7 Congestion Management Somprakash

8/3/2019 7 Congestion Management Somprakash

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Traffic Congestion Management

Using RFID & Wireless Technologies

Prof Somprakash Bandyopadhyay

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CALCUTTA


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Introduction

Traffic congestion on road networks is characterized by

slower speeds, longer trip times, and increasedvehicular queuing.

Vehicle volume is increased exponentially, but the road

infrastructure cannot be, that leads to increase traffic

congestion. Different technologies are there to detect traffic

congestion and making congestion management more

efficient.

But these technologies have several drawbacks, such

as installation problems, complexity, cost, etc.

We introduce Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as

a easier, efficient and inexpensive congestion detection

technology.


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Your cars will be tagged

The Economic Times: September 25, 2007

The ministry of heavy industries is considering aproposal to make it mandatory to fit RFID-enableddevices in the cars manufactured in India. It isbelieved that RFID tags would help in traffic

management as traffic violations by motorists couldbe tracked and all violations identified. Also, motoristswould get charged automatically as soon as they entera toll area.

The ministry of urban development has already

discussed a similar agenda with many states. Theministry has proposed a core area charge fordifferent cities to reduce traffic congestion in the citysnerve centre. So, people could end up paying a speciallevy to drive into Connaught Circus, the heart of theCapital.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Auto/RFID_Revolution_Your_cars_will_be_tagged/articleshow/2401080.cmshttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Auto/RFID_Revolution_Your_cars_will_be_tagged/articleshow/2401080.cms


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In Singapore, public transport buses andtrains employ RFID cards known as EZ-Linkcards. Traffic into crowded downtown areasis regulated by variable tolls imposed usingan active tagging system combined with the

use of stored-value cards (known as cashcards).

RFID is also used in Malaysia Expresswayspayment system, known as Touch n Go .

Due to the name and design, the card needsto be touched for usage.


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With an eye to improving trafficmanagement and information access, theOrlando/Orange County ExpresswayAuthority (OOCEA) is deploying an RFID-based traffic-monitoring system in centralFlorida.

The goal is to implement a system thatwould trace the travel time of individualcars as they pass the roadside readers,create an average trip time and thendisseminate that information to the public.


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Scope of Active RFID based System

Using ActiveRFIDand Wireless Networking Technology for Automatic

Vehicle Identification with the following objectives:

Automatic Congestion Detection in Real-Time

Automatic Detection of Vehicles approaching towards congested

area and automatic messaging for redirecting the (selected)

Vehicles for Congestion Avoidance: Priority-based CongestionManagement

A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a traffic signal

in that particular direction to remain open for larger duration

thus adaptively controlling the signal

Automatic Billing of Core Area Charges / Toll Charges by

identifying vehicles within Core Area / Toll Area

Automatic Billing of Penalty Charges for selected Traffic Rule

Violation (speed limit violation, entry into congested area in spite

of re-routing messaging)


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Objectives of the Presentation

Find out the available technologies and their

drawbacks.

Introduce Active RFID as a emerging technology.

Propose to design a smart and fully automatic

system for detecting traffic congestion in real time.

Management the congestion efficiently to ensure

smooth traffic flow with the use of Active RFID andGSM technology.


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Available Technology

Inductive loop detection

Video data analysis

Passive Infrared sensors

Wireless Sensor Network

Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)


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Inductive loop detection

It can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles by

measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of

vehicles during a unit of time.

Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple

lanes.

Drawbacks:

1. The error rate is

quite high.

2. Maintenance is verytedious.

3. Traffic cannot be

managed locally.


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Video Data Analysis

Video feeds from the cameras.

The built-in software harvests information from thatvideo.

Information ( vehicle volume, average velocity,etc.) then

fed into the fuzzy system.

That outputs the level of traffic congestion.

Shortcomings:

1.The overall system is

quite expensive.

2.The fuzzy algorithm is

not very accurate.


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Passive Infrared sensors

Passive sensors detect energy emitted from vehicles, road

surfaces, and other objects in their field of view and by

the atmosphere .

The captured energy is focused by an optical system onto

an infrared-sensitive material which converts the reflected

energy into electrical signals.

Real-time signal processor analyze the signals to detect

presence of a vehicle.

Passive infrared sensors


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Wireless Sensor Network

Magnetic sensors are deployed by the road intersection to

detect vehicles.

The sensors send the collected data to the Intersection

Control Agent (ICA).

ICA process the data and dynamically controlled the

traffic light

A high vehicle density in a particular lane causes a trafficsignal in that particular direction to remain open for

larger duration thus adaptively controlling the signal.

Magnetic sensors


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Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technologythat use for the purpose of identification andtracking using radio waves.

Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is anintegrated circuit for storing and processing

information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specializedfunctions. The second is an antenna for receivingand transmitting the signal.

There are two types of RFID devices:

Active RFID device contain a battery and can transmitsignals autonomously

Passive RFID devices have no battery and require anexternal source to provoke signal transmission

Our aim is to focus on active RFID technology.


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On Active RFID and

Real-Time Locating System


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Active RFID

Onboard battery to power up Tag circuitry

More Memory

Better Read Range

Tag-to-Tag communications possible

Ad hoc networking capabilities


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Why Active RFID?

Active tags does not depend on Readers toinitiate a communication

It can send unique beacons to inform itspresence Periodically

Active RFID devices can act as tags or Readers

or Routers

Active tags can even be integrated with sensorsto form a a standard wireless sensor node


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Hardware Components

A small, universal, battery-powered IEEE 802.15.4-CompliantRF device

Operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band

Uses low-power

can be programmed to act as Tag, Router, Coordinator

Tag Attached to an object to track them accurately

Router

Placed at strategic locations and help forming the mesh network alongwith the tags

Coordinator Enables Tags and Routers to form a IEEE 802.15.4-based mesh network

It is connected to a host system which in turn is connected to a wired

backbone and/or cell-phone networkusing GPRS / CDMA modem


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R1

R4

R2

R5

R6

R8

M1 at R1

Wireless Mesh Network

I amM1

Beacon

R3

I amM1
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R1

R4

R2

R5

R6

R8


I amM1

Beacon

R3M1 at R3

I amM1


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R1

R4

R2

R5

R6

R8


I amM1

Beacon

R3


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R1

R4

R2

R5

R6

R8

R3

Congestion at R4 R8Private cars towards R8 =>Take Route R4-R6-R5-R8


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R1

R4

R2

R5

R6

R8

R3

I am M3Private

I amM1

Private

I am M5Public

M1 violated the rule.

Penalty charge tobe applied


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Proposed Framework

The framework consisting of the following

components; Vehicle unit with Active RFID tag, (optional) display &

audio interface Roadside Active RFID Reader / Router units that would

capture beacons from cars and forward them to controlstation, either in multi-hop through other roadside routers orusing GSM/GPRS network services; and,

Control Station (s) for accepting vehicle data, doingnecessary computations based on pre-defined traffic-rules,issuing traffic-management messages and emergencyservice information to the relevant vehicles and computingnecessary billing for individual vehicles


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Detection and Management oftraffic congestion The system will use roadside RFID readers to collect signals from

active RFID attached to the vehicle units already installed in thecustomer vehicles.

The goal is to implement a system that would trace the travel time

of individual cars as they pass the roadside readers, compute anaverage trip time and then use a rule-based system to decidewhether the area is congested.

If congestion is detected, the system would control traffic signals/ generate automatic re-routing messages to selected approaching

vehicles


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Automatic detection of speed limitviolation

The same technique is used to calculate thespeed of a motorist and to detect if heviolates the prescribed speed limit.

On detection of such violation, a warningmessage will be sent to the audio anddisplay interface of the motorist and penalty

will be calculated in the server and will bebilled monthly to the vehicle owner.


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Automatic Billing of Core Area / TollCharges Automatic toll collection and automatic core area

charge collections are also done using the sameframework.

Reader unit will be placed at toll-booth and along themotorable roads around the core area which will detecteach individual vehicle uniquely within its zone bycapturing their device ids and will keep records of thetime during which the vehicle was seen by thosereaders within its reading zone.

This information will be sent to a central server.Accordingly the central server will calculate thecharges and raise bills against the vehicle ids.


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Advantage of Active RFID

No direct Line of Sight required for identification &

tracking.

Enables very specific detection of vehicles.

Simultaneous multiple detection of vehicles are

possible using RFID.

No performance degradation during harsh

weather.

C ti D t ti &


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Congestion Detection &

Management Scheme

Our scheme basically consists of two parts:

a) detection of congestion at any road leadingto a junction.

b) effective management to control that

congestion ensuring smooth traffic flow.


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Device Description

Active RFID Devices: Coordinator

Router

Tag

Other Devices:

GSM modem

C di t


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Coordinator

coordinators are IEEE802.15.4 compliant low-power

and short-range RF devices operating on 2.4 GHzfrequency band.

Coordinators have a serial interface through which

external GSM/ GPRS devices can be interfaced with it

to make it a dual-radio device, one is 2.4 GHz radio

interface and the other is GSM/GPRS interface.

Coordinator receives

data from either

router or tag using

its 2.4 GHz RFinterface and can

communicate with

remote server using

its GSM/GPRS

interface.


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Router & Tag

Tags emit radio signals that can be captured by devices

like routers or coordinators.

Routers are capable to capture tag data and relay the

captured data to either another router or coordinator in

its range.

Router Tag


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System Design

Let us name the 4 stretches leading to a four point

crossing as A, B, C and D.

Let us denote the left, straight and right turn be

denoted by 1, 2 and 3 (in subscript).

Ca, Cb, Cc and Cd are

coordinators and R1 to R8 arerouters that are capable of

reading active RFID tags.

Routers and coordinators are

placed 300 m apart on each

stretch of road leading to

crossing.

All the four coordinators placed

are not in each others range. R2and R3 are in the range of Cb, R4and R5 are in range of Cc and so

on.


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We assume that all the vehicles have a unique activeRFID tag attached to them.

All the coordinators are connected to GSM modems,

and are capable of receiving and sending SMS texts to

coordinators in other neighboring junctions, and also

to the local traffic kiosk and central control room.

Traffic lights at the junction are controlled by the

coordinators nearest to them.

All coordinators have a clock integrated with them,

and they are capable to recording timestamps (theabsolute time of occurrence) of events.

System Design Cntd


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Congestion Detection Phase

When a vehicle passes the router, the active RFID tag of that

vehicle sends a beacon to the nearest router. Router thenforwards it to the coordinator.

As soon as the coordinator gets the routers message,immediately it saves the message and waits for getting anothermessage from the same tag when it passes by the coordinator.

When that tag passes by that coordinator it sends anotherbeacon to the coordinator.

After receiving the beacon,from its timestamp, thecoordinator calculates thespeed of the vehicle and

sends it to the controlstation using GSMnetwork.



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All the stretches leading to the junction get the greensignal in a cycle, for a time duration that isproportional to the population of vehicles.

This population is calculated from the number of tagsthat are in the range of each coordinator.

After obtaining the count and the average speed of allvehicles, the coordinator determines the level ofcongestion depending on some predefined condition.


Cntd

Congestion Management


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Congestion Management

Phase When a coordinator detects a high level of congestion,

it cannot take further load It sends a SMS tocoordinators in its preceding junction notifying themto temporarily stop traffic along that stretch.

After receiving the SMS from its successor crossingpoint the coordinator will put the red signal on for

that stretch towards that congested crossing point fora set period of time.

As soon as the congestion is released at the crossing,the corresponding coordinator will send another SMSto its earlier coordinator indicating to resume thetraffic flow again in that direction.

Accepting this message the coordinator of thepreceding junctions put the red light off and greensignal on and restart the signal cycle as before.

Si l ti M d l


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Simulation Model

Simulation software was developed using Java applet.

Each junction is controlled by 4 traffic signals, eachcontrolling the traffic from a particular direction (asshown in figure).

Each traffic signal consists of 3-light for controllingthe left, straight, right turn.

The vehicles approachthe junction from allthe 4 directions andcan choose to move in

any direction (left,straight or right)maintaining aminimum spacebetween each other toavoid collision.


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Further Research

The GSM network is used to exchange SMS among the

coordinators, which is not fully reliable.

Loss of message or delay may hamper the correctdetection of congestion and real time delivery ofmessage.

Our consideration was only the velocity of the vehicles

to determine the degree of congestion.

Other criteria, such as, average waiting time, averagequeue length, and some special cases might be taken toconsideration to measure congestion more accurately.

we can also dynamically control the signal timing of thetraffic light depending on the degree of congestion at aparticular lane.


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Acknowledgment

We are grateful to DIT, Govt. of India

For funding

Smart-Road: An Intelligent Traffic Congestion

Management System using RFID and wireless

Networking Technology project

at IIM Calcutta

f


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References

[1] Krause, B., von Altrock, C., Pozybill, M.: Intelligent Highway by Fuzzy

Logic: Congestion Detection and Traffic Control on Multi-Lane Roadswith Variable Road Signs. Proceedings of EUFIT`96, Aachen,Germany, 1996

[2] Cherrett, T., Waterson, B. and McDonald, M. (2005) Remote automaticincident detection using inductive loops. Proceedings of the Institution ofCivil Engineers: Transport, 158, (3), 149-155.

[3] Palubinskas, G., Kurz, F., and Reinartz, P., 2009. Traffic congestion

parameter estimation in time series of airborne optical remotesensing images. In: Proc. of ISPRS Hannover Workshop 2009 - HighResolution Earth Imaging forGeospatial Information, 2-5 June, 2009,Hannover, Germany, ISPRS.

[4] Palubinskas, Gintautas and Kurz, Franz and Reinartz, Peter (2008)Detection of traffic congestion in optical remote sensing imagery. In:International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium . IEEE .IGARSS08 , 2008-07-06 - 2008-07-11 , Boston, USA.

[5] P. Pongpaibool, P. Tangamchit and K. Noodwong, "Evaluation of RoadTraffic Congestion Using Fuzzy Techniques," Proceeding of IEEETENCON 2007, Taipei, Taiwan, October 2007.

[6] Agilent Intelligent Traffic Video Detection Workstation Data Sheet.http://cp.literature. agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-4034EN.pdf

[7] Traffic Detector Handbook:Third Edition Volume I(http://www.tfhrc.gov/its/pubs/06108/ 02a.htm)


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