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VIDEO Patterns of Interaction:The Industrial and ElectronicRevolutions

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The IndustrialRevolution, 1700–1900

Previewing Main IdeasFrom the spinning jenny to the locomotive

train, there was an explosion of inventions and technological advances. Theseimprovements paved the way for the Industrial Revolution.Geography What other European countries besides England had coal, iron,and textile industries in the 1800s?

The global power balance shifted after the IndustrialRevolution. This shift occurred because industrialized nations dominated therest of the world.Geography Study the map. Which country appears to be the mostindustrialized?

The Industrial Revolution transformed economic systems. Inpart, this was because nations dramatically changed the way they producedand distributed goods.Geography What geographic factors might have encouraged thedevelopment of industry in certain places?

ECONOMICS

EMPIRE BUILDING

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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What are fair workingconditions?You are a 15-year-old living in England where the Industrial Revolution hasspurred the growth of thousands of factories. Cheap labor is in great demand.Like millions of other teenagers, you do not go to school. Instead, you work in a factory 6 days a week, 14 hours a day. The small pay you receive is needed tohelp support your family. You trudge to work before dawn every day and workuntil after sundown. Inside the workplace the air is hot and foul, and aftersunset it is so dark it is hard to see. Minding the machines is exhausting, dirty,and dangerous.

EXAM I N I NG the I SS U ES

• Would you attempt to change your working conditions inthe factory?

• Would you join a union, go to school, or run away?

In small groups, discuss these questions. Share your conclusionswith your class. In your discussions, think about how children livedin preindustrial and industrial societies all over the world. As youread about the changes caused by industrialization, note how reformmovements eventually improved conditions for most laborers.

Long hours: The sunmay be shining throughthe windows as thischild’s day begins, but it will have disappearedby the time his dayends.

Dangerous machines:Children usually workedin bare feet with nosafety equipmentamong machines withmany moving parts.

Hot temperatures anddust-filled air: Dustparticles from thousandsof bobbins cling to theclothing and hang in air heated by themachinery.

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