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Wireless Network Design and Commission Testing
Tom BennettRCDD, DCDC, ESS, OSP, WD, TECH, CT
BICSI
Welcome and Introduction• Discussion Topics for Today’s Session:
– The RF Spectrum : Understanding the Frequency Plan– Wireless Architecture– Wireless Topology– Wireless Components– Design Fundamentals– Preliminary Site Surveys– Wireless Toolsets– Pre and Post Commission Testing
The RF Frequency Spectrum
Frequencies of Interest• Two Way Mobile Radio • 3G,4G,5G Frequency Bands• LTE Frequency Band• IDEN• Carrier Wireless• 900 Mhz ITMS
Frequencies of Interest• 1.8 Ghz Carrier Cellular• 2.1 Ghz Carrier Cellular• 2.4 Ghz 802.11• 4.9 Ghz Public Safety Band• 5.0 Ghz 802.11• 5.8 Ghz 802.11• 6 Ghz Microwave
Frequencies of Interest• 18 Ghz – Microwave• 23 Ghz – Microwave• 40 Ghz –Microwave• 60 Ghz – Millimeter Wave• 80 Ghz – Millimeter Wave
Categories of Wireless Architecture
• Mobility Based Networks– Cellular– LTE– IDEN– GSM– Trunked Radio
Categories of Wireless Architecture
• Fixed Outdoor Wireless Networks– Microwave 6 Ghz, 12 Ghz, 18 Ghz, 23 Ghz, 38 Ghz– Millimeter Wave 60 Ghz, 80 Ghz– Mesh 900 Mhz, 2.4 Ghz, 5 Ghz, 5.8 Ghz
Categories of Wireless Architecture
• Fixed Indoor 802.11 Wireless Networks– 802.11 Standard Deployment– A Channels – B Channels– G Channels– N Channels– AC Channels
Categories of Wireless Architecture
• Distributed Antenna Systems – DAS• Host Specific
• Host Neutral
• Bi-amplifier based Systems
Categories of Wireless Topology
• Point to Point Fixed Transmission– Bandwidth and Frequency Band Options
– Short Haul 1-10 Miles
– Long Haul 10+ Miles
Two totally different Engineering approaches required
Categories of Wireless Topology
• Point to Multipoint Fixed Transmission
– Bandwidth and Frequency Band Options
– Master, Slave Operation
Categories of Wireless Topology
• Mesh Networks (Both Fixed and Mobile)– Bandwidth and Frequency Band Options
Design Fundamentals
• LOS vs. NLOS Propagation Performance• Predicting Performance
• Fresnel Zone Impact
Design Fundamentals
• Steps for Topographic Analysis– USGS Maps– Terrestrial and Seasonal
Influences– Bodies of Water
Design Fundamentals
• Creation of an RF Path Profile w/Terrestrial Influences
• Design Challenge Activity
Design Fundamentals
Calculation of Free Space Loss
Design Fundamentals
• Microwave – Analog
– Digital
Design Fundamentals
• Millimeter Wave – Limited Distance, High Bandwidth
• 60 Ghz• 80 Ghz• Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum
Design Fundamentals
• Fresnel Zone Performance• Beam Width Antenna Performance• Fade Margin • Other Additional Environmental Factors
Wireless Network Components
• RF Oscillators, Transceivers and their design– IF frequencies and their purpose in the RF chain
• Coupling and Circulator losses• Transmission Line Loss vs. Frequency
• RF Antenna Types, Gain and Application– Parabolic Reflectors
• Gain versus Diameter• Beam Width versus Distance
– Planar Reflectors• Gain vs size • Beam Width vs Distance w/ lobe pattern
Wireless Network Components
• New Industry Developments• Ground Potential Rise Mitigation
• Rotational Polarization vs. H, V
• MIMO enhancements in antennas, radio
Wireless Network Components
Wireless Network Components
• Antenna Lobe Patterns for Performance– Omnidirectional
vs.– Unidirectional
Support Infrastructure
• Fiber Optics Transport Design– SMAAS (Single Mode as a Strategy) in building system
• Coaxial Distribution Model
Support Infrastructure
• Lightning Protection Considerations
Support Infrastructure
• Electrical Power Quality
• Testing Voltage, Phase, Noise and Ampacity for all Primary and Backup Wireless Circuits for Head End Equipment is a Must.
• Backup and Generator Requirements for DAS
Support Infrastructure
• Grounding and Bonding Methodology– ANSI/TIA 607 Compliance
Support Infrastructure
• Node B Configuration and Setup
• Proper Mounting and Cable Support– Wall Mount, Options and Hardware– Bend Radius and Cable Support– Rack Considerations– Wire Management
Facility Engineering
• Rooftop Spectrum Survey and Analysis
• Determining Antenna Orientation Requirements• Antenna Tilt• Transmit Power
Facility Engineering
• Rooftop Systems Engineering• Structural Analysis • Lightning Protection and Prevention Systems
Facility Engineering
• Engineering Pathway for Donor Antennas– Conduit Recommendations– Bend Radius for LDF and other rigid coaxial cable
Facility Engineering
• Structural Mast, Parapet and Pole Mount Best Practices
• Roof Membranes
• Roof Structure and Wind Loading
• Wind Loading
Facility Engineering
Rooftop Assessment Challenge Activity
Performing a Rooftop Site Survey
Performing a Rooftop Site Survey
Examples of Rooftop Design Considerations– Structural Engineering Considerations– Penetrations (Important Warranty Issue)– Anchoring and Cable Support Methodology– Cable Bridge Supports
Performing a Rooftop Site Survey
• Link Simulation and Testing– LOS Verification
• Frequency Congestion and Its Impact on Performance– Mitigation Strategies for Dense Wireless Environments– Colocation of Carrier Equipment– Power and Grounding
Performing a Rooftop Site Survey
• Spectrum Interference Tool Analysis and Mitigation• Techniques and Difficulty Related to Interference Location
Performing a Pre Install Validation
• Pre Install Performance ValidationVerifying Donor Antenna Azimuth and Tilt
• Propagation Verification Process– In Building Tests to Confirm Software Analysis
Support Infrastructure
Telecom Space Installation Considerations• Node A Headend Layout
– Single Host– Neutral Host
• Adjacencies and Multi Carrier Separation Best Practices• Overhead Ladder Support• Electrical Build Out
Support Infrastructure
• Telecom Space Installation Examples– Single Host
– Neutral Host
RF Antenna Installation
• Antenna Mounting Hardware
– Mast and Pole Mount
– Tower Mount
RF Antenna Alignment
Azimuth and Elevation Settings
RF Antenna Alignment
• Main Lobe Alignment and Peak Performance
RF Antenna Alignment
• Antenna Drift Mitigation• Structural Mount Reinforcement• Tower type (guyed vs. nonguyed)• PM Link Measurement
RF Antenna Alignment
• Safety Considerations for Energy Exposure
• Power Levels and EIRP
• Physical Safety Systems (Tools, Platform)
Building Propagation Analysis
• Analysis of structural materials and their impact on attenuation and performance…1. Steel Frame Impacts2. Core Space Impacts (Elevator, Stair Shafts)3. Drywall, Wood Frame, Glass Coatings4. Floor to Floor Isolation
Building Propagation Analysis
• Identifying potential dead spot coverage zones– Basement Areas
– Non linear building shapes
– Shielded areas (Medical Special Purpose)
Building Propagation Analysis
Industry RF Tool Sets• iBwave
– Multistory DAS propagation analysis
Industry RF Tool Sets
• Air Magnet– 802.11 Coverage and AP placement analysis
Industry RF Tool Sets
• Motorola Site Planner– Campus or Downtown Outdoor Mesh Propagation
Active Survey Validation
• Use of Powered RF CW Signal Sources
Active Survey Validation
• RF Spectrum Analyzer survey measurements
Active Survey Validation
• Demonstration of Active Spectrum Sampling using the Tektronix RSA 306 Field Spectrum Analyzer
Active Survey Validation
Use of the Impedance Bridge for SRL testing
Active Survey Validation
• Steps to Proper RF Performance Validation1. Benchmark Measurement at Frequency of Interest
using CORRECT Antenna (Gain approximates Actual)2. Proper Documentation Process3. Data Entry 4. Comparison to Predicted Propagation
Case Studies for Design
• Mesh Topology Based Design• Public Safety Mobility Network for Municipality
– Challenges– Coordination– Interfaces– Performance
Case Studies for Design
• Distributed Antenna System Design– Regional Health Care Facility
1. Public Safety2. Carrier Neutral Design3. SM Riser Network4. Challenges due to Facility
Commission Testing
The Commission Testing Process1. Commissioning Statement2. Commissioning Agent3. Commissioning Plan4. Documentation and Forms
Commission Testing
• Structural Return Loss Testing for Coaxial Infrastructure with an Impedance Reflection Bridge
Commission Testing
• RF PIM Validation and Network Feedback Carrier Testing
Commission Testing
The Dynamics of Proper RF Levels
1. RF Level TX/RX balancing2. Node B output gain3. Node A Input Receive Level 4. Wireless Device Receiver Dynamics
DAS Acceptance Test
Testing Procedure for Facility Acceptance
1. Knowledge of Carrier Specific Performance Requirements2. Documentation Process Format (test measurements)3. Acceptance Report Submittal Documents
Carrier AcceptanceSummary of Key Factors for Success
• Submission of Design Documentation• Commissioning Roles and Responsibilities• Test and Acceptance Report• Signoff and Carrier Acceptance• System Activation
Questions
Thank you for participating in the session!Blessings and have a great 2016 conference.
