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Traffic Congestion Management
Using RFID & Wireless Technologies
Prof Somprakash Bandyopadhyay
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CALCUTTA
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Introduction
Traffic congestion on road networks is characterized by
slower speeds, longer trip times, and increasedvehicular queuing.
Vehicle volume is increased exponentially, but the road
infrastructure cannot be, that leads to increase traffic
congestion. Different technologies are there to detect traffic
congestion and making congestion management more
efficient.
But these technologies have several drawbacks, such
as installation problems, complexity, cost, etc.
We introduce Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as
a easier, efficient and inexpensive congestion detection
technology.
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Your cars will be tagged
The Economic Times: September 25, 2007
The ministry of heavy industries is considering aproposal to make it mandatory to fit RFID-enableddevices in the cars manufactured in India. It isbelieved that RFID tags would help in traffic
management as traffic violations by motorists couldbe tracked and all violations identified. Also, motoristswould get charged automatically as soon as they entera toll area.
The ministry of urban development has already
discussed a similar agenda with many states. Theministry has proposed a core area charge fordifferent cities to reduce traffic congestion in the citysnerve centre. So, people could end up paying a speciallevy to drive into Connaught Circus, the heart of theCapital.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Auto/RFID_Revolution_Your_cars_will_be_tagged/articleshow/2401080.cmshttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Auto/RFID_Revolution_Your_cars_will_be_tagged/articleshow/2401080.cms8/3/2019 7 Congestion Management Somprakash
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Your cars will be tagged
In Singapore, public transport buses andtrains employ RFID cards known as EZ-Linkcards. Traffic into crowded downtown areasis regulated by variable tolls imposed usingan active tagging system combined with the
use of stored-value cards (known as cashcards).
RFID is also used in Malaysia Expresswayspayment system, known as Touch n Go .
Due to the name and design, the card needsto be touched for usage.
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Your cars will be tagged
With an eye to improving trafficmanagement and information access, theOrlando/Orange County ExpresswayAuthority (OOCEA) is deploying an RFID-based traffic-monitoring system in centralFlorida.
The goal is to implement a system thatwould trace the travel time of individualcars as they pass the roadside readers,create an average trip time and thendisseminate that information to the public.
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Scope of Active RFID based System
Using ActiveRFIDand Wireless Networking Technology for Automatic
Vehicle Identification with the following objectives:
Automatic Congestion Detection in Real-Time
Automatic Detection of Vehicles approaching towards congested
area and automatic messaging for redirecting the (selected)
Vehicles for Congestion Avoidance: Priority-based CongestionManagement
A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a traffic signal
in that particular direction to remain open for larger duration
thus adaptively controlling the signal
Automatic Billing of Core Area Charges / Toll Charges by
identifying vehicles within Core Area / Toll Area
Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges for selected Traffic Rule
Violation (speed limit violation, entry into congested area in spite
of re-routing messaging)
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Objectives of the Presentation
Find out the available technologies and their
drawbacks.
Introduce Active RFID as a emerging technology.
Propose to design a smart and fully automatic
system for detecting traffic congestion in real time.
Management the congestion efficiently to ensure
smooth traffic flow with the use of Active RFID andGSM technology.
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Available Technology
Inductive loop detection
Video data analysis
Passive Infrared sensors
Wireless Sensor Network
Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)
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Inductive loop detection
It can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles by
measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of
vehicles during a unit of time.
Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple
lanes.
Drawbacks:
1. The error rate is
quite high.
2. Maintenance is verytedious.
3. Traffic cannot be
managed locally.
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Video Data Analysis
Video feeds from the cameras.
The built-in software harvests information from thatvideo.
Information ( vehicle volume, average velocity,etc.) then
fed into the fuzzy system.
That outputs the level of traffic congestion.
Shortcomings:
1.The overall system is
quite expensive.
2.The fuzzy algorithm is
not very accurate.
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Passive Infrared sensors
Passive sensors detect energy emitted from vehicles, road
surfaces, and other objects in their field of view and by
the atmosphere .
The captured energy is focused by an optical system onto
an infrared-sensitive material which converts the reflected
energy into electrical signals.
Real-time signal processor analyze the signals to detect
presence of a vehicle.
Passive infrared sensors
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Wireless Sensor Network
Magnetic sensors are deployed by the road intersection to
detect vehicles.
The sensors send the collected data to the Intersection
Control Agent (ICA).
ICA process the data and dynamically controlled the
traffic light
A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a trafficsignal in that particular direction to remain open for
larger duration thus adaptively controlling the signal.
Magnetic sensors
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Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technologythat use for the purpose of identification andtracking using radio waves.
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is anintegrated circuit for storing and processing
information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specializedfunctions. The second is an antenna for receivingand transmitting the signal.
There are two types of RFID devices:
Active RFID device contain a battery and can transmitsignals autonomously
Passive RFID devices have no battery and require anexternal source to provoke signal transmission
Our aim is to focus on active RFID technology.
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On Active RFID and
Real-Time Locating System
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Active RFID
Onboard battery to power up Tag circuitry
More Memory
Better Read Range
Tag-to-Tag communications possible
Ad hoc networking capabilities
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Why Active RFID?
Active tags does not depend on Readers toinitiate a communication
It can send unique beacons to inform itspresence Periodically
Active RFID devices can act as tags or Readers
or Routers
Active tags can even be integrated with sensorsto form a a standard wireless sensor node
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Hardware Components
A small, universal, battery-powered IEEE 802.15.4-CompliantRF device
Operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band
Uses low-power
can be programmed to act as Tag, Router, Coordinator
Tag Attached to an object to track them accurately
Router
Placed at strategic locations and help forming the mesh network alongwith the tags
Coordinator Enables Tags and Routers to form a IEEE 802.15.4-based mesh network
It is connected to a host system which in turn is connected to a wired
backbone and/or cell-phone networkusing GPRS / CDMA modem
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R1
R4
R2
R5
R6
R8
M1 at R1
Wireless Mesh Network
I amM1
Beacon
R3
I amM1
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R1
R4
R2
R5
R6
R8
Wireless Mesh Network
I amM1
Beacon
R3M1 at R3
I amM1
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R1
R4
R2
R5
R6
R8
Wireless Mesh Network
I amM1
Beacon
R3
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R1
R4
R2
R5
R6
R8
R3
Congestion at R4 R8Private cars towards R8 =>Take Route R4-R6-R5-R8
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R1
R4
R2
R5
R6
R8
R3
I am M3Private
I amM1
Private
I am M5Public
M1 violated the rule.
Penalty charge tobe applied
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Proposed Framework
The framework consisting of the following
components; Vehicle unit with Active RFID tag, (optional) display &
audio interface Roadside Active RFID Reader / Router units that would
capture beacons from cars and forward them to controlstation, either in multi-hop through other roadside routers orusing GSM/GPRS network services; and,
Control Station (s) for accepting vehicle data, doingnecessary computations based on pre-defined traffic-rules,issuing traffic-management messages and emergencyservice information to the relevant vehicles and computingnecessary billing for individual vehicles
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Detection and Management oftraffic congestion The system will use roadside RFID readers to collect signals from
active RFID attached to the vehicle units already installed in thecustomer vehicles.
The goal is to implement a system that would trace the travel time
of individual cars as they pass the roadside readers, compute anaverage trip time and then use a rule-based system to decidewhether the area is congested.
If congestion is detected, the system would control traffic signals/ generate automatic re-routing messages to selected approaching
vehicles
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Automatic detection of speed limitviolation
The same technique is used to calculate thespeed of a motorist and to detect if heviolates the prescribed speed limit.
On detection of such violation, a warningmessage will be sent to the audio anddisplay interface of the motorist and penalty
will be calculated in the server and will bebilled monthly to the vehicle owner.
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Automatic Billing of Core Area / TollCharges Automatic toll collection and automatic core area
charge collections are also done using the sameframework.
Reader unit will be placed at toll-booth and along themotorable roads around the core area which will detecteach individual vehicle uniquely within its zone bycapturing their device ids and will keep records of thetime during which the vehicle was seen by thosereaders within its reading zone.
This information will be sent to a central server.Accordingly the central server will calculate thecharges and raise bills against the vehicle ids.
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Advantage of Active RFID
No direct Line of Sight required for identification &
tracking.
Enables very specific detection of vehicles.
Simultaneous multiple detection of vehicles are
possible using RFID.
No performance degradation during harsh
weather.
C ti D t ti &
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Congestion Detection &
Management Scheme
Our scheme basically consists of two parts:
a) detection of congestion at any road leadingto a junction.
b) effective management to control that
congestion ensuring smooth traffic flow.
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Device Description
Active RFID Devices: Coordinator
Router
Tag
Other Devices:
GSM modem
C di t
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Coordinator
coordinators are IEEE802.15.4 compliant low-power
and short-range RF devices operating on 2.4 GHzfrequency band.
Coordinators have a serial interface through which
external GSM/ GPRS devices can be interfaced with it
to make it a dual-radio device, one is 2.4 GHz radio
interface and the other is GSM/GPRS interface.
Coordinator receives
data from either
router or tag using
its 2.4 GHz RFinterface and can
communicate with
remote server using
its GSM/GPRS
interface.
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Router & Tag
Tags emit radio signals that can be captured by devices
like routers or coordinators.
Routers are capable to capture tag data and relay the
captured data to either another router or coordinator in
its range.
Router Tag
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System Design
Let us name the 4 stretches leading to a four point
crossing as A, B, C and D.
Let us denote the left, straight and right turn be
denoted by 1, 2 and 3 (in subscript).
Ca, Cb, Cc and Cd are
coordinators and R1 to R8 arerouters that are capable of
reading active RFID tags.
Routers and coordinators are
placed 300 m apart on each
stretch of road leading to
crossing.
All the four coordinators placed
are not in each others range. R2and R3 are in the range of Cb, R4and R5 are in range of Cc and so
on.
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We assume that all the vehicles have a unique activeRFID tag attached to them.
All the coordinators are connected to GSM modems,
and are capable of receiving and sending SMS texts to
coordinators in other neighboring junctions, and also
to the local traffic kiosk and central control room.
Traffic lights at the junction are controlled by the
coordinators nearest to them.
All coordinators have a clock integrated with them,
and they are capable to recording timestamps (theabsolute time of occurrence) of events.
System Design Cntd
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Congestion Detection Phase
When a vehicle passes the router, the active RFID tag of that
vehicle sends a beacon to the nearest router. Router thenforwards it to the coordinator.
As soon as the coordinator gets the routers message,immediately it saves the message and waits for getting anothermessage from the same tag when it passes by the coordinator.
When that tag passes by that coordinator it sends anotherbeacon to the coordinator.
After receiving the beacon,from its timestamp, thecoordinator calculates thespeed of the vehicle and
sends it to the controlstation using GSMnetwork.
Congestion Detection Phase
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All the stretches leading to the junction get the greensignal in a cycle, for a time duration that isproportional to the population of vehicles.
This population is calculated from the number of tagsthat are in the range of each coordinator.
After obtaining the count and the average speed of allvehicles, the coordinator determines the level ofcongestion depending on some predefined condition.
Congestion Detection Phase
Cntd
Congestion Management
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Congestion Management
Phase When a coordinator detects a high level of congestion,
it cannot take further load It sends a SMS tocoordinators in its preceding junction notifying themto temporarily stop traffic along that stretch.
After receiving the SMS from its successor crossingpoint the coordinator will put the red signal on for
that stretch towards that congested crossing point fora set period of time.
As soon as the congestion is released at the crossing,the corresponding coordinator will send another SMSto its earlier coordinator indicating to resume thetraffic flow again in that direction.
Accepting this message the coordinator of thepreceding junctions put the red light off and greensignal on and restart the signal cycle as before.
Si l ti M d l
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Simulation Model
Simulation software was developed using Java applet.
Each junction is controlled by 4 traffic signals, eachcontrolling the traffic from a particular direction (asshown in figure).
Each traffic signal consists of 3-light for controllingthe left, straight, right turn.
The vehicles approachthe junction from allthe 4 directions andcan choose to move in
any direction (left,straight or right)maintaining aminimum spacebetween each other toavoid collision.
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Further Research
The GSM network is used to exchange SMS among the
coordinators, which is not fully reliable.
Loss of message or delay may hamper the correctdetection of congestion and real time delivery ofmessage.
Our consideration was only the velocity of the vehicles
to determine the degree of congestion.
Other criteria, such as, average waiting time, averagequeue length, and some special cases might be taken toconsideration to measure congestion more accurately.
we can also dynamically control the signal timing of thetraffic light depending on the degree of congestion at aparticular lane.
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Acknowledgment
We are grateful to DIT, Govt. of India
For funding
Smart-Road: An Intelligent Traffic Congestion
Management System using RFID and wireless
Networking Technology project
at IIM Calcutta
f
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References
[1] Krause, B., von Altrock, C., Pozybill, M.: Intelligent Highway by Fuzzy
Logic: Congestion Detection and Traffic Control on Multi-Lane Roadswith Variable Road Signs. Proceedings of EUFIT`96, Aachen,Germany, 1996
[2] Cherrett, T., Waterson, B. and McDonald, M. (2005) Remote automaticincident detection using inductive loops. Proceedings of the Institution ofCivil Engineers: Transport, 158, (3), 149-155.
[3] Palubinskas, G., Kurz, F., and Reinartz, P., 2009. Traffic congestion
parameter estimation in time series of airborne optical remotesensing images. In: Proc. of ISPRS Hannover Workshop 2009 - HighResolution Earth Imaging forGeospatial Information, 2-5 June, 2009,Hannover, Germany, ISPRS.
[4] Palubinskas, Gintautas and Kurz, Franz and Reinartz, Peter (2008)Detection of traffic congestion in optical remote sensing imagery. In:International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium . IEEE .IGARSS08 , 2008-07-06 - 2008-07-11 , Boston, USA.
[5] P. Pongpaibool, P. Tangamchit and K. Noodwong, "Evaluation of RoadTraffic Congestion Using Fuzzy Techniques," Proceeding of IEEETENCON 2007, Taipei, Taiwan, October 2007.
[6] Agilent Intelligent Traffic Video Detection Workstation Data Sheet.http://cp.literature. agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-4034EN.pdf
[7] Traffic Detector Handbook:Third Edition Volume I(http://www.tfhrc.gov/its/pubs/06108/ 02a.htm)
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Thank You