Warmup

• Why were Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus, and Julius Caesar all killed?

The Roman Empire

Augustus Caesar

• Not officially emperor– Consul – highest patrician office– Tribune – Highest plebian office– Imperator – Temporary military dictator– Princeps civitatis – first citizen

• Senate powerless• Army loyal to Augustus, not to Rome

Roman Empire, 31 BCE

Pax Romana

• War with Germanic tribes along border• Army became defensive• Rome = largest world city– 500,000-750,000 people– Citizens entertained to keep rebellions in check

• Trade between China and Rome

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=QVZLe3vC9xKH_M&tbnid=xj9Ld5gahIuQ2M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.iastate.edu%2F~cfford%2F342worldhistoryearly.html&ei=mZhJUtqKBJPm9gS9yYGIDg&psig=AFQjCNH8IkZLPQdmgBTDSej8LYfyfUgaQA&ust=1380641305141064

Diocletian’s Reforms

• 293 CE• “Third Century Crisis”– Civil Wars– Skirmishes with German tribes

• Diocletian divided the empire in two and created the tetrarchy– Western and Eastern Empire– Price fixing– Occupation fixing– Persecution of Christians to regain favor of the gods

RIP476 CE RIP

1453 CE

Constantine

• 321 Constantine converts to Christianity– Battle of the Milvian Bridge– “In this sign conquer”

• Turns Byzantium into Constantinople– Moves emperor’s palace there– Trade capital of Rome

• 380 CE: Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Contrast the Two Regions

Western Empire• Civil wars common• More pressure from

barbarians• Latin Based• Catholic church

Eastern Empire• Older tradition, older

civilizations• Greek based• Eastern church• More trade • Wealthier• More skilled bureaucracy

Rome 321 BCE

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tZ5i_psY13iaAM&tbnid=FoD0am1lVdLbXM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbigfaithministries.com%2Ftimeline-of-roman-tetrarchy-284-313%2F&ei=EntJUpLSJo7S9ATK34CABg&psig=AFQjCNGRBgK8c4uT3ZOL3kAb7JdqRGqQAg&ust=1380633746702816

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=olXRVeVHrgM5RM&tbnid=e-qM-dPL-tvfAM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwADgw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternatehistory.com%2Fdiscussion%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D102959&ei=Vn1JUraVCJLa8wSe7oGgCw&psig=AFQjCNGWlLD8Zs_O0r6-86skeM0D0-jhQg&ust=1380634326209755

The End of the West

• 400 CE: Huns invade– Drive Germans into Roman Empire– Man soldiers were already Germanic anyways

• 410 CE: Rome sacked (again)– By the Visigoths– Population of Rome now below 200,000

• 476 CE: Last western emperor sent out of Rome (Romulus Augustulus)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=1MjEYehQKbfQTM&tbnid=8uPooMG3tR9v6M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMigration_Period&ei=731JUq_pCYiu9ATwi4DgDQ&psig=AFQjCNGBlE4lXZfsBG5xk8W7TWA3eYMJTQ&ust=1380634479263674

Extra Credit

• Find the tomb of Alaric the Visigoth

• 100 for a daily grade

• Try to do it in the next few weeks so I can put in in on your 2nd 6 weeks average

Wait…

• So did the Huns destroy classical civilization?– Attila and his Huns drive out the German tribes

which destroy the western Roman Empire– The White Huns pressure the Gupta Empire until it

collapses after defeating them– The Han Chinese are financially ruied by the

Xiongnu, who many historians believe are a group of– wait for it…– The Huns

Why the End of the West?

1. Barbarian invasions2. Unclear succession of emperors3. Declining Roman identity

Also maybe…4. Lead pipes?5. Christianity?

CCOT Tomorrow!

What the I don’t even…

1. Thesis2. Changes3. Continuities4. Outside influence5. Analysis6. Restate thesis

Fake CCOT

Analyze changes and continuities in the Greek Empire from 800 BCE to 100 BCE.

Thesis

From 800 BCE to 100 BCE, the Greek civilization experienced many changes and continuities. Changes included the organization of political power and the balance of power on the Greek peninsula. Continuities included the spread of Hellenism and military expansion.

Listing and Explaining

• 1 point for listing changes• 1 point for listing continuities• 1 point for explaining changes (1-2 sentences

each)• 1 point for explaining changes (1-2 sentences

each)

Outside Influence

During this era, the Persians attacked from Central Asia. This attack united Greeks in the short term, but drove a wedge between the city-states of Athens and Sparta in the long term. The defeat of the Persians, such as at Marathon, led to the rise of Athens as a naval power and the trade that came with dominating the Aegean Sea.

Analyze“_______ happened because _________”

The buildup of political unity in Greece was a long process. The formation of the polis was because of the population buildup from earlier agricultural developments. City-states formed temporary alliances, for example during the Greco-Persian war, in order to defeat common enemies. The entire region of Greece was forced to take sides in the Peloponnesian War between Athens, as exemplified by the Melians, who were forced to choose. Finally, Philip of Macedon conquered and united Greece under one government, and this led to his son, Alexander, spreading Greek government and culture throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.