WATER TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM

MIRA RAHAYU

23405017

Introduction

The water transportation system may be viewed narrowly or broadly. Narrowly, it is the business of shipping lines, terminal operators, and port authorities. More broadly, it has major impacts – both direct and indirect – on the economies and intermodal transportation systems of every state. Many states depend on low-cost, reliable inland water transportation for the shipment and receipt of goods. Other states And Their industries depend on efficient access to international markets and suppliers via the nation’s deepwater seaports.

MTS Critical Issue

1. Intermodal Systems Integration (channels/locks/dams, terminals, highways, rail)

2. Security Needs3. Environmental Challenges and Responses4. Emerging Technologies and Information Applications5. Globalization Impacts6. Innovative Logistics (short sea shipping/container on barge,

etc.)7. Partnership Opportunities8. Financing Sources and Limitations

The Principle of MTS

The MTS contains physical elements1. waterways, 2. ports, and 3. the network of railroads, 4. roadways, and5. pipelines that connect the waterborne6. the vessels and vehicles that move goods and people

Principal Component of Marine Transportation SystemThe principal components of the U.S. marine transportation system are:1. Waterways include the navigable waters of the United States and associated

infrastructure(for example, locks, bridges, aids to navigation) that vessel traffic uses;

2. Ports contain marine transportation facilities where vessels transfer cargo and passengers, and include recreational access facilities and shipyards;

3. Intermodal connections are linkages at the land-water boundary that allow the transfer of cargo and passengers between transportation modes. Intermodal connections include pipelines, road,and rail access routes;

4. Vessels and vehicles are the transportation equipment that moves goods and people within the system and include oceangoing, coastal, and inland vessels, trains and trucks;

5. MTS users are the people who depend on the system for their livelihood and recreational access.

Waterways

The waterways portion of the U.S. MTS consists of:• Harbor channels;• Inland and intracoastal waterways; and• Locks and dams.

The U.S. deep-water port system includes more than 300 Federal harbor channel projects. There are 51 ports with depths greater than or equal to 40 feet. The 25 ports most active in foreign tradehave depths of at least 40 feet.

Inland and Intracoastal Waterways

1. There are about 25,000 miles of inland, intracoastal, and coastal waterways and channels in the United States.

2. 12,000 miles of networkconstitute the commercially active inland and intracoastal waterway system.

3. This network includes 10,867 miles of fuel-taxed inland waterway system.

4. Fuel-axed waterways comprise nearly all of the commercially significant inland and intracoastal waterways in the U.S.

Locks and Dams structures

1. Allow vessels to move up or down one level when traveling navigable waterways with different water levels.

2. There are 192 commercially active lock sites, with 238 chambers in the Federal navigation system. Of these,

3. 171 lock sites with 215 chambers are in segments designated as fuel-taxed waterways.

4. Lock and tow sizes are critical factors in the amount of cargo that can pass through a lock in a given period of time.

5. Locks may vary in width and length based on their location (for example, in a major river or tributary) and their age (for example, by 2000, 44 percent of the chambers will be more than 50 years old).

Port Facility

The two major types of port facilities are:

1. Deep-draft seaport and Great Lakes port facilities; and

2. Inland river and intracoastal waterways port facilities.

U.S. Ports Handling More Than 10 Million U.S. Ports Handling More Than 10 Million Tons in 1997Tons in 1997

The U.S. Marine TransportationSystem users include:

1. Carriers and cargo owners of the more than 2 billion tons of domestic and international freight pass through the system annually.

2. 134 million passengers who travel each year by ferry.3. 78 million Americans who use the system for recreational

boating annually.4. Annually more than 5 million cruise ship passengers.5. Commercial fishers operate 110,000 boats that contribute $111

billion to the U.S. economy.

The marine transportation system serves

The marine transportation system serves five functions:• Provides a global gateway to world markets and for military mobilization;• Provides domestic transportation of goods and passengers;• Supports recreational uses;• Supports other commercial uses; and• Supports local economic development and creates jobs.

SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Two systems support the U.S. MTS:• Information systems are communication and information

systems that collect, store, retrieve, analyze, and disseminate information required by all MTS stakeholders and users; and

• Management systems are the multiple and diverse systems that currently exist to direct and manage the MTS.

Domestic Water Carriers

For Hire Private

Regulated Exempt

Common Contract

Waterway Used

Internal Water Great Lakes Coastal and Intercoastal

Type Of Carriers

Jaringan sistem pelayaran angkutan laut dan kepelabuhan yang didasarkan pada 4th gate Way Ports System:

1. Gate Way Port2. Regional Collector Port3. Trunk Port4. Feeder Port

Macam Macam Pelabuhan

Pelabuhan

Segi penyelenggaraan

Segi Pengusahaan

Fungsi dalam perdagangan Internasional

Segi Penggunaannya

Menurut Letak Geografisnya

Umum

khusus

Yang diusahakan

Tidak diusahakan

Laut

Pantai

Ikan

miyak

barang

penumpang

campuran

militer

campuran

Alam

Buatan

Semi alam

Persyaratan umum pelabuhan

6

7

Kolam kapal kecil

2

3

1

Pemecah gelombang 5

5

Wharf

Pemecah gelombang

4

gelombang1. Hubungan yang mudah anatara transportasi air dan darat

2. Pelabuhan berada di suatu lokasi yang mempunyai daerah belakng subur dengan populasi penduduk yang cukup padat

3. Pelabuhan harus mempunyai kedalaman air dan lebar alur yang cukup

4. Kapal – kapal yang mencapai pelabuhan harus bisa membuang sauh selama menunggu untuk merapat

5. Pelabuhan harus mempunyai fasilitas untuk bongkar muat

6. Pelabuhan harus mempunyai fasilitas untuk mereparasi kapal - kapal

Lokasi dan lebar mulut PelabuhanRumus stevenson

Dimana : Hp : tinggi gelombang di titik P di dalam pelabuhan (m)H : tinggi gelombang di mulut pelabuhan (m) b : lebar mulut (m)B : lebar kolam pelabuhan di titik P, yaitu panjang busur lingkunganD : jarak dari mulut ke titik P

)1(0027.0 4

B

bD

B

bHH p

bH

D

HpP

B

Pengaruh Pembangunan pelabuhan terhadap pantai disekitarnya

Pembangunan pelabuhan di pantai terbuka dilakukan dengan membuat pemecah gelombang yang menjorok ke arah laut. Bangunan tersebut menyebabkan terhalangnya transpor sedimen sepanjang pantai, sehingga terjadi pengendapan

Garis pantai setelah ada pelabuhan

Garis pantai asli

Pemecah gelombang

Arah gelombang laut

Sedimentasierosi

Pemecah Gelombang

Kolam putar

Derah Perlambatan

Daerah Stabilisasi

292

Alur

1857Layout Alur PelayaranAlur Pelayaran digunakan untuk mengarahkan kapal yang akan masuk ke kolam pelabuhan. Alur pelayaran ini ditandai dengan alat bantu yang berupa pelampung dan lampu - lampu

Ukuran – ukuran pada transportasi air

DPL (ukuran isi tolak) Volume air yang dipindahkan oleh kapal dan sama dengan beratkapal

Diplacement Tonnage Loaded berat kapal maksimum

Diplacement Tonnage Light ukuran isi tolak dalam keadaan kosong

Deadweight Tonnage (DWT)berat total muatan di mana kapal dapat mengangkut dalamkeadaan pelayran optimal

Gross register tons (ukuran isi kotor) volume keseluruhan ruangan kapal (1GRT = 2.83m3 = 100 ft 3

Netto register tons (NRT)ruangan yang disediakan untuk muatan dan penumpang, bbesarnya sam,a dengan GRT dikurangi ruangan-ruiangan yang digunakan untuk nakhoda.

sarat (draft)bagian kapal yang terendam air pada keadaan muatan maksimum, jarak antara garis air pada beban yang direncanakan dengan titik terendah kapal

Panjang total ( length overall, Loa) Panjang kapal dihitung dari ujung depan (haluan) sampai ujung belakang (buritan)

Panjang garis air (length perpendiculars, Lpp) Panjang antara kedua ujung design load water line

Lebar kapal (beam) jarak maksimum antara dua sisi kapal

Karakteristik Kapal

LppLoa

B

d

BobotPanjang Loa(m)

Lebar (m) Draft (m) BobotPanjang Loa(m)

Lebar (m) Draft (m)

500 51 10.2 2.9 20000 162 24.9 9.81000 68 11.9 3.6 30000 185 28.3 10.92000 88 13.2 4 40000 204 30.9 11.83000 99 14.7 4.5 50000 219 33.1 12.75000 120 16.9 5.2 60000 232 35 13.68000 142 19.2 5.8 70000 244 36.7 14.3

10000 154 20.9 6.2 80000 255 38.3 14.915000 179 22.8 6.820000 198 24.7 7.5 10000 140 18.7 8.330000 230 27.5 8.5 15000 157 21.5 9

20000 170 23.7 9.8700 58 9.7 3.7 30000 192 27.3 10.6

1000 64 10.4 4.2 40000 208 30.2 11.42000 81 12.7 4.9 50000 222 32.6 11.93000 92 14.2 5.7 70000 244 37.8 13.35000 109 16.4 6.8 90000 250 38.5 14.58000 126 18.7 8 100000 275 42 16.1

10000 137 19.9 8.5 150000 313 44.5 1815000 153 22.3 9.320000 177 23.4 10 20000 201 27.1 10.630000 186 27.1 10.9 30000 237 30.7 11.640000 201 29.4 11.7 40000 263 33.5 12.450000 216 31.5 12.4 50000 280 35.8 13

Kapal Peti Kemat (DWT)

Kapal Penumpang (GRT) Kapal Penumpang (GRT)

Kapal barang (DWT)

Kapal Barang curah (DWT)

Jenis Kapal pada transportasi air

1. Kapal Penumpang2. Kapal Barang

Kapal barang umum (General cargo ship)

Kapal kargo curah (bulk cargo ship)

Kapal tanker Kapal Khusus

Cargo Operations:1. Container vessels account for 121 million metric tons.2. Roll-on/roll-off vessels are used for military mobilization,

as well as to carry vehicles.3. Bulk vessels, which carry commodities such as

petroleum, coal, and grain, account for 532 million metric tons.

4. Breakbulk vessels (for such commodities as steel and lumber) account for 414 million metric tons.

General Cargo ShipKapal jenis ini antara lain:1. Kapal yang membawa peti kemas

yang mempunyai ukuran yang telah distandarisasi. Berat masing –masing peti kemas antara 5 ton sampai 40 ton. Peti kemas yang paling panjang mempunyai panjang 300 m untuk 3600 peti kemas berukuran 20 ft (6m)

2. Kapal dengan bongkar muat secara horizontal (rool-on/roll-off) untuk transpor truk, mobil dsb

Bulk Cargo Ship

Kapal ini digunakan untuk mengangkut muatan curah dalam jumlah banyak. Muatan curah ini bisa beras, gandum, batu bara, bijih besi dsb. Kapal jenis ini yang terbesar mempunyai kapasitas 175.000 DWT dengan panjang 330 m, lebar 48.5m dan sarat 18.5mKAPAL CAMPURAN (obo= Ore – Bulk-Oil)mempunyai kapasitas 260.000 DWT

Kapal Tanker

Kapal ini digunakan untuk mengangkut minyak. Berat yang bisa diangkut bervariasi. Kapal terbesar bisa mencapai 555.000 DWT.

Distribution of Ton Miles by type of water Used

1000

800

600

400

200

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

1200

Distibution of Ton Miles by Type of Water way Used

Total

Internal

Coastal

Great Lakes

Reference:

The Desired State of the U.S. Marine Transportation

System in 2020

The Marine Transportation System

WWW.Wikipedia.comEPA and the Marine Transportation System

WWW.Inaport2.co.id

TERIMA KASIH