What was the Industrial Revolution?• The Industrial Revolution means the time period from the middle

1700’s through the 1800’s (18th and 19th centuries).

• The way people made goods changed because of new technology and methods for producing goods. – new technology– new methods for producing goods

• Change in production resulted in major changes in the way people lived.

• An industrial market economy developed.– Industry centered in city factories rather than

village family industry (cottage system).– Farm land was controlled by large companies.

• Fewer people worked on a family farm.• People moved to the cities to get jobs.

• The new, large machines allowed goods to be produced faster and cheaper.

Changes in Farming and Food.

• Landowners experimented with new agricultural methods like the seed drill and crop rotation.

• Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities. – This was called the Enclosure

Movement:• Factors of Production (needed for

industrial production):– Land and natural resources, – Transportation, – Labor, – Capital (wealth for investment).

• Jethro Tull, b. 1674, d. Feb. 21, 1741, was an English agriculturist and inventor who had an important influence on English agricultural methods.

• Tull believed that crops would grow better if planted in row, with between-row cultivation to keep weeds down.

• Tull devised the first successful mechanical seed drill and a horse-drawn row cultivator.

• George Washington Carver, born in 1861, became an American educator, botanist, and chemist. •In 1896 Carver became head of Tuskegee Institute's agricultural school.

•He developed more than 300 by-products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans: cereals, oils, dyes, soaps, and food substitutes.

•He began his "school on wheels," a traveling classroom that taught Alabama farmers the basics of soil enrichment. •His fame as a scientist and educator grew throughout the world, and when he died at Tuskegee, on June 5, 1943, he was one of America's most honored scientists.

Heroes of Farming:

G.W. CARVER

Industrial Revolution Began in Britain and shortly after in the United States.

• England and the U.S. had a large population of workers.

• England and U.S. had a large supply of natural resources -- water, coal, iron, trees.

• They had rivers for transportation, and ocean ports. They developed the technology to build railroads.

• England and U.S. had business people with enough money to invest in new machines and factories.

• Britain and U.S. had all

the factors of production:

• Land and natural resources,

• Transportation,• Labor,• Capital (wealth for

investment).

• Rapid growth of industry created a larger middle class of – skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy

farmers. • Most of the wealth was in the hands of factory owners and

merchants. • Urbanization - the rapid growth of cities:

– People moved to the cities to find work in factories.• The working conditions in factories were unsafe.

– Many were exploited including women and children.– Women and children worked in cottage industries.

• That custom carried over to the factories.• Also, children could move under machines and they were

easy to train.– The large machines could easily injure workers.

• Many workers lost fingers, hands or arms.– Workers were forced to work long hours (12 to 16 hours) for

little pay.• Poverty gripped the working class.

– Many workers could not earn enough money to provide for all the necessities for their families.

• Reformers at the beginning of the 20th century in every state passed laws requiring that children attend school and not be forced to work in factories.

• Compulsory education for children insured every child’s freedom to receive and education and also protected them.

• Life in the 19th-century city was unpleasant because of the Industrial Revolution. • The environment was often polluted with filth and smoke, • and housing conditions were crowded and unsanitary. • Basic amenities such as water supply and sewage disposal

were deficient, • and as a result disease and death rates were high.

• There were no codes for sanitation or buildings.• People lacked adequate housing, education and police

protection.• Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters called tenement houses.

– Whole families crowding into one bedroom.– Ventilation was poor in the tenements and the danger of fires was high.

British Inventions and Innovations

• In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle.– This was a lever

mechanism that drove the shuttle on a track across the loom.

• In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.– The spinning jenny spun cotton

or wool into yarn and thread.– The first spinning jenny could

spin 16 spools of yarn at the same time.

• Edmund Cartwright was an English clergyman.

• Cartwright invented the first power loom in 1785.– The power loom could

change shuttles without stopping.

– Empty spools of thread were changed and replaced by full spools of thread automatically.

• A compartment, called a magazine, held full spools of thread.

The power to move the new machines!

• James Watt was a Scottish engineer.

• Watt created a steam engine to run machinery in 1769.– Watt began selling his machine

in 1775.• Watt’s rotary steam engine

became the main source of energy and power in the factories of the Industrial Revolution.

• The metric units of power, called “watts,” are named after James Watt.

• The steam engine was fueled by coal.– Burning coal allowed factories

to be located on any available land, not just near water.

Engines use power to turn a turbine or move a piston.

The steam engine was later used to power ships and locomotives.

• In the U.S., Robert Fulton’s first steam boat was launched in 1807.

• His first commercially successful steamboat was the Clermont.

• He envisioned a transportation system along canals, rivers, and roads.

• Fulton developed time schedules and passenger comfort.

• Samuel Slater- brought the idea for a mechanical loom from England. This started the industrial revolution in America.

• Francis Cabot Lowell - built a textile factory in Massachusetts. Women and girls began to work in factories.

• Canal- channel dug and filled with water to allow ships to cross a stretch of land; goods were carried along canals by barges.

• Erie Canal - built by DeWitt Clinton to provide a link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.

• Turnpikes - paved toll roads where travelers paid a fee to use them. Once the toll was paid, the pike was turned or lifted. Such toll roads were called turnpikes.

• National Road - first federal road that linked Cumberland, Maryland with Wheeling, Virginia and later west to Vandalia, Illinois; sometimes called the Cumberland Road.

• Robert Fulton - invented the first steamboat, The Clermont. Steamboats cut travel time and the cost of moving goods and people.

• factory system - a form of production in which many supervised workers tended machines under one roof.

• interchangeable parts - parts manufactured so as to be nearly identical and thereby interchangeable for each other in the manufacture and repair of machinery.

• Eli Whitney - invented the cotton gin and first developed and applied the principle of interchangeable parts in manufacturing (each specific part was made identically; thus a new part could easily replace the old part). .

• cotton gin - machine for quickly separating cotton fibers from

seeds.

•Whitney, Eli (1765-1825), an American inventor, is best known for his cotton gin.

•This invention provided a fast, economical way to separate the cotton seeds from the fibers.

•Whitney's cotton gin made cotton growing profitable and quickly helped the United States become the world's leading cotton grower.

•Whitney also became a manufacturer of muskets and other weapons.

•It was in making muskets that Whitney developed the process on interchangeable parts.

Spinning Jenny

Bessemer Process: Converting iron ore into steel.

•Business

•Steam engines, mass production, steel for machinery, and manufacturing through the use of interchangeable parts caused large businesses to replace small workshops.

• The ability to communicate rapidly through the use of the telegraph increased wide-scale sales.

• The need to economize and share the benefits of transportation systems linking suppliers and consumers to business resulted in an aggregation of businesses in the same area.

• Labor

• The replacement of small workshops where skilled workers crafted products with large-scale factories resulted in a demand for cheap, unskilled labor in the factories (supplied by women, children, and immigrants).

• Transportation

• The development of the clipper ships gave America a large share in the world trade market in the 1840 ﾕ s and 1850 ﾕ s.

• The successful engineering of canals and locks linked the North and West and made relatively easy and cheap transportation possible across the Appalachian Mountains.

• The development of the steam engine to power boats, ships, and railroads made rapid and cheap transportation across America possible.

• Agriculture

• The invention of the steel plow and the mechanical reaper revolutionized farming, making it possible for one farm family to feed dozens of city families.

• The Great Plains were turned into wheat fields.

• The invention of the cotton gin to clean cotton fibers led to the dominance of cotton as the major crop the South (and to an increased demand for slave labor to care for the cotton crops).

• Environment

• The building of large-scale factories led to large-scale pollution of waters and air.

• Construction of canals and railroads permanently altered the natural landscape. The expansion of farming led to deforestation.

• Mining increased to supply the metals needed for machinery.

• Industrialization led to large-scale cities with problems of sufficient clean water supply, waste

disposal, etc.

• Essential Vocabulary, cont.

• Telegraph - invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, it sent electrical signals along a wire.

• Steel plow - invented by John Deere, could be pulled by a horse rather than oxen and could prepare a field for planting much faster.

• Reaper - invented by Cyrus McCormick, it was used to harvest wheat, rather than having to cut it down by hand.

• Steam power - used instead of water power in factories and allowed factory owners to build factories almost anywhere, not just alongside swiftly flowing rivers.

• Interchangeable parts - developed by Eli Whitney, parts were made so alike that they could replace one another if they broke. Goods could be made rapidly and repaired easily.

•Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper

1834 Cyrus McCormick patented the reaper.

•Cyrus H. McCormick (1809-1884), invented a reaping machine that revolutionized grain harvesting in the United States.

•His horse-drawn reaper enabled farmers to harvest more than 10 acres (4 hectares) of grain per day.

•Before his invention, farmers harvested with cradle scythes and a skilled worker could harvest at most 2 or 3 acres (0.8 to 1.2 hectares) per day.

•Because of the reaper and more efficient planting, fewer farmers could produce more food than before.

•As a result of technological innovations, fewer (but larger) farms and fewer farm workers are needed to produce more food per year than ever.

•Technology makes the production of goods more efficient.

The horse-drawn reaper enabled farmers to harvest more than 10 acres (4 hectares) of grain per day. Before his invention, farmers harvested with cradle scythes and a skilled worker could harvest at most 2 or 3 acres (0.8 to 1.2 hectares) per day.

• Urbanization

• The location of large-scale businesses and manufacturing centers near natural transportation routes and natural resources, encouraged the development of large cities with a supply of cheap and available labor.

• These urban centers concentrated first around the major industries and transportation ports.

• Cities began expanding away from the central business district as service-oriented firms began to develop.

• Improved transportation systems in the North encouraged industrial expansion.

• Businesses shipped goods on rivers, the Great Lakes, and the growing networks of canals and railroads between the North and the West.

• Changes in agriculture helped industrial development in the North.

• Improved steel plows, the cotton gin, and the grain-reaping machine helped farmers in the West and South produce more agricultural goods.

• These goods were then shipped along railroads and waterways to towns where meatpacking plants, flour mills, and textile factories turned them into finished products.

• The products then supported the populations of large urban, industrial areas in the North where factory workers could not produce their own food.

• The cotton gin supplied cotton to an ever-expanding textile factory system (which utilized waterpower and then the steam engine for power, the spinning jenny to spin thread, the power loom to weave cloth, and the sewing machine to stitch clothing).

• Demand for iron engines and rails increased iron mining and smelting.

• The need for metal to withstand higher temperatures under stress led to the

development of the Bessemer process for smelting steel from iron ore.

• Steel production changed during the 1860s. – The Bessemer process (an invention using blasts of hot air

to purify molten iron) increased the rate at which steel could be produced, lowering the cost of producing steel and making it a cheap building material.

• Steel contributed to the industrialization of America by being used in building skyscrapers, machines, and railroads.

• The vast growth of the railroads affected American life by:– linking the West and the East,

• carrying passengers, mail, • bringing natural resources to factories,• bringing products to market place in cities and towns,

– spurring the growth of cities,– increasing opportunities to settle in the west.

A Transportation Revolution!• During the 19th century a transportation revolution

accompanied and helped along the Industrial Revolution. – Villages and farms in remote parts of Europe and America were

linked to a national and global economy by toll roads, canals, steamships, and railroads.

– Soon the innovations were taken to Africa and Asia as well. Each new invention created a market for others.

• Railroads, for example, stimulated the iron industry. – Improved iron manufacture, after the innovation of the

steel alloy, facilitated the construction of skyscrapers and automobiles.

• The first railroads were slow, but they developed rapidly. – The Rocket was used on the first public railway line,

which opened in 1830. • The 32-miles of track went from Liverpool to Manchester,

England.

• The Rocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 miles per hour.

• Since they were an efficient way to move resources and goods, railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution.

• The less expensive transportation lowered the price of goods and made for larger markets.

• More sales meant more demand, which meant more factories and machines.

• This regular, ongoing cycle of economic growth was a basic feature of the Industrial Revolution.

• The railroad was the most important transportation development.

• America had fewer than 100 miles of track in 1830. By 1860 it had about 30,000 miles of track.

• In 1869 the Transcontinental Railroad was completed linking the east and west of the United States.

• The railroad turned the United States into a massive market.

The Industrial Revolution

Children had been an important part of the family economy in preindustrial times. They worked in the fields or at home in cottage industries. In the Industrial Revolution, however, child labor was exploited.

The flying shuttle and the water-powered loom both caused the need for more thread.

The spinning jenny met the need for more thread.

Production increased.