details are correct. Sometimes a vot-ers list validation is a part of the voterslist audit. See also “Voters List Audit.”

The social principles, goals, or stan-dards held or accepted by an individual,a class, a society, etc. Campaigns seekto emphasize the values of a candidateto build a positive image for him or her.See also “Image.”

Information based on certifiable obser-vations, empirical facts, and quantita-tive studies. See also “Reliable andValid Data.” For antonym, see“Unreliable Evidence.”

The vested power or constitutionalright of one branch or department ofgovernment to refuse approval of meas-ures proposed by another department.

É¡ª p°ùj ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG

,AGô˘LE’G á˘«˘YôŸG ∫ƒ˘°UC’G ≥˘ah á˘ë˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘°U á˘˘eÓ˘˘©˘˘H

á˘bQƒ˘dG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘μ˘Jh .√QÉ˘«˘à˘NG ø˘Y ìƒ˘°Vƒ˘H ô˘qÑ˘©˘Jh

.•hô°ûdG á«aƒà°ùe

Validation of theVoters List

íFGƒd áë°U ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ

ÚÑNÉædG

kÉ˘«˘ª˘∏˘Yh kÉ˘«˘é˘¡˘æ˘e kÉ˘ª˘«˘«˘≤˘J ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘ë˘F’ º˘«˘«˘≤˘J

áfQÉ≤e ÖLƒà°ùj Ée ƒgh ,É¡àbO i~e ‘ ≥«b~à∏d

áë°U øe ~cCÉà∏d iôNCG äÉfÉ«H I~YÉ≤H ÚÑNÉædG áëF’

√òg ≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdG …ôéjh .É¡«a IOQGƒdG π«°UÉØàdG

™° îJ »àdG ≥«b~àdG á«∏ªY QÉWEG ‘ kÉfÉ«MCG áëFÓdG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡d.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''

Valuesºn«

pb

¬˘JÉ˘jƒ˘˘dhCG º˘˘∏˘˘°S ‘ ø˘˘WGƒŸG É˘˘¡˘˘LQ~˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG

hCG äÉª¶æe É¡˘©˘Ñ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘à˘dG á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh

»˘˘à˘˘dG ™˘˘aGh~˘˘dG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äÓ˘˘ª˘˘M

‘ º˘¡˘JÉ˘«˘˘cƒ˘˘∏˘˘°Sh AÉ˘˘° YC’G äÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘dhCG AGQh ø˘˘ª˘˘μ˘˘J

ºn«pb ≈∏Y Aƒ° dG §«∏°ùJ ¤EG á∏ª◊G ≈©°ùJh .™bGƒdG

´É˘Ñ˘£˘fG ø˘jƒ˘μ˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ~˘˘YÉ˘˘°ùj ÉÃ í˘˘°TôŸG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬æY »HÉéjEG.''í°TôŸG IQƒ°U''

Verifiable Findings É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG øμÁ äÉLÉàæà°SG

,É¡æe âÑãàdG øμÁ äG~gÉ°ûe ¤EG ~æà°ùJ äÉeƒ∏©e

kÉ˘° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘«˘ª˘c äÉ˘°SGQOh á˘«˘Ñ˘˘jôŒ ™˘˘FÉ˘˘bh ¤EGh

''É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H'' ¢ «≤ædGhÒZ äÉÑKEG''

.¬H ¥ƒKƒe

Veto ƒà«ØdG/¢ ≤ædG ≥M

i~MEG ¤EG ínæªoj …òdG …Qƒà°S~dG ≥◊G hCG á«MÓ°üdG

≈∏Y á≤aGƒŸG øY ´Éæàe’G É¡d qƒî«a ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S

™«°ûjh .iôNCG á£∏°S É¡MÎ≤J »àdG ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H


143

The term is used most commonly inreference to the power of a chief exec-utive to reject a bill passed by the legis-lature and thus prevent or delay itsenactment into law. The term is Latinfor “I forbid.”

A campaign method in which the can-didate's name is advertised and presentin the eyes of voters. If seen enough, itcan often raise the candidate's namerecognition.

Vivid description of the sort of changea politician or campaign aims toachieve. The vision statement serves toboth motivate members and also torecruit new supporters to the cause.

A supporter of a candidate who general-ly spends some of his/her time helpingthe campaign without being paid a salary.

A person on the campaign staff respon-sible for recruiting and scheduling vol-unteers.

An essential and on-going process forany campaign. Recruitment providesan opportunity for individual citizensto voice their support of particularpolicies or initiatives, while also pro-viding vital human resources to a cam-paign or organization.

A formal expression of preference inresponse to a proposal, motion, orchoice of candidate for office throughan election or referendum.

á«MÓ°üdG ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ká°UÉN í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG

…CG ¢ aQ ≥M Újò«ØæàdG AÉ°SDhôdG ~MCG »£©J »àdG

∫ƒ˘ë˘j ÉÃ ,á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ô˘≤˘J ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘˘b ´hô˘˘°ûe

á¶Ød Oƒ©Jh .√PÉØfEG ô qNDƒj hCG kÉfƒfÉb ¬≤«Ñ£J ¿hO ‹ÉàdÉH

.''™æeCG ÉfCG'' »æ©J å«M á«æ«JÓdG á¨∏dG ¤EG ''ƒà«b''

Visibility /í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ

í°TôŸG RGôHEG

º°SG ∫ƒM ájÉY~dG ô°ûæd äÓª◊G Ég~ªà©J á∏«°Sh

øeh .ÚÑNÉædG ±ƒØ°U ÚH √Qƒ° M õjõ©Jh í°TôŸG

¿CG ,É¡dÉª©à°SG ∞«ãμJ ~æY ,á∏«°SƒdG √òg ¿CÉ°T

.í°TôŸG º°SG ¤EG ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa øe ~jõJ

VisionájDhQ

¬≤«≤– ¤EG ƒÑ°üj …òdG Ò«¨àdG ´ƒf ájƒ«ëH ∞°üJ

ÉeCG .á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ÉLQ

ºª˘g ¢VÉ˘¡˘æ˘à˘°S’ í˘∏˘°ü«˘a á˘jDhô˘dG √ò˘g ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’G

.~MGh m¿BG ‘ O~÷G øjô°UÉæŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SGh AÉ° YC’G

Volunteer´ƒ£àe

,áæq«©e á«° b hCG á∏ª◊ ºY~dG Ω~≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

¿CG ¿hO øe á∏ª◊G I~fÉ°ùŸ ¬àbh øe kÉ° ©H ¢Sôμjh

.ôLCG q…CG ≈°VÉ≤àj

Volunteer Coordinator

ÚYƒ£àŸG ¿hDƒ°T ≥°ùææe

á˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ª◊G ‘ Ú∏˘˘˘eÉ˘˘˘©˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°V ∫hDƒ˘˘˘˘°ùŸG ¢üî˘˘˘˘°ûdG

èeÉfôH OG~YEGh ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG øY á«HÉîàf’G

.º¡∏ªY

Volunteer Recruitment ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG

á«HÉîàf’G äÓ˘ª◊G É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘J á˘jQhô˘°V á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y

ΩÉeCG á°UôØdG í«àj ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SÉa .QGôªà°SÉH

hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùd º¡ªYO øY nÜGôYEÓd OGôaCÉc ÚæWGƒŸG

äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æª∏d øqeDƒJ Éª«a ,áæq«©e äGQOÉÑe

.ájƒ«M ájô°ûH OQGƒe kÉ° jCG

Voteâjƒ°üJ

kGOQ ÖNÉædG Égòîàj »àdG äGQÉ«ÿG øY »ª°SQ ÒÑ©J

¢Vô©e ‘ hCG ,âjƒ°üà∏d áMhô£ŸG äÉMGÎb’G ≈∏Y

hCG ÜÉîàf’G ÈY ¿EG Ö°UÉæŸG π¨°ûd Úë°Tôe QÉ«àNG

.AÉàØà°S’G


144

Vote Count/Verification

/äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

(RôØdG áë°U) øe ≥≤–

Part of the electoral process duringwhich votes are counted by electionofficials after all ballots have been cast.The actual counting of votes requiresaccuracy, speed, and security.

The person who assists in countingvotes.

A person that visits voting premisesand conducts the count for, or assists,the returning officer, either manuallyon paper or with computers.

When voters vote for a candidate fromone party or ideology in one election andvote for a candidate from a differentparty or with a different ideology in thenext election. Voters who shift their votesare considered to be persuadable with acampaign message. See also“Persuadability” and “Vote Splitting.”

The act of voting for candidates fromdifferent parties within the same elec-toral process, such as within a multi-member district, between national andlocal elections, or between presidentialand legislative elections. Voters whovote for candidates representing differ-ent parties on the same ballot are saidto have split their ticket.

The act of providing a financial ormaterial incentive to a voter inexchange for a vote, buying abstentions(negative vote-buying), or paying votersto stay home. Borderline cases includethe promise of jobs, loans, promotions,

É¡«a Ωƒ≤j á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG πMGôe øe á∏Môe

‹~j ¿CG ~©H äGƒ°UC’G q~©H äÉHÉîàf’G øY ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG

Rôa á«∏ªY Ö∏£à˘Jh .º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCÉ˘H ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ™˘«˘ª˘L

,á˘Yô˘°ùdGh ,á˘˘b~˘˘dG ÚdhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG A’Dƒ˘˘g ø˘˘e äGƒ˘˘°UC’G

.É¡àeÓ°S ¿Éª°Vh

Vote CountingAssistant

RôØdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸŸG ~YÉ°ùee

.äGƒ°UC’G q~Y ‘ ~YÉ°ùj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

Vote Counting Officer /äGƒ°UC’G Rôa øY ∫hDƒ°ùee

RôØdG ¿hDƒ°T ∞Xƒe

á«∏ªY ôj~jh ´GÎb’G ¿Éμe ~°ü≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG

‘ ,RôØdG ¿hDƒ°T ∞Xƒe ~YÉ°ùj hCG ,äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

.ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L ≈∏Y hCG kÉjh~j ÉeEG èFÉàædG π«é°ùJ

Vote Shifting âjƒ°üàdG á¡Lh Ò«¨J

áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ¿ƒJ qƒ°üj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ádÉM

¿ƒëæÁ ºK áæq«©e á«Lƒdh~jEG hCG ÜõM øe í°TôŸ

ôNBG Üõ˘M í˘°TôŸ á˘«˘dÉ˘à˘dG äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCG

¿ƒÑNÉædG A’Dƒg q~©ojh .áØ∏àfl á«Lƒdƒj~jEÉH øeDƒj

ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG OG~˘Y ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCG á˘¡˘˘Lh ¿ƒ˘˘d~˘˘Ñ˘˘j …ò˘˘dG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ º¡∏«ªà°ùJ ¿CG øμªŸG

.''äGƒ°UC’G º°SÉ≤J''h ''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG''

Vote Splitting äGƒ°UC’G º°SÉ≤J

ÜGõMCG øe Úë°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ΩG~bEG

QGôZ ≈∏Y ,É¡JGP á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øª°V áØ∏àfl

∂dòch ,π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG IôFG~dG øª°V …ôéj Ée

äÉHÉîàf’G ÚH hCG á«∏ÙGh á«æWƒdG äÉHÉîàf’G ÚH

øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG øY ∫É≤ojh .á«©jô°ûàdGh á«°SÉFôdG

¿ƒ˘˘∏˘˘ãÁ Úë˘˘°TôŸ É˘˘¡˘˘JGP ´GÎb’G á˘˘bQh ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘J qƒ˘˘˘°üj

.º¡JGƒ°UCG GƒY qRh º¡fCG áØ∏àfl kÉHGõMCG

Vote-Buying äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T

πHÉ≤e ÖNÉæ∏d ájOÉe hCG á«dÉe ôaGƒM Ë~≤J á«∏ªY

âjƒ°üàdG øY ¬HÉéMEG AGô°T hCG ,¬Jƒ°U ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G

™˘aO hCG (âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ø˘Y ∫h~˘˘©˘˘dÉ˘˘H ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ´É˘˘æ˘˘bEG)

ä’É◊G ÉeCG .º¡dRÉæe Ωhõd AÉ≤d ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG ∫GƒeC’G

Ë~≤Jh ,∞FÉXƒdG ÒaƒàH OƒYƒdG ™£b πª°ûàa iƒ°ü≤dG


etc. to get votes. Vote buying is illegalin most countries. See also “BribingVoters.”

Person who is eligible and registered tovote. Also known as an elector.

The way in which voters feel going intothe election. The most common ‘atti-tudes’ discussed by campaigns and themedia are typically whether the voterfeels satisfied or angry and/or better orworse off than they were during theprevious election. Campaigns willoften seek to design a message thatreflects the attitude of most voters.

A list of eligible voters that may containpersonal information relevant to thevoting process (for example, the voter’saddress).

The relative decrease in voter turnoutfrom one election to another. Lessimportant or lower profile races oftenreceive fewer votes than higher profileraces because often voters do not knowabout the race, do not know the candi-dates, or do not care. See also “ApathyVoters” and “Voter Fatigue.”

A process by which people are madeaware of the electoral process and the par-ticulars and procedures for voter registra-tion, voting, and other elements of theelection. See also “Civic Education.”

Oƒ˘Yh ø˘e É˘¡˘«˘dEG É˘eh ,ÚØ˘XƒŸG á˘«˘˘bô˘˘Jh ,¢Vhô˘˘≤˘˘dG

AGô˘°T qÖ°üjh .ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG äGƒ˘°UCÉ˘H Rƒ˘Ø˘˘dG ‘ kÉ˘˘©˘˘ª˘˘W

º¶©e ‘ áYhô°ûŸG ÒZ ∫ÉªYC’G áfÉN ‘ äGƒ°UC’G

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿G~∏ÑdG.''Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG''

145

VoterÖNÉf

í˘FGƒ˘d ‘ π˘é˘˘°ùeh âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘˘d π˘˘gDƒ˘˘e ¢üî˘˘°T qπ˘˘c

.´Î≤ŸÉH kÉ° jCG ÖNÉædG ± nô©ojh .Ö£°ûdG

Voter Attitudes ÚÑNÉædG ∞bGƒe

''∞bGƒŸG'' ÉeCG .äÉHÉîàfÓd ÚÑNÉædG áHQÉ≤e á≤jôW

π˘FÉ˘°Shh äÓ˘ª◊G É˘¡˘˘dhG~˘˘à˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG kÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘«˘˘°T ÌcC’G

ÖNÉædG Qƒ©°T i~e øY kÉ«F~Ñe iôëààa ΩÓYE’G

,É¡æe AÉ«à°S’ÉH hCG á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G øY ≈°VôdÉH

‘ ¬«∏Y ¿Éc É‡ k’ÉM CGƒ°SCG hCG π° aCG ¿Éc GPEG ÉªY hCG/h

¤EG äÓª◊G ≈©°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G

.ÚÑNÉædG á«ÑdÉZ ∞bGƒe ¢ùμ©J mádÉ°SQ OG~YEG

Voter Database ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb

≈∏Y …ƒà– ¿CG øμÁ »àdG Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædÉH áªFÉb

á˘«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘H á˘˘°UÉÿG á˘˘«˘˘°üî˘˘°ûdG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG ¢ ©˘˘H

.(ÖNÉædG ¿GƒæY ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y) âjƒ°üàdG

Voter Drop Off/¢VÉØîfG

ácQÉ°ûŸŸG iƒà°ùee ™LGôJ

ø˘e kÉ˘«˘Ñ˘°ùf ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘cQÉ˘°ûe iƒ˘à˘°ùe ¢VÉ˘˘Ø˘˘î˘˘fG

π˘bC’G á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ∑QÉ˘©ŸÉ˘a .iô˘NCG ¤EG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘˘à˘˘fG

Ö∏ZCG ‘ ≈¶– ’ ,AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©ÑdG hCG ká«ªgCG

~°TC’G ∑QÉ©ŸG É¡H ≈¶– …òdG ¬JGP ∫ÉÑbE’ÉH ¿É«MC’G

≈∏Y ¿ƒfƒμj ÚÑNÉædG q¿CG ¤EG kGô¶f áfÉæ£dG kÉÑî°U

É˘ª˘∏˘b hCG ,Úë˘°TôŸG hCG ,¥É˘Ñ˘˘°ùdÉ˘˘H á˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘°V á˘˘aô˘˘©˘˘e

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .πμc á«∏ª©dÉH ¿ƒKÎμj''m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf''

.''ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa''h

Voter Education ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ

ø˘Y á˘eRÓ˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸÉ˘ H Úæ˘WGƒŸG ~˘jhõ˘J ¤EG »˘eô˘J

π«é°ùJ ‘ á«YôŸG äGAGôLE’Gh á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG

øe ÉgG~Y Éeh ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªYh ,É¡∏«°UÉØàH ÚÑNÉædG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ≥∏©àJ ¿hDƒ°T.''á«f~e á«HôJ''


Voter Fatigue ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa

The apathy that an electorate can expe-rience when it is required to vote toooften. Voter fatigue can result in lowvoter turnout rates. See also “ApathyVoter” and “Voter Drop Off.”

See “Voter Registry.”

Refers to election fraud conducted byan individual often with the involve-ment of party agents or the govern-ment. Examples of voter fraud includevoting when ineligible, multiple-voting,voter impersonation, and vote-buying,among others.

See “Civic Education” and “VoterEducation.”

Any form of coercion, physical vio-lence, or threats aimed at keepingsomeone from voting or forcing themto vote a certain way.

Issues that voters are directly con-cerned with, such as their job or theeducation of their children. Votersoften care less about policy issues thatthey have little control over.

See “Registration of Voters.”

The national list of all eligible votersnames, which can take the form of oneunified database or a compilation orseries of databases from governmentalsubdivisions. This list contains additional

º¡æe Ön∏£oj ÚM ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬j~Ñj …òdG ¢SÉª◊G á∏b

Qƒ˘à˘Ø˘dG Gò˘g ø˘Y è˘à˘æ˘jh . kGQGô˘ ˘μ˘˘Jh kGQGô˘ ˘e âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG

.äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG á˘cQÉ˘°ûe á˘Ñ˘°ùf ‘ ¢VÉ˘Ø˘ë˘fG

.''ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ¢VÉØîfG''h ''m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ

Voter File ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S


Voter Fraud »HÉîàfG ôjhõJ

É¡°SQÉÁ »àdG ôjhõàdG ∫ÉªYCG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj

ÜGõMC’G »Hh~æe •QƒJ qπX ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ OGôaC’G

ôjhõàdG ∫ÉªYCG πª°ûJh .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ áeƒμ◊G hCG

ÒZ ÖNÉædG ´GÎbG ô°ü◊G ’ ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y √òg

,äGôe I~Y ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEGh ,âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒŸG

.äGƒ°UC’G AGô°Th ,ÚÑNÉædG ~MCG ájƒg ∫ÉëàfGh

Voter Information äÉeƒ∏©Ã ÚÑNÉædG ~jhõJ

™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''h ''á«f~e á«HôJ''

Voter Intimidation/Harassment

ÖNÉædG πjƒ¡J/Ö«gôJ

hCG ,…~°ù÷G ∞æ©dG hCG ,√GôcE’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG

ø˘˘e ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ™˘˘æ˘˘e ¤EG »˘˘eô˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG äG~˘˘j~˘˘˘¡˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG

.øq«©e √ÉŒÉH âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y √QÉÑLEG hCG ,âjƒ°üàdG

Voter Priorities ÚÑNÉædG äÉjƒdhCG

,Iô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘°ûJ »˘à˘˘dG ¿hDƒ˘˘°ûdG

çÎμ˘j É˘ª˘∏˘≤˘˘a .º˘˘gO’hCG º˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘J hCG º˘˘¡˘˘Ø˘˘FÉ˘˘Xƒ˘˘c

’ »˘à˘dG á˘eÉ˘©˘dG á˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¿hDƒ˘°ûH kIOÉ˘Y ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG

.É¡H ¿ƒªμëàj

Voter Registration ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ


Voter Registry ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S

Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L qº˘˘° J á˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘Wh á˘˘ª˘˘FÉ˘˘b

hCG I~˘Mƒ˘e äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘H I~˘YÉ˘b π˘μ˘°T ò˘˘NCÉ˘˘Jh ,´GÎbÓ˘˘d

øe IOQGƒdG äÉfÉ«ÑdG ~YGƒb øe á∏°ù∏°S hCG áYƒª›

êQGOEÉH áªFÉ≤dG √òg »ØàμJ ’h .á«eƒμM ôFGhO I~Y


tional information such as voters’ gen-der birth dates, addresses, assignedpolling station, and unique voter identi-fication numbers.

See “Turnout/Voter Turnout.”

A printed record of the voter’s elec-tronic vote. The VVPAT is also calleda paper record, paper trail, or audit trail.

A voter’s guide provides voters withsummary information on voting meth-ods used in their local polling places withpointers about the voting technologyand how to vote successfully. Also cov-ers how to investigate and get help whensomething goes wrong with the votingprocess as well as information on thecandidates or parties running in the par-ticular election, including their plat-forms. See also “Voter Education.”

An identification card that a voter mustpresent at the polling station on elec-tion day, with or without an additionalpiece of identification depending onthe country, to prove that he or she iseligible to vote and registered at thepolling station. Voter identificationcards may range from relatively simpleto highly complex; some simply havethe name and address of the voter,while others require a photograph, sig-nature, fingerprint, or other biometricdata. Some countries only require agovernment issued citizenship card orpassport to vote.

ø˘ª˘° à˘˘J ¿CG Rƒ˘˘é˘˘j π˘˘H ,Ö°ùMh ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG AÉ˘˘ª˘˘°SCG

,¬JO’h ïjQÉJh ,ÖNÉædG ¢ùæéc á«aÉ°VEG äÉeƒ∏©e

.õq«ªŸG ± qô©ŸGh ,¬d O~ÙG ´GÎb’G õcôeh ,¬fGƒæYh

147

Voter Turnout /ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff

ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûee áÑ°ùff

™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG

Voter Verifiable PaperAudit Trail (VVPAT)

/»bQƒdG ≥«b~àdG πé°°S

áë°U ‘ ≥«b~à∏d »bQh πé°°S

âjƒ°üàdG

πFÉ°SƒdG ÈY ÖNÉædG âjƒ°üJ âÑãj ´ƒÑ£e πé°S

.»bQƒdG πé°ùdÉH kÉ° jCG ¬«dEG QÉ°ûojh .á«fhÎμdE’G

Voter's Guide ÖNÉædG π«dO

´GÎb’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ¬˘d ¢üî˘∏˘J mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘ ˘©Ã ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘dG O qhõ˘˘j

√ò˘ ˘g ≥˘ ˘aô˘ ˘jh ,¬˘ ˘d O~ÙG ´GÎb’G õ˘ ˘cô˘ ˘e ‘ I~˘ ˘ nª˘ ˘à˘ ˘©ŸG

‘ áe n~îà°ùŸG äÉ«LƒdƒæμàdG ¤EG äGQÉ°TEÉH äÉeƒ∏©ŸG

,∂dP øY kÓ° a .É¡eG~îà°SG ø°ùM ¤EGh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

ΩÓ©à°S’G á«Ø«c ÖNÉædG ¤EG π«d~dG Gòg ìô°ûj ¿CG Rƒéj

‘ káHƒ©°U ~éj ÚM I~YÉ°ùŸG Ö∏Wh I~YÉ°ùŸG πÑ°S øY

ÜGõMC’G øY äÉeƒ∏©Ã ÖNÉædG q~Á ¿CGh ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªY

∂dòch ,áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG hCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàfG èeGôH øY.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''

Voter'sIdentification Card

ÖNÉædÉH ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H

ÖNÉædG ≈∏Y øq«©àj »àdG ájƒ¡dÉH ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H

ÖfÉL ¤EG ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ ÉgRÈj ¿CG

πgDƒe ÖNÉædG q¿CG âÑãJ á«aÉ°VEG á≤«Kh …CG ¿hO øe hCG

õ˘˘cô˘˘e äÓ˘˘é˘˘°S ‘ êQ~˘˘e ¬˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SG q¿CGh âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d

øμÁh .~∏H qπc ‘ ájQÉ°ùdG äGAGôLEÓd kÉ©ÑJ ,´GÎb’G

ÚH ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG á˘jƒ˘¡˘˘H ∞˘˘jô˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dG äÉ˘˘bÉ˘˘£˘˘H ìhGÎJ ¿CG

.ájÉ¨∏d I~≤©e äÉ˘bÉ˘£˘Hh kÉ˘«˘Ñ˘°ùf á˘£˘«˘°ùH äÉ˘bÉ˘£˘H

,¬fGƒæYh ÖNÉædG º°SG Rp ÈoJ á£«°ùÑdG äÉbÉ£ÑdÉa

hCG ,á«aGôZƒJƒa IQƒ°U êGQOEG iôNC’G Ö∏£àJ Éª«a

≥∏©àJ äÉfÉ«H q…CG hCG ,™HÉ°UC’G äÉª°üH hCG ,kÉ©«bƒJ

’ ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG ¢ ©˘H ø˘μ˘dh .á˘«˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘«˘Ñ˘dG äÉ˘˘ª˘˘ p°ùdÉ˘˘H

ábÉ£H Rp Èj ¿CG ’EG âjƒ°üàdG ~æY ÖNÉædG øe Ö∏£j

.ôØ°ùdG RGƒL hCG áeƒμ◊G øY IQOÉ°üdG ájƒ¡dG


148

Voters List /ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd

Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd

A snapshot of the voter registry at aparticular moment in time. It containsthe names, and often other informa-tion, such as addresses, dates of birth,and genders of only those people in thevoter registry who are known to be eli-gible to vote at that moment. See also“Voter Registry.”

A systematic and scientific evaluationof the quality of voters list that checksfor errors, like duplications, multiplepeople at the same address, valid datesof birth, and valid identity numbers.

Information located within a databasethat relates to an individual voter.


The act or process of casting one’s vote.Also known as polling or balloting.

All citizens above the official votingage. This can be a total number or apercentage from the whole population.

A booth in which a person can cast asecret vote.

Voting for more than one candidate, insome cases from different political par-ties, in a given election.

IÎa ‘ ¬dÉª©à°SG ~ nªà©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG πé°S øe º°ùb

kÉ˘jô˘°üM á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG √ò˘g ø˘ qª˘° à˘Jh .á˘æ q«˘©˘˘e á˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘eR

º¡fCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ øj~q«≤ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G

‘h ,ºgAÉª°SCG O pQƒàa ,IÎØdG ∂∏J ‘ ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒe

,º˘¡˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘˘à˘˘J iô˘˘NCG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘e ,¿É˘˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡°ùæLh ,º¡JO’h ïjQGƒJh ,º¡æjhÉæ©c

.''ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S''

Voters List Audit ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd (áë°U) ‘ ≥«b~J

kÉ«é¡æe kÉª««≤J ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd áë°U i~e º««≤J

QGôμàc ,AÉ£NCG q…CG øe Égƒ∏N øe ~cCÉà∏d kÉ«ª∏Yh

,¬JGP ¿Gƒæ©dG ≈∏Y ¢UÉî°TCG I~Y êGQOEGh ,AÉª°SC’G ¢ ©H

.ájƒ¡dG äÉbÉ£H ΩÉbQCG áë°Uh ,IO’ƒdG ïjQGƒJ áë°Uh

Voter’s Record ÖNÉædÉH á°UÉN äÉeƒ∏©e

(πé°°ùddG øª°V)

πc ¢Uƒ°üîH äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb øª°V ê nQ~oJ läÉeƒ∏©e

.I~ pM ≈∏Y ÖNÉf

Voters Roll ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L

™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''

Votingâjƒ°üJ

.¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG á«∏ªY

Voting Age Population ´GÎb’G qø°S ‘ ¿Éμ°S/¿ƒæWGƒe

»ª°SôdG ´GÎb’G ø°S Gƒ¨∏H øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG ™«ªL

´ƒª› øe áæq«©e áÑ°ùf ºgO~Y πqμ°ûjh .¥ƒa Éeh

.πμc ¿Éμ°ùdG

Voting Booth ´GÎb’G IôéMM/IQƒ°ü≤e/∫õ© pe

AÉ˘£˘˘Z âî˘˘J ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH ÖNÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG É˘˘¡˘˘«˘˘a ‹~˘˘j IÒé˘˘M

.ájô°ùdG

Voting for a Mix ofCandidates

øe á£∏àfl áYƒªÛ âjƒ°üJ

Úë°TôŸG

âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ¤EG á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘fG ‘ ÖNÉ˘æ˘dG ΩG~˘˘bEG

¤EG ¿É«MC’G ¢ ©H ‘ ¿ƒªàæj ~b ,í°Tôe øe ÌcC’

.áØ∏àfl á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMCG


149

Voting Machine âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

A mechanical device used for voting.

An electronic unit that records elec-tronic votes at a specific polling station.

.âjƒ°üà∏d Ω n~îà°ùoJ á«μ«fÉμ«e ádBG

Voting Server âjƒ°üàdG ΩOÉN

»àdG äGƒ°UC’G π«é°ùJ ≈∏Y πª©J á«fhÎμdEG I~Mh

.O q~fi ´GÎbG õcôe ‘ kÉ«fhÎμdEG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡H ¤OCG


WWard

á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùbb

A division of a city or town, especiallyan electoral district, for administrativeand representative purposes.

Representation of an area of a city thatis divided into precincts. See also“Ward.”

Groups that view their role as criticallymonitoring the activities of govern-ments, industry, or other organizationsand alerting the public when they detectactions that go against the public interest.

See “First Past the Post.”

A decree issued by a governor or otherexecutive authority requiring that anelection be held. Writs of election aretypically issued for special elections tofill a vacancy, but in some countries,such as the United Kingdom andCanada, the issuance of a writ of elec-tion is the only way to call an election.

A ballot on which voters write thename of their preferred candidate orparty on a blank ballot.

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‘) á«∏«ã“ hCG ájQGOEG ¢VGôZC’ É¡∏°üa ” ,á«HÉîàfG

.(äÉHÉîàf’G

Ward Representation á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùbb π«ã“

á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO ¤EG áª°ù≤e áæj~ŸG øe á≤£æe π«ã“

kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«Yôa.''á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùbb''

WatchdogOrganizations

áÑbGôŸG äÉª¶æe

áÑbGôe ∫ƒM kÉ°SÉ°SCG Qƒëªàj ÉgQhO q¿CG iôJ äÉYƒª›

,iôNC’G äÉª¶æŸG hCG ,áYÉæ°üdG hCG ,áeƒμ◊G ∫ÉªYCG

áë∏°üŸG ¤EG A»°ùJ ∫É©aCG q…CG ¤EG Ö©°ûdG ¬«ÑæJh

.Ég~°UôJ ÚM áeÉ©dG

Winner-Take-All ~YÉ≤ŸG qπc ≈∏Y π°UÉM õFÉa

™LGQ.''∫hC’G õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f''

Writ of Election áÑNÉædG äÉÄ«¡dG IƒYO Ωƒ°Sôe

áj’ƒdG ºcÉM/(¿ÉæÑd ‘) ßaÉÙG øY Q~°üj Ωƒ°Sôe

AGô˘˘LEÉ˘˘H »˘˘° ≤˘˘jh iô˘˘NCG á˘˘jò˘˘«˘˘Ø˘˘æ˘˘J á˘˘£˘˘∏˘˘˘°S …CG hCG

¢Vô©e ‘ kÉ«F~Ñe Ωƒ°SôŸG Gòg Q~°üjh .äÉHÉîàf’G

,ôZÉ°T ~©≤e AπŸ º s¶æoJ »àdG á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’G

,G~æch I~ëàŸG áμ∏ªŸÉc ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ,øμdh

IƒY~∏d ~MhC’G π«Ñ°ùdG Ωƒ°SôŸG Gòg QG~°UEG πμ°ûj

.äÉHÉîàf’G AGôLEG ¤EG

Write-in Ballot I q~©e AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh

áÄÑ©à∏d

í°TôŸG º°SG ÖNÉædG É¡«∏Y ¿ qh~j AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh

.¬j~d π° ØŸG Üõ◊G hCG


á«Hô©dG ®ÉØdC’G Oô°ùee

Arabic-English Index

äGQÉÑàN’G AGôLE’ á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g

∫ÉªYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh

´GÎbG ábQh

á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh

äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH ´GÎbG ábQh

AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh

áÄÑ©à∏d I q~©e AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh

á°UÉN ´GÎbG ábQh

á◊É°U ´GÎbG ábQh

á◊É°U ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

á∏ª©à°ùe ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

áeƒ°Sƒe ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh

¢SQ~dG ~«b ´GÎbG ábQh

á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh

áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh

É¡«a ¿ƒ©£e ´GÎbG ábQh

á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh

á∏ªàμe ´GÎbG ábQh

(áeÓ©H) áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

äGQÉ«ÿG ~j~ëàH áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

äGôe I~Y áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

ÚJôe áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh

»HÉ«¨dG ´GÎb’G ábQh

ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

áYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

áeÓ©H (´GÎb’G ábQh) º°Sh

áj’h

´GÎb’G Ωƒj

ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj

(ÖjQ~àdG á«dBG) ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj

h

…

Independent Testing Authority

Scheduler

Ballot/Ballot Paper

Discarded/Null/Spoilt Ballot

Ordinal Ballot

Blank Ballot

Write-in Ballot

Special Ballot

Valid Vote

Invalid Votes

Unused Ballot

Unmarked Ballot

Tendered Ballot

Rejected Ballot

Ballots Destroyed

Challenged Ballot

Tendered Ballot

Full-Face Ballot

Non-Blank Vote/Ballot

Mark-Choice Ballot

Multiple-Marked Ballot

Double-Marked Ballot

Absentee Ballot

Mass Media/ Media Outlets

Print Media

Mark

State

Polling Day

Election Day/Polling Day

National Training Day (Training Methodology)


á«° jƒ©àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ΩÉ¶f

‘É°VE’G ~©≤ŸG ÜÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

»HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

mRGƒàe »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

§∏àfl »HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f

´GÎbG ¥GQhCG I~Y ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

ÚJQhO ≈∏Y âjƒ°üJ ΩÉ¶f

»∏«° ØJ ΩÉ¶f

»Ñ°ùf ¬Ñ°T π«ã“ ΩÉ¶f

»∏NGO ΩÉ¶f

‹GQ~a ΩÉ¶f

PƒØf

á«dÉªY äÉHÉ≤f

áHÉ≤f

¢TÉ≤f

CÉ£ÿG ¢ûeÉg

RƒØdG ¢ûeÉg

äÉfÉ«ÑdG Iôég

áe~ÿG Öé◊ Ωƒég

äÉHÉîàf’G ±~g

áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g


äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G áÄ«g

≥j~°üàdG áÄ«g

á©LGôŸG áÄ«g

á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

π«ãªàdG ájOÉMCG á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

~MGh ¢ù∏éÃ á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

π«ãªàdG á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

Ú°ù∏› äGP á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g

ΩÓYE’G º«¶æJ áÄ«g

`g

Top Up

Additional Member System

Electoral System

Parallel System

Mixed Electoral System

Multiple-Ballot System

Single-Ballot System

Two-Round System (TRS)

Preferential Voting

Semi-Proportional System

By-Law

Federalism

Leverage

Union

Syndicate

Debate

Margin of Error

Margin of Victory

Data Migration

Denial of Service Attack (DoS Attack)

Election Goal

Constituency/Electorate

Election Management Body (EMB)/ Electoral Administration

Board of Elections

Certification Body

Review Body

Legislature

Unicameral Legislature

Unicameral Legislature

Bicameral Legislature

Bicameral Legislature

Media Regulatory Body


»HÉîàfG ´Gõf

º°ù◊G áÑ°ùf

á©bƒàŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG áÑ°ùf

ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG áÑ°ùf

á«HÉîàfG áÑ°ùf

ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûe áÑ°ùf

äÉμÑ°ûdG è°ùf

ÜÉ°üf

á£∏°ùdG ¥É£f

äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàM’ ''GOQƒH'' ΩÉ¶f

…ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f

(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f

(ÖjQ~J á«dBG) »eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG ΩÉ¶f

ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

´GÎb’G ábQƒd á«Fƒ° dG IAGô≤dG á£°SGƒH âjƒ°üàdG ΩÉ¶f

á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f

»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f

Úàdƒ÷G ΩÉ¶f

~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f

»∏«ªμàdG/‘É°VE’G äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

πj~ÑdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

»∏«° ØàdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Oh~ÙG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG äƒ°üdG ΩÉ¶f

á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG ΩÉ¶f

∫hC’G õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f

á«Ñ°ùædG áªFÉ≤dG ΩÉ¶f

á∏àμdG ΩÉ¶f

á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ΩÉ¶f

Electoral Dispute

Threshold

Expected Turnout




Networking

Quorum

Jurisdiction

Borda Count

Plurality/Majority System

Majority System

Pyramid/Cascade System (Training Methodology)

Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting System

Mark-Sense System

Multi-Party System

Proportional Representation

Two-Round System (TRS)/Second Ballot Electoral

System/Double Ballot System

Single-Party System

Supplementary Vote

Alternative Vote

Preferential Voting

Limited Vote (LV)

Single Transferable Vote (STV)

Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)

Mixed-Member Proportional System (MMP)

First Past the Post

List Proportional Representation (List PR)/ Party-List

Proportional Representation System

Block Vote/Bloc Vote

List Proportional Representation (List PR)/ Party-List

Proportional Representation System


á∏ª◊G OGƒe

™jRƒà∏d I~©ŸG á∏ª◊G OGƒe

á∏ªë∏d á«FÉYO OGƒe

á∏ª◊G OQGƒe

ájOÉe OQGƒe

áfRGƒe

øWGƒe

´GÎb’G qø°S ‘ ¿ƒæWGƒe

á«æWGƒe

ÚÑNÉædG ∞bGƒe

…QGOEG ∞Xƒe

»eƒμM ∞Xƒe

RôØdG ¿hDƒ°T ∞Xƒe

(í«°TÎdG) Ö∏W Ë~≤àd »FÉ¡f ~Yƒe

´GÎb’G ™bƒe

ájOÉ«b äGõ«e

(í°TôŸG) øY ÖFÉf

ÖNÉf

¬ª°SG § p≤°SoCG ÖNÉf

πé°ùe ÒZ ÖNÉf

ÜõM ¤EG Ö°ùàæe ÒZ ÖNÉf

´ÉæbEÓd πHÉb ÖNÉf

m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf

âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒe ÖNÉf

íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf

πªàfi ÖNÉf

¿ƒa~¡à°ùe ¿ƒÑNÉf

(äÉHÉîàf’G) èFÉàf

á«dhCG èFÉàf

á«ª°SQ ÒZ èFÉàf

á«FÉ¡f èFÉàf

¿

Campaign Literature

Paraphernalia

Paraphernalia

Campaign Resources

Material Resources

Budget

Citizen

Voting Age Population

Citizenship

Voter Attitudes

Administration Clerk

Government Official

Vote Counting Officer

Filing Deadline

Polling Site

Leadership Qualities

Surrogate

Constituent/Voter

Omitted Voter

Unenrolled Voter

Unenrolled Voter

Persuadable Voter

Apathy Voter

Eligible Voter

Swing Voter

Prospective Voter

Target Voter

Results

Preliminary Results

Unofficial Results

Final Results


ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡

(Ö©°ûdG) πã‡

∫ uƒ‡

á°UÉN äÉÑ°SÉæe

áeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe

πªàfi ô°UÉæe

¿hô°UÉæe

IôXÉæe

Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±Éæe

á«eÓYEG äGQhÉæe

âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe

Üh~æe

Üõ◊G Üh~æe

(´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG áÑbGôe ¢V sƒØŸG) Üõ◊G Üh~æe

í°TôŸG Üh~æe

í°Tôª∏d »ª°SQ Üh~æe

ÚYƒ£àŸG ¿hDƒ°T ≥°ùæe

á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûæe

Ö°üæe

»©jô°ûJ Ö°üæe

…ò«ØæJ Ö°üæe

ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe

É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æe

Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe

áÑbGôŸG äÉª¶æe

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi (áYƒª› hCG) áª¶æe

á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi áª¶æe

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG (»ÑbGôe ¤EG án∏ ncƒe) ΩÉ¡e

(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e

»°SÉ«°S ¿ÉLô¡e

á∏ª◊G äÉfÉLô¡e

Rule

Representative

Funder/Sponsor

Created Events

Preset Events

Potential Supporter

Supporters

Debate

Unconstitutional

Manipulation of the Press

Enfranchise(ment)/Franchise

Delegate/Proxy

Party Agent

Poll Watcher

Candidate's Agent

Candidate's Official Agent

Volunteer Coordinator

Campaign Literature

Office

Legislative Office

Executive Office

Jurisdiction

At-Large District

Civil Society Organization (CSO)

Watchdog Organizations

Non-Partisan Domestic Election Monitoring/Observer

Organization (or Group

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

Domestic Election Monitoring Organization

Election Day Assignment (for Monitors/Observers)

Rally

Political Rally

Campaign Rally


á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûe

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûe

¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe

»°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûe

≈∏Y ábOÉ°üe

á«bG~°üe

´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á≤HÉ£e

±ƒ°û«H-ñÉÑæZÉg ádOÉ©e

á°VQÉ©e

ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L äG~©e

õq«‡ ± qô©e

áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«FQ ÜÉîàfG ácô©e

á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

áÑNÉ°U á«HÉîàfG ácô©e

´GÎb’G ∫õ© pe

(πé°ùdG øª°V) ÖNÉædÉH á°UÉN äÉeƒ∏©e

≈∏YC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe

á«°VƒØe

äÉHÉîàf’G á«°VƒØe

äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~a á«°VƒØe

á«° jƒ©J ~YÉ≤e

´Î≤e

âeÉ°U ´Î≤e

∫ uƒéàe ´Î≤e

´GÎb’G IQƒ°ü≤e

~©≤e

ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e

º«≤e

´GÎb’G ¿Éμe

≥Ñ°ùe ¢üî∏e

äÉ≤°ü∏e

Ú«eÓYEÓd ¢ü°üfl ∞∏e

Political Participation

Electoral Participation

Bill

Political Landscape

Ratify

Credibility

Ballot Reconciliation

Hagenbach-Bischoff Formula

Opposition

Hardware

Primary Key/ Unique Identifier

Mayoral Race

Race

Low Profile Race

High Profile Race

Voting Booth

Voter's Record

Election Commissioner

Commission

Election/Electoral Commission

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Compensatory Seats

Elector

Silent Elector

Itinerant Elector

Voting Booth

Seat

Characteristic of a Message

Resident

Polling Place

Briefing

Posters

Press Packet


ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe

ádÉ°SôdG ™Hôe

`H §ÑJôe

áÑNÉædG äÉÄ«¡dG IƒYO Ωƒ°Sôe

í°Tôe

(á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG) ‘ ô°ùîj ¿CG ™ qbƒàe/ô°SÉN í°Tôe

Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe

Ω~≤àe í°Tôe

¬àj’h á«¡àæe í°Tôe

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¿ƒ°ùaÉæàe ¿ƒë°Tôe

´GÎbG õcôe

∫ uƒéàe ´GÎbG õcôe

ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ õcôe

äGƒ°UC’G Rôa õcôe

äÉfÉ«ÑdG ™ª÷ õcôe

»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe

»ª°SQ ∫hDƒ°ùe

π«é°ùàdG ¿hDƒ°T øY ∫hDƒ°ùe

RôØdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe

äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S øY ∫hDƒ°ùe

øs«©oe ∫hDƒ°ùe

Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe

ádAÉ°ùe

RôØdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ~YÉ°ùe

º∏≤dG ¢ù«FQ ~YÉ°ùe

(ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ÚH) áæcÉ°ùe

ádCÉ°ùe

´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe

¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe

AGQB’G ™ p∏£à°ùe

¿ƒ∏≤à°ùe

ácQÉ°ûe

Media Monitoring

Election Monitoring/Observing

Message Box

Affiliate

Writ of Election

Candidate

Underdog

Nominee

Front-Runner

Incumbent Candidate

Electoral Competitors

Polling Center

Mobile Voting Center

Registration Center

Counting Center

Data Collection Center

Public Official/ Government Official

Public Official

Registration Officer

Teller (Vote Count)/Vote Counting Officer

Election Official

Appointed Official

Elected Official

Accountability

Vote Counting Assistant

Polling Station Assistant

Divided Government

Issue

Equal Suffrage

Equal Rights

Pollster

Independents

Participation


(I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG) ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏›

…~∏H ¢ù∏›

»HÉîàfG ™ª›

õ«cÎdG äÉYƒª›

ÒμØàdG äÉYƒª›

§¨° dG äÉYƒª›

ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›

á∏NG~àe äÉYƒª›

áeRÓàe äÉYƒª›

kÉ°übÉf kÓ«ã“ á∏ã‡ äÉYƒª›

¢ FGô©dG Ë~≤àH án∏ ncƒe áYƒª›

áÑ°SÉfi

ßaÉfi

(¿ÉæÑd) ßaÉfi

á¶aÉfi

RôØdG ô° fi

±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi

á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdÉH á°üàfl áªμfi

á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG áØdÉfl

(¿ÉæÑd) QÉàfl

äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ¿ƒ°üàfl

á∏ª◊G I~e

áj’ƒdG I~e

äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥b~e

∑ƒ∏°ùdG ÜGOBG áfh~e

á∏ª◊G ôj~e

ÊG~«e ôj~e

äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

‹h~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe


RÉëæŸG ÒZ »∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

Üõ◊G øe Ü n~àæe ÖbGôe

(äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe

Lower House

Municipal Council

Electoral College

Focus Group

Think Tank

Lobby

Interest Groups

Cross-Sets

Collateral Group

Underrepresented Groups

Petition Group

Accountability

Conservative

Governor

Governorate

Protocol

Appellate Court

Electoral Court/Tribunal

Improper Campaigning

Mayor


Campaign Period

Mandate

Scrutineer

Code of Conduct

Campaign Manager

Field Director

Election Monitor/Observer

International Election Monitor (or Observer)

Domestic Election Monitor (or Observer)

Non-Partisan Domestic Election Monitor (or Observer)

Party Observer

Observation


∫RÉæŸG ‘ (á«HÉîàfG) äGAÉ≤d

Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd

ÚYÎ≤ŸG íFGƒd

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

ájQh~dG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

áëë°üŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd

á«HÉîàfG íFGƒd

‹GÈ«d

»HõM ô“Dƒe

»Øë°U ô“Dƒe

ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe

Ö°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒe

í°TôŸG äÓgDƒe

ÚHõM øe ~sjDƒe

¿h~jDƒe

ífÉe

âjƒ°üàdG IQOÉÑe

á«f~e IQOÉÑe

RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe

á«æ≤J äÉÑ∏£àe

´ƒ£àe

ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe

Ê~e ™ªà›

¢ù∏›

¿É«YC’G ¢ù∏›

ñƒ«°ûdG ¢ù∏›

(É«fÉ£jôH) Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏›

øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ¢ù∏›

Ω

Coffees

Voters List

List of Electors

Voters List

Preliminary Voters List

Periodic Voters List

Corrected Voter's List

Revised Voters List

Final Voters List

Electoral List

Liberal

Convention

Press Conference

Government

Index of Disproportionality

Qualification

Bipartisan

Supporters

Donor

Ballot Initiative

Citizen Initiative

Partisan

Technical Requirement

Volunteer

Bipartisan

Civil Society

Council

Upper House

Upper House

Lower House

Upper House


äÉHÉîàf’G º«¶æJ ~YGƒb

á«Ñ©°T ~YGƒb

á£ZÉ°V iƒb

á«°SÉ«°S á∏YÉa iƒb

ºn«pb

á∏àc

øY ∞°ûc

ÉJƒc

(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''‹ÉjÈeEG'' ÉJƒc

(äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàM’) ''ÜhQO'' ÉJƒc

(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''…QÉg'' ÉJƒc

Üõ◊G áëF’

(»æWƒdG ¿hO iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y) á«∏ÙG Üõ◊G áëF’

Úë°TôŸG áëF’

á«HÉîàfG áëF’

IôM áëF’

á≤∏ë áëF’

áMƒàØe áëF’

á∏Ø≤e áëF’

á∏ªàμe áëF’

(í°TôŸÉH ∞jô©à∏d) áYRƒe äÉàa’

áæ÷

äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷

á∏ª◊G áæ÷

»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG áæ÷

äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~a áæ÷

äÉHÉîàfÓd ájõcôe áæ÷

á«MÓ£°UG á¨d

äÉHÉîàf’G õ«eôJ á¨d

∑

∫

Election Regulations/Rules

Grassroots

Lobby

Political Players

Values

Bloc

Disclosure

Quota

Imperiali Quota

Droop Quota

Hare Quota

Party List

Sub-National Party List

Slate

Ticket

Free List

Closed List

Open List

Closed List

Full List

Lawn Signs

Commission

Election/Electoral Commission

Campaign Committee

Political Action Committee (PAC)

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Central Election Commission

Jargon

Elections Markup Language (EML)


(äGƒ°UCÓd) ™jô°S Rôa

áàHÉãdG (ÚÑbGôŸG) ¥ nôpa

(ÖjQ~J á«dBG) ád uƒéàŸG ÚHQ~ŸG ¥ nôpa

ád uƒéàŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa

á∏ª◊G ≥jôa

ÚHô≤ŸG øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ≥jôa

OÉ°ùa

äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üa

á«°SÉ«°S á«dÉ©a

äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ≥MÉ°S Rƒa

~FÉb

Úë°TôŸG áªFÉb

…CGôdG IOÉb

á«còdG ábÉ£ÑdG ÇQÉb

ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb

á«≤FÓ©dG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb

IOh~ÙG OQGƒŸG I~YÉb

äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb

áë£°ùe äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb

¿ƒfÉb

»HÉîàfG ¿ƒfÉb/ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb

»à°ùLƒ∏dG º«¶æàdG º°ùb

äÉ«∏ª©dG º°ùb

á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùb

´GÎbG áª«°ùb

á«° b

∫ uƒéàe ´GÎbG º∏b

´GÎb’G º∏b

»ªbQ º∏b

ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb

á«HÉîàfG ºFGƒb

¥

Quick Count

Stationary Teams (Observers/Monitors)

Mobile Teams (Training Methodology)

Mobile Teams (Observers/Monitors)

Campaign Team

Kitchen Cabinet

Corruption

Adjudication

Political Efficacy

Landslide

Leader

Slate

Opinion Leaders

Smart Card Reader

Voter Database

Relational Database

Rule Finite

Database

Flat Database

Law

Electoral Code/Law

Logistic Division

Operations Division

Ward

Ballot/Ballot Paper

Issue

Mobile Polling Station

Polling Station/Poll

Digital Pen

Voters List

Electoral List


∫RÉY

ΩÉY

á≤ãdG πeÉY

âbƒdG πeÉY

º°ù◊G áÑàY

RÉ«ëf’G hCG õq«ëàdG Ω~Y

(´GÎb’G á«∏ªY) á∏bôY

á° jôY

á«HÉîàfG á° jôY

»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üàH (ÊÉŸôH ÖFÉf/∫hDƒ°ùe) ∫õY

ƒ° Y

º∏≤dG áÄ«g ƒ° Y

á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY

ájô°üæY

ÚÑNÉædG øY á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y

»HõM ÒZ

…Qƒà°SO ÒZ

RÉëæe ÒZ hCG õq«ëàe ÒZ

äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCÉH õFÉa

~YÉ≤ŸG qπc ≈∏Y π°UÉM õFÉa

äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H ºμ◊G hCG á£∏°ùdG ∫É≤àfG IÎa

äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG ájODƒe IÎa

ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa

ôJƒ«ÑªμdG á£°SGƒH ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ¢üëa

‹GQ~a

á«dGQ~a

äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G Rôa

´

Æ

±

Curtain (for Voting Booth)

Public

Confidence Level

Time

Threshold

Impartiality

Bottleneck

Petition

Election Petition

Legislative Recall

Member

Polling Official/Polling Station Officer

Electoral Process

Racism

Cross-Section of Voters

Non-Partisan

Unconstitutional

Non-Partisan/ Unbiased

First Past the Post

Winner-Take-All

Post-Election Transition

Run-up to an Election

Voter Fatigue

Computer Tests of the Voter List

Federal

Federalism

Count/ Vote Count

Preference Count


äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb º«ª°üJ •hô°T

ºμ◊G áj’h •hô°T

QÉ©°T

á«aÉØ°T

áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U

áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U

¿ƒ«aÉë°U

ájOÉ«b äÉØ°U

¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U

´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U

»LÉéàMG äƒ°U

(¬JGQÉ«N ~Øæà°SG) ~Øæà°ùe äƒ°U

•hô°ûdG ‘ƒà°ùe äƒ°U

≥q∏©e äƒ°U

™pæà‡ äƒ°U

~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U

í°TôŸG IQƒ°U

ÚÑNÉædG πé°S á¨«°U

á«eÓYEG áé°V

á«ØFÉW

(äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jôW

(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G §°SƒàŸG á≤jôW

´GÎb’G ábQh Ö«JôJ á≤jôW

(äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W

QGO ¤EG QGO øe ±GƒW

¢U

¢V

•

Database Design Requirements

Term Limits

Slogan

Transparency

Citizen Journalism

Civic Journalism

Press

Leadership Qualities

Jurisdiction

Ballot Box

Protest Vote

Exhausted Votes

Formal Vote

Provisional Vote

Declined Ballot

One Person, One Vote

Image

Format of the Voter Record

Hype

Sectarianism

Largest Remainder Method

Highest Average Method

Ballot Placement

Contest an Election/Challenge (Electoral)/ Contestation/

Electoral Contestation

Door-to-Door/Canvass


(áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG) ÚÑNÉædG πé°S

(áæq«©e IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG) ÊhÎμdE’G ÚÑNÉædG πé°S

…Qh~dG ÚÑNÉædG πé°S

¢SƒØædG πé°S

äGO’ƒdG πé°S

Ê~e πé°S

»bQh πé°S

âjƒ°üàdG áë°U ‘ ≥«b~à∏d »bQh πé°S

Ú°ùfÉéàe ÒZ ¿Éμ°S

´GÎb’G qø°S ‘ ¿Éμ°S

¿ƒ°ùfÉéàe ¿Éμ°S

á£∏°S

äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG á£∏°S

ºμ◊G á£∏°S

á©LGôŸG á£∏°S

á«©jô°ûJ á£∏°S

áªcÉM á£∏°S

á«FÉ° b á£∏°S

(ÚÑNÉædG) º«°ù≤J/™jRƒJ Aƒ°S

IOÉ«°S

áeÉY á°SÉ«°S

»°SÉ«°S

äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S

áeÉY á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°T

(á«HÉîàf’G ájÉY~dG ¢VGôZC’) äƒ°ü∏d äGÈμÃ IO qhõe äÉæMÉ°T

áμÑ°T

I~YÉ≤dG øY Phò°T

äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T

kÉ«aGô¨L ´ qRƒe ~«jCÉJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G •ô°T

äÉHÉîàf’G á«Yô°T

í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T

¢T

Poll Book

Electronic Poll Book

Periodic Voter Registry

Civil Registry

Birth Registry

Civil Registry

Paper Record/ Paper Trail

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)

Heterogeneous Population

Voting Age Population

Homogenous Population

Authority

Electoral Authority

Governing Authority

Review Authority

Legislature

Governing Authority

Judicial Power

Malapportionment

Sovereignty

Public Policy

Politician

Electoral Procedures

Public Policy Issue

Sound Trucks

Network

Anomaly

Vote-Buying

Distribution Requirements

Election Legitimacy

Ballot Qualification


á«∏«ã“ á«WGô≤ÁO

áÄ°TÉf á«WGô≤ÁO

ájDhQ

áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«FQ

º∏≤dG ¢ù«FQ

äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ¢ù«FQ

á£HGQ

m ´GQ

á°SÉ«°ùdG πLQ

(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ

…ôFGO ÊÉ«H º°SQ

I~ªYCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ÊÉ«H º°SQ

(ΩÓYE’G hCG äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ≈∏Y) áHÉbQ

á«JGP áHÉbQ

Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ

ájOÉ«b ìhQ

á«HÉîàf’G çG~MC’G áeÉfRhQ

á∏ª◊G áeÉfRhQ

º«YR

í°TôŸG áq«©°Vh ™qÑààd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

ÖNÉædG QÉ«N ~j~ëàd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

Úë°TôŸG Ö«JÎd »YÓ£à°SG ∫GDƒ°S

∫RÉY QÉà°S

»bQƒdG ≥«b~àdG πé°S

~«≤dG πé°S

ÚYÎ≤ŸG πé°S

ÚÑNÉædG πé°S

Q

R

¢S

Representative Democracy

Nascent Democracy

Vision

Mayor

Polling Official/Polling Station Officer

Chief Electoral Officer

Association

Funder/Sponsor

Politician

Message

Pie Chart

Bar Graph

Censorship

Self-Censorship

Direct Censorship

Leadership

Election Calendar

Campaign Calendar

Leader

Horse race Tracking

Horse Race Question

Horse Race

Curtain (for Voting Booth)

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)

Civil Registry

Register of Electors

Voter Registry/Voter File


á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ¥ôN

º°üN

á«°Uƒ°üN

ÜÉ£N

(á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ‘ á°UÉîH) »°SÉ«°S ÜÉ£N

á∏ª◊G á£N

äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN

IôFGO

π«ãªàdG ájOÉMCG IôFGO

á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

áëLQCÉàe á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO

ájOôa IôFGO

áëLQCÉàe IôFGO

π«ãªàdG IO~©àe IôFGO

~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO

Qƒà°SO

á«HÉîàfG ájÉYO

iƒYO

âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO

õ««“ ¿hO âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO

ÖbGôŸG π«dO

ÖNÉædG π«dO

á°UÉN á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

áj’ƒdG øª°V á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

IQhÉéàe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûæe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO

äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y Ú∏°UÉ◊G Úë°Tôª∏d á«fÉK IQhO

ádhO

áî°SGQ äÉ«WGô≤ÁO

á«WGô≤ÁO

O


Opponent

Privacy

Speech

Stump Speech

Campaign Plan

Contest an Election/Running for Office

District

Single-Seat Election

Constituency/Electoral District

Electoral Sub-District/ Precinct

Swing Precinct

Single-Seat Election

Swing District

Multi-Member District

Multi-Member District

Constitution

Electioneering

Proceedings

Pull

Blind Pull

Observer/Monitor Manual

Voter's Guide


Congressional Districts

Contiguous Districts


Majority-Runoff

State

Established Democracies

Democracy


»HõM

ÚæWGƒŸG ~°ûM

´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ƒ°ûM

Oƒ°SCG ¿É°üM

á°üM

äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ πØM

ΩÓYE’G ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG hCG ΩG~îà°SG ≥M

´GÎb’G ≥M

ƒà«ØdG ≥M

¢ ≤ædG ≥M

¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M

á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤M

á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M

ºμM

¿ƒfÉ≤dG ºμM

áeƒμM

á«aÓàFG áeƒμM

á«dÉM áeƒμM

á«Yô°T áeƒμM

á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM

á∏ªM

ájOG~JQG á∏ªM

á«bÉÑà°SG á∏ªM

»°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G á∏ªM

Iôªà°ùe á∏ªM

ájOÉ«M hCG OÉ«M

á«ØN á∏«M

âjƒ°üàdG ΩOÉN

äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ AGÈN

»eÓYEG ÒÑN

ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ÒÑN

ñ

Partisan

Mobilization

Ballot Box Stuffing

Dark Horse

Quota

Fundraiser

Media Access

Suffrage

Veto

Veto

Human Rights

Election Rights

Political Rights

Rule

Rule of Law

Government

Coalition Government

Incumbent Government

Legitimate Government

Government of National Unity

Campaign

Reactive Campaign

Proactive Campaign

Political Party Campaign

Constant Campaign

Neutrality

Trapdoor

Voting Server


Spin Doctor/Spin

Spin Doctor/Spin


èFÉàædG ™ªL

á«©ªL

(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘) áfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL

Qƒ¡ªL

ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL

ájQƒ¡ªL

IQ~æL

á«°ùæL

âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L

±hô◊G ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L

äÉeÓ©dG ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L

Iô°TÉÑe äÉfÉ«ÑdG •É≤àdG RÉ¡L

á«°ùŸ á°TÉ°ûH O qhõe âjƒ°üJ RÉ¡L

äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉK ádƒL

»HÉîàfG π°UÉM

áj’ƒdG ºcÉM

∫hõj ’ ÈM

´GÎb’G IôéM

IôFG~dG ºéM

(á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG) Oh~M

âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM

ájôM

ΩÓYE’G ájôM

ÒÑ©àdG ájôM

ΩÓμdG ájôM

ÜõM

ådÉK ÜõM

ºcÉM ÜõM

»°SÉ«°S ÜõM

ì

Collation of Results

Association

Sound Bite

Audience

Constituency/Electorate

Republic

Gender Mainstreaming

Citizenship

Voting Machine

Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)

Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Equipment

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Devices

Direct Data Capture (DDC) Device

Touch-Screen Voting Machines

Run-off Election


Governor

Indelible Ink

Voting Booth

District Magnitude

Boundary (Election)

Disenfranchise(ment)

Freedom

Freedom of Press

Freedom of Expression

Freedom of Speech

Party

Third Party

Ruling Party

Political Party


πHÉ≤e πjƒ“

~q«≤e πjƒ“

âfÎfE’G ÈY äÓª◊G º«¶æJ

´ qƒæJ

ÖNÉædG πjƒ¡J

äGƒ°UC’G ´ qRƒJ

á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ

äGQÉ«ÿG ™jRƒJ

~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ

≈∏YC’G ¤EG πØ°SC’G øe ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ

á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûæe ™jRƒJ

á∏ª◊G OGƒe ™jRƒJ

á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ

ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ

á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K

(´GÎb’G ábQh ‘) ≥dÉY Ö≤K

´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤K

äÉYÈàdG ™eÉL

ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L

á«∏ÙG äÉ©ªàÛG/äÉYÉª÷ÉH á°UÉÿG ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L

á©WÉ≤àe ∫hG~L

RôØdG èFÉàf ∫h~L

ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L

èFÉàædG ádh~L

áeÉ©dG ´Éªà°S’G á°ù∏L

»é«JGÎ°S’G §«£îà∏d á°ù∏L

∫GƒeC’G ™ªL

~jÈdG ÈY kIô°TÉÑe äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL

äÉYÈàdG ™ªL

ê

ç

Matching Funds

Hard Money

Internet Campaigning

Diversity


Ticket Splitting/Vote Splitting

Preferential Distribution/ Distribution of Preferences

Distribution of Preferences

Allocation of Seats/ Seat Allocation

Bottoms Up

Literature Drop

Literature Drop

Consolidation of Democracy/ Democratic Consolidation

Voter Education

Political Culture

Hanging Chad

Chad

Fundraiser

Voters Roll/Electoral Roll

Communal Roll

Cross Tabs

Tally Sheet/Reconciliation Sheet

Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT )

Tabulation of Results

Public Hearing

Strategic Planning Session

Fundraising

Direct Mail Fundraising

Fundraising


ÚæWGƒŸG áÄÑ©J

äÉ©jô°ûàdG πj~©J

ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb πj~©J

º°S’G ¤EG ± tô©J

»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J

ájOÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH ~¡©J

á«eÓYEG á«£¨J

âjƒ°üàdG á¡Lh Ò«¨J

¢ jƒØJ

ÚÑbGôŸG ôjQÉ≤J

äGƒ°UC’G º°SÉ≤J

á∏£°ùdG º°SÉ≤J

í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J

Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ôjô≤J

ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe ∫ƒM ôjô≤J

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ôjô≤J

ÜÉîàf’G ¢VGôZC’ …QGOEG º«°ù≤J

¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ

πàμJ

»HÉîàfG πàμJ

ÊÉŸôH »HõM πàμJ

äGƒ°UC’ÉH ÖYÓJ

(áYhô°ûe ÒZ ¢VGôZC’) á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dÉH ÖYÓJ

´GÎb’G ¥GQhCÉH ÖYÓJ

á«∏ÙG äÉYÉª÷G π«ã“

É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æŸG π«ã“

á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùb π«ã“

πeÉc »Ñ°ùf π«ã“

»eƒμM πjƒ“

ΩÉY πjƒ“

~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“

Mobilization

Legislative Amendment

Amendment of Electoral Law

Name Recognition


Neutrality Pledge

Media Market

Vote Shifting

Mandate

Monitoring Report

Ticket Splitting/Vote Splitting

Power Sharing

Applying for Candidacy

Self-Determination

Election Day Report

Media Monitoring Report

Database Product (or Report)

Polling Division

Level Playing Field/Equal Opportunity

Bloc

Apparentement

Caucus


Gerrymandering


Communal Representation

At-Large

Ward Representation

Full Representation



Soft Money


´GÎb’G ábQh º«ª°üJ

âjƒ°üJ

≈ªYCG âjƒ°üJ

»eGõdEG âjƒ°üJ

ÊhÎμdEG âjƒ°üJ

á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ

…ÌcC’G ΩÉ¶ædG Ö°ùëH á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ

á≤aGƒŸÉH âjƒ°üJ

ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ

äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ

´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤ãH âjƒ°üJ

íjô°üJ ÖLƒÃ âjƒ°üJ

(ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kÉYÓ£à°SG) »ª°SQ ÒZ »ÑjôŒ âjƒ°üJ

»ªcGôJ âjƒ°üJ

~∏ÑdG êQÉN âjƒ°üJ

¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ

…OÉY âjƒ°üJ

âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ

´GÎb’G ™bƒe øª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ

~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ

∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üJ

»FGƒ°ûY âjƒ°üJ

»HÉ«Z âjƒ°üJ

ô°TÉÑe ÒZ âjƒ°üJ

∑É°ûcC’G ‘ âjƒ°üJ

áFQÉ£dG ä’É◊G ‘ âjƒ°üJ

äGQÉØ°ùdG ‘ âjƒ°üJ

Oƒ°SC’G ¥h~æ°üdG ‘ âjƒ°üJ

Úë°TôŸG øe á£∏àfl áYƒªÛ âjƒ°üJ

ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ

ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÖNÉf âjƒ°üJ

ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J

ΩÉ¶ædGh øeCÓd kGõjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J

Ballot Structure

Vote/Voting

Donkey Vote

Compulsory Voting

Electronic Voting (E-Voting)

Block Vote/Bloc Vote

At-Large Plurality

Approval Voting

Proxy Vote

Choice Voting/Instant Runoff Voting (IRV)

Punch-Card Voting

Declaration Votes

Straw Poll

Cumulative Voting

Out of Country Voting (OCV)

Special Voting

Ordinary Vote

Internet Voting

Poll-Site Internet Voting

Postal Vote/Voting By Mail

Telephone Voting

Donkey Vote

Absentee Voting

Indirect Vote

Kiosk Voting

Emergency Voting

Embassy Voting

Black Box Voting

Voting for a Mix of Candidates

Advance Voting/Early Voting

Substitution of Voter

Conflict of Interest

Law and Order


Scrutiny

Voter Drop Off

Civic Education

Stratification (Strategy in PVT)

First Preference

Stay on Message

Consolidation of Democracy/ Democratic Consolidation

Boundary Delimitation/ Districting

Running for Office

Nomination


Hype

Stay on Message

Voter Information

Voter Fraud

Enrollment

Mail Registration

Registration of Parties or Candidates

Registration of Voters/ Voter Registration

Inclusive Registration

Indirect Recording

Duplicate Registration

Visibility

Literature Handout

Literature Handout

Nomination

GOTV = Get Out The Vote

Crossing Out Candidates (on the Ticket)

Mudslinging

Mudslinging

Ratify

Certification of Election Results

Validation of the Voters List

äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥«b~J

ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ™LGôJ

á«f~e á«HôJ

äÉ≤ÑW ‘ (´GÎb’G õcGôe) Ö«JôJ

äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JôJ

ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ hCG OGOôJ

á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SôJ

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ

äÉHÉîàfÓd í°TôJ

í«°TôJ

ÖNÉædG Ö«gôJ

»eÓYEG èjhôJ

ádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàdG

äÉeƒ∏©Ã ÚÑNÉædG ~jhõJ

»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ

(ÚÑNÉædG) π«é°ùJ

~jÈdG ÈY (ÚÑNÉædG) π«é°ùJ

Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ

ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ

πeÉ°T π«é°ùJ

ô°TÉÑe ÒZ π«é°ùJ

êhOõe π«é°ùJ

í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJ

á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûæe º«∏°ùJ

á∏ª◊G OGƒe º«∏°ùJ

(Úë°TôŸG) á«ª°ùJ

âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûJ

(á«HÉîàf’G áëFÓdG øe) AÉª°SCG Ö«£°ûJ

Ò¡°ûJ

á©ª°ùdG ¬jƒ°ûJ

≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ

äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf (áë°U) ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd áë°U ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ


Manifesto

Preliminary Statement on Observation

Interim Statement on Observation

Final Statement on Observation

Press Release

Post-Election Statement on Observation

Primary Voters List Database Data

Secondary Voters List Database Data

Reliable and Valid Data

Polling Data

Swing

Confirmation Date


In-kind Contribution

Campaign Donation

Consolidation of Democracy/Democratic Consolidation

Impartiality

Disenfranchise(ment)

Choice Transfer

Alliance

Choice Selection

Front-Loading

Verification

Booth Capturing

Stakeholder Analysis

Bias

Tactics

Audit (Electoral)

People-to-List Audit (of the Voters List)

List-to-People Audit (of the Voters List)

Voters List Audit

»ª°SQ (»HÉîàfG) ¿É«H

‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H

»Øë°U ¿É«H

äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée ¿É«H

ÚÑNÉædG áëFÓH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ‘ áLQ~e á«°SÉ°SCG äÉfÉ«H

ÚÑNÉædG áëFÓH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG ~YGƒb ‘ áLQ~e ájƒfÉK äÉfÉ«H

É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H

á«YÓ£à°S’G äÉ°SGQ~dG øe I~ªà°ùe äÉfÉ«H

íLQCÉJ

âqÑãe ïjQÉJ

á∏NG~àe äÉæjÉÑJ

á«æ«Y äÉYÈJ

á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ

á«WGô≤Á~dG â«ÑãJ

O qôŒ

âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ~jôŒ

äƒ°üdG Ò«Œ

∞dÉ–

äGQÉ«ÿG ~j~–

(áj~«¡ªàdG) äÉHÉîàfÓd ôμÑe ~Yƒe ~j~–

(RôØdG áë°U) øe ≥≤–

´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ–

ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY π«∏–

õq«–

á«μ«àμJ ÒHG~J

(»HÉîàfG) ≥«b~J

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ™e ¢SƒØædG πé°S á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J

¢SƒØædG πé°S ™e ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd á≤HÉ£Ã ≥«b~J

ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd (áë°U) ‘ ≥«b~J

ä



Bias

Voter Drop Off

Networking

Equity (Electoral)

Campaign Finance Regulations


Qualification

Ballots Cast

Voter Priorities

Public Affairs Programming

Parliament

Program

Platform

Firmware

Political Platform

Election Day Schedule

Propaganda

Palm Card

Voter's Identification Card

Observer Accreditation Card

Smart (Chip) Card

How-to-Vote Cards

International Election Observation Mission (or Delegation)

Observation Mission

Rhetoric

Rhetoric

Municipality

Neutral Political Environment

Uncontrolled Environment

Controlled Environment

á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG

RÉ«ëfG

ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ¢VÉØîfG

äÉμÑ°ûdG AÉ°ûfEG

(ÚÑNÉædG) ±É°üfEG

á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ áª¶fCG

á∏NG~àe äÉeÉ°ù≤fG

í°TôŸG á«∏gCG

É¡H ¤~oŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG

ÚÑNÉædG äÉjƒdhCG

áeÉ©dG ¿hDƒ°ûdG á°ûbÉæŸ á«eÓYEG èeGôH

¿ÉŸôH

èeÉfôH

»HÉîàfG èeÉfôH

âHÉK èeÉfôH

»°SÉ«°S èeÉfôH

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG πªY èeÉfôH

G~æZÉHhôH

~«dG ∞c ºéëH (í°TôŸG øY ∞jô©J) ábÉ£H

ÖNÉædÉH ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H

ÖbGôŸG ¢ jƒØJ ábÉ£H

á«cP ábÉ£H

âjƒ°üàdG á≤jôW º«∏©àd ábÉ£H

äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ (‹hO ~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H

(äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe áã©H

ÒÑ©àdG áZÓH

ΩÓμdG áZÓH

áj~∏H

ájOÉ«M á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«H

áWƒÑ° e ÒZ áÄ«H

áWƒÑ° e áÄ«H

Ü


Persuadability

Persuadability

Accessibility

Database Accountability

Press Secretary

Impersonation

Down Ballot

Gubernatorial Election

Multi-Seat Election

Single-Member District

Direct Suffrage

Election

Transitional Elections

Primary Election

Complementary Election

Preliminary Election

Blanket Primary

Closed Primary

Open Primary

Competitive Election

Free and Fair Elections

Genuine Elections

Special Election

Closely Contested Election

General Election

State Election

Caucus-Style Election

By-Election

Local Election

Closely Contested Election

Midterm Election

National Election

Electoral Violation

ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG á«fÉμeEG

ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG

´ÓW’Gh ácQÉ°ûŸG á«fÉμeEG

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ádAÉ°ùe á«fÉμeEG

ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ô°S ÚeCG

á«°üî°ûdG ∫ÉëàfG

kÉfCÉ°T ≈fOC’G Ö°UÉæŸG ÜÉîàfG

áj’ƒdG ºcÉM ÜÉîàfG

~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG

~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG

ô°TÉÑe ÜÉîàfG

äÉHÉîàfG

á«dÉ≤àfG äÉHÉîàfG

á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG

á«∏«ªμJ äÉHÉîàfG

áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

á∏eÉ°T áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

á≤∏ë áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

áMƒàØe áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG

á«°ùaÉæJ äÉHÉîàfG

á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG

á«≤«≤M äÉHÉîàfG

á°UÉN äÉHÉîàfG

¢ùaÉæàdG I~j~°T äÉHÉîàfG

áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG

äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàfG

Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ äÉHÉîàfG

á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG

á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG

áeƒªfi äÉHÉîàfG

áj’ƒdG ∞°üàæe äÉHÉîàfG

á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG

»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG


Balanced Media

Paid Media

Print Media

Press

Advertisements

Endorsement

Endorsement

Declaration of Results

Election Advertising

Negative Advertisements

Negative Advertisements

Landslide

Editorial

Propaganda

Legislative Recall

Measure

Polling/Balloting

Categorical Ballot

Secret Ballot

Universal Suffrage

Remote Internet Voting

Institutional Polls

Direct Suffrage

Administrative Exclusion

Legal Exclusion

Simple Majority

Manufactured Majority

Manufactured Majority

Absolute Majority

Plurality/Relative Majority

Invalidation of Results

Media Complaint Mechanism

Media Monitoring Methodology

¿RGƒàe ΩÓYEG

´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG

´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG

¿ƒ«eÓYEG

(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÓYEG

~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG

ºY~dG ¿ÓYEG

èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG

»HÉîàfG ¿ÓYEG

ájOÉ≤àfG äÉfÓYEG

á«Ñ∏°S äÉfÓYEG

á≤MÉ°S ájÌcCG/á«Ñ∏ZCG

á«MÉààaG

á«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG

»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üàH (ÊÉŸôH ÖFÉf/∫hDƒ°ùe) ádÉbEG

AÉàØà°SÓd ìhô£e ìGÎbG

´GÎbG

º°SÉM ´GÎbG

…ô°S ´GÎbG

ΩÉY ´GÎbG

âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY ´GÎbG

äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ‘ ´GÎbG

ô°TÉÑe ´GÎbG

…QGOEG AÉ°übEG

ÊƒfÉb AÉ°übEG

ájOÉY ájÌcCG

áÑ qcôe ájÌcCG

á©æ£°üe ájÌcCG

á≤∏£e ájÌcCG

á«Ñ°ùf ájÌcCG

ÜÉîàf’G èFÉàf AÉ¨dEG

ΩÓYE’G ~°V ihÉμ°ûdG ™aQ á«dBG

ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe á«dBG


Bribing Voters

Verifiable Findings

Targeting

Geographic Targeting

Demographic Targeting

Election Supervision

Stakeholder

Establishment

Database Exports

Reform

Electoral Reform

Campaign Finance Reform

Salvaged Votes

Popular Vote

Surplus Votes

Salvaged Votes

Votes Cast

Data Reporting Protocols

Legal Framework

Political Players

Recheck

Redistricting/ Redistribution

Redistribution/ Redivision

Choice Runoff

Redistribution/ Redivision

Recheck

Recount

Claims

Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT )

Electronic Media

Privately Controlled Media

State Controlled Media

Earned Media

Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádÉªà°SG

É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG øμÁ äÉLÉàæà°SG

(ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG

‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG

‘GôZƒÁO ±G~¡à°SG

äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TEG

ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG

PƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG

äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb äGQG~°UEG

ìÓ°UEG

»HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG

äÓª◊G πjƒ“ áª¶fCG ìÓ°UEG

PÉ≤fE’G äGƒ°UCG

ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCG

á° FÉa äGƒ°UCG

IOÎ°ùe äGƒ°UCG

áYp Î≤e äGƒ°UCG

äÉfÉ«ÑdG π≤f ∫ƒ°UCG

ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG

¿ƒ∏YÉa ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°S ±GôWCG

(´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG) ‘ ≥«b~àdG IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J IOÉYEG

äGQÉ«ÿG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG

á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG

(´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG) ¢üëa IOÉYEG

äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG

(äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf) ≈∏Y ¢VGÎYG

ájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG

ÊhÎμdG ΩÓYEG

¢UÉN ΩÓYEG

»ª°SQ ΩÓYEG

´ƒa~e ÒZ ΩÓYEG


Security Test

Functionality Test

Parallel Test

Usability Test

End-to-End Test

Sampling of Results

Technical Irregularities (in the Voters List)

Code of Ethics

Past Performance

Code of Ethics

Directorate

Booth Management

Double Entry

Casting a Vote


Convention Bounce

Convention Bounce

Q&A

Press Q&A

Choice Elimination

Strategy

Exit Poll

Political Polling

Election Opinion Survey

Opinion Poll

Push Poll

Straw Poll

Baseline Poll

Tracking Poll/Survey

Coattails

Plebiscite/ Referendum

Volunteer Recruitment

Complaint Form

áeÓ°ùdG QÉÑàNG

á«dÉ©ØdG QÉÑàNG

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG QÉÑàNG

∫Éª©à°S’G ádƒ¡°S QÉÑàNG

πeÉ°T QÉÑàNG

èFÉàædG øe áæq«Y QÉ«àNG

(ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘) á«æ≤J AÉ£NCG

πª©dG äÉ«bÓNCG

á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ (ÜGõMC’G/Úë°TôŸG) AGOCG

πª©dG ÜGOBG

IQGOEG

´GÎb’G º∏b IQGOEG

êhOõe ∫ÉNOEG

¬Jƒ°üH (ÖNÉædG) A’OEG

èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ú°ùæ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉeOEG

»Hõ◊G ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG º¡°SCG ´ÉØJQG

»Hõ◊G ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG á«Ñ©°T OÉjORG

áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG

Ú«eÓYE’G áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG

äGQÉ«ÿG OÉ©Ñà°SG

á«é«JGÎ°SG

IQOÉ¨ŸG ~æY (ÚÑNÉædG) AGQBG ´Ó£à°SG

á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG

äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ƒM AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG

ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG

(»ª°SQ ÒZ) »FGƒ°ûY …CGQ ´Ó£à°SG

¢V pôöe …CGQ ´Ó£à°SG

á«dhC’G …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG

á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG

ôNBG í°Tôe á«Ñ©°T øe IOÉØà°SG

ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG

ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG

ihÉμ°ûdG Ë~≤àd IQÉªà°SG


áá««HHôô©©ddGG ®®ÉÉØØddCC’’GG OOôô°°ùee

Coalition

Research

District Research

Public Opinion Research

Candidate Research

Opposition Research

Visibility

Union

Federal

Direct Voter Contact

Mail Outreach/ Direct Outreach

Phone Banking

Unreliable Evidence

Caucus

Town Hall Meeting

Proceedings

Complaints Adjudication Process

Review Process

Election Day Protocol

Alien/Non-Citizen

Resident Non-Citizen

Enumeration

Census

Ballot Box Seals

Load Test

±ÓàFG

çÉëHCG

IôFG~dG ∫ƒM çÉëHCG

ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉëHCG

í°TôŸG ∫ƒM çÉëHCG

á°VQÉ©ŸG ∫ƒM çÉëHCG

í°TôŸG RGôHEG

á«dÉªY äGOÉ–G

…OÉ–G

ÚÑNÉædÉH ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG

~jÈdG ÈY (ÚÑNÉædÉH)ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG

ÚÑNÉædÉH »ØJÉg ∫É°üJG

¬H ¥ƒKƒe ÒZ äÉÑKEG

á«Hõ◊G IOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG

™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG

äGAGôLEG

ihÉμ°ûdG ‘ qâÑdG äGAGôLEG

á©LGôŸG äGAGôLEG

»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG äGAGôLEG

»ÑæLCG

~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e »ÑæLCG

(ÚÑNÉædG) AÉ°üMEG

¿Éμ°ù∏d »ª°SQ AÉ°üMEG

´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ΩÉàNCG

AGOC’G QÉÑàNG

CG

Arabic-English Index


Campaiign Plaan

Election

p gp gGovernancee

nnJudicial PPowe

Majority

Judicial PPoweJJJJJ dicial PPowedicial Pow

R l M

Bias

GG

BiBi

National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs

2030 M Street, NW, 5th FloorTel: 202 728 5500

Fax: 202 728 5520www.ndi.org